Age (x) nx lx. Population dynamics Population size through time should be predictable N t+1 = N t + B + I - D - E
|
|
- Oswald Bryant
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Population dynamics Population size through time should be predictable N t+1 = N t + B + I - D - E Time 1 N = births 25 deaths 10 immigrants 15 emmigrants Time = 90 Life History Tables However, birth rates, mortality rates, immigration and emmigration are variable by life stages Need to incorporate changing values to account for and predict age structure For simplicity, assume I=E Life History Tables Time (x) = time interval used for separating age categories. For simplicity assume t=1 (discrete generations). n x = number alive at age x l x = proportion of individuals alive at age x Age (x) nx lx Life History Tables d x = proportion of original population dying during the age interval x to x+1 q x = proportion of existing population dying during age interval x to x+1; q x = d x /l x Age (x) nx lx dx qx
2 Life expectancy e x = T x / l x T x = average life expectancy from current time: e.g. how much living will be done by cohort from beginning of period x: T x =Σ(L x ); summed from x to last x L x =(l x +l x+1 )/2 Age (x) nx lx dx qx Lx Tx ex Birth Rates and population growth f x = total natality; number of fertilized eggs produced in a given year by all individuals of age x m x = average natality of individuals of age x (f x /n x ) Reproductive Rate R 0 = rate of change in the population. If below 1.0, population is shrinking R 0 = (l x m x ) Sum of the number of fertilized eggs produced per original individual during each age Age (x) nx lx dx qx Lx Tx ex mx fx lxmx R 0 = 8.05 Future population size N t = (N o * R o ) + I - E R o incorporates age-specific births and deaths Usually assume I = E for simplicity N t = (N o * R o ) N t = 100 R = 0.75 N 1 = 75 2
3 r and R o R o = net reproductive rate; for discrete generations (x=1) a multiplier allowing us to determine population size at future generation r (Malthusian Parameter) = intrinsic rate of increase; also per capita rate of increase. When r is >0.0 population will increase, when it is <0.0 population will decrease. r= ln R o /T Where T = generation time, time units between generations. For simplicity we assume this is 1.0 Intrinsic rate of population growth is defined as (Lotka- Volterra model): dn dt = rn or N t = 0 N e rt Sample calculations N t = (N o * R o ) N 1 =? N 0 = 100 R = 0.75 N 1 = 75 Assume T=1, then r = ln 0.75 / 1.0 r = rt N t = N 0e N 4 = 100 e (-0.288*4) N 4 = 31.6 N 16 = 100 e (-0.288*16) N 16 = 0.99 Exponential Growth Human Population Growth number of individuals time r =.1 r =.2 r =.3 year r doubling time Given current growth rates, what will the world population be in 30 years?? N t =N 0 e rt N t =6,426,101,450 e (30) 9,349,922,439 3
4 Why don t we observe continuous exponential growth? Competition for limited resources Carrying capacity the number of individuals of a species that can be supported by available resources in a habitat Density dependent vs. density independent Both negatively impact populations growth/size If the impact worsens with greater density it s density dependent Disease Competition Famine If the impact does not vary with density it s density independent Disturbance fire, flood, etc. Density dependent effects Density independent effects Two natural populations showing exponential growth until K is approached. 4
5 Density dependent and independent factors A natural population showing density dependent effects. Incorporating Density dependent factors Lotka-Volterra Model dn dt = rn As you approach K, resources more limited, birth rates decrease, death rates increase. dn dt = rn 1 K N Intra vs. interspecific competition As N approaches K resources are more limiting, this is intraspecific competition Interspecific competition = competition among two species using the same resources Ecological equivalents: α 12 - Number of individuals of species 2 that are equivalent to one individual of species 1. α 21 - Number of individuals of species 1 that are equivalent to one individual of species 2. Types of Competition Types of resources Exploitative Use a resource more efficiently before a competitor has a chance Interference physically prevent a competitor from having access to a resource Asymmetric effect of species 1 on species 2 not the same as species 2 on species 1 Symmetric effects of species similar 5
6 Asymmetric competition -α 12 not equal to α 21 symmetric competition -α 12 roughly equal to α 21 Use α 12 to calculate affect of one species on another. K 1 =1000 N 1 = 600 N 2 = 300 α 12 = 0.8; 0.8 * 300 = 240 N 1 = equivalent competitors = 840 Lotka-Volterra Models of Interspecific Competition dn dt 1 r N K N a N = 1 1 K Models change in population size of species 1, accounting for impact of species 2. Similarly, affect of species 1 on species 2: dn dt 2 r N K N a N = 2 2 K 1 2 Species abundance isoclines N 1 /K 1 =1 stable, all resources used by species 1 K 1 /α 12 =1 - stable, all resources used by species 2 (equivalent population) Combine the isoclines for both species to produce a graphical model of competitive interactions. Possible outcomes: -Stable coexistence -Dominance by one species 6
7 Competition and ecological gradients Models are oversimplifications, assume resources stable and consistent throughout Species are distributed across multiple gradients, should be most competitive (K maximized) near optima. Ecological Gradient Area with tolerable conditions Core area near optima Area with tolerable conditions Core habitat near optima Likely species distribution Second gradient 7
8 Niche combination of multiple optima along many gradients The role an organism plays in the environment All resources, interactions with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume Each dimension is a biotic or abiotic resource Niche Width Niche Width range of gradient(s) over which species occurs and is abundant. Generalist jack of all trades, wider range of optima, wider niche Specialist narrower range of optima, expect narrow niche Population Size Gradient Niche width and overlap along an ecological gradient Parameters d and w describe niche width and the amount of overlap among species. Non-competing specialists small w and large d (little or no overlap) Competing generalists large w and small d (large overlap) Niche space and competition Selection favors individuals who get the most resources Individuals that avoid competition will get more resources Competitive pressure leads to Niche shift Specialization 8
9 Evolutionary trade offs specialist vs. generalist Specialist (+/-) Competition in the intertidal zone What are some of the relevant ecological gradients in intertidal zones? What resources might be limiting? Generalist (+/-) Niche Shift through Character Displacement Character displacement selection for morphological change to relieve competitive pressure. 9
10 Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Fundamental niche total potential niche space for a species Realized niche actual niche space used, a subset of the fundamental niche. Convergent Evolution Similar niche properties exert similar selective pressure, resulting in similar species. Species no the same due to historical factors, continental isolation in this case. Predation Fundamentally, just another form of competition Involves energy transfer through consumption Carnivory Herbivory Parasitism Tertiary Consumer Predation and Natural Selection Predator selection for ability to obtain the most energetically beneficial food at the least expense. Select the most abundant, easiest to catch (old, young, sick, weak) Prey selection to avoid being eaten, or to become a less desirable meal. Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Primary Production 10
11 Optimal Foraging Theory Predators should optimize energetic gains by balancing the costs/benefits of capturing prey. Costs Search time Handling time Digestion Benefits Calories assimilated 11
Niche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume
Niche The sum of all interactions a species has with biotic/abiotic components of the environment N-dimensional hypervolume Each dimension is a biotic or abiotic resource Ecomorphology Ecology (niche)
More informationBIOL 410 Population and Community Ecology. Predation
BIOL 410 Population and Community Ecology Predation Intraguild Predation Occurs when one species not only competes with its heterospecific guild member, but also occasionally preys upon it Species 1 Competitor
More informationPredation. Predation & Herbivory. Lotka-Volterra. Predation rate. Total rate of predation. Predator population 10/23/2013. Review types of predation
Predation & Herbivory Chapter 14 Predation Review types of predation Carnivory Parasitism Parasitoidism Cannabalism Lotka-Volterra Predators control prey populations and prey control predator populations
More informationBIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences D. POPULATION & COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Week 10. Population models 1: Lecture summary: Distribution and abundance
More informationInterspecific Patterns. Interference vs. exploitative
Types of Competition Interference vs. exploitative Intraspecific vs. Interspeific Asymmetric vs. Symmetric Interspecific Patterns When two similar species coexist, there are three outcomes: Competitive
More informationEffect of Species 2 on Species 1 Competition - - Predator-Prey + - Parasite-Host + -
Community Ecology Community - a group of organisms, of different species, living in the same area Community ecology is the study of the interactions between species The presence of one species may affect
More informationCommunity Ecology. Classification of types of interspecific interactions: Effect of Species 1 on Species 2
Community Ecology Community - a group of organisms, of different species, living in the same area Community ecology is the study of the interactions between species The presence of one species may affect
More informationInterspecific Competition
Interspecific Competition Intraspecific competition Classic logistic model Interspecific extension of densitydependence Individuals of other species may also have an effect on per capita birth & death
More informationDynamical Systems and Chaos Part II: Biology Applications. Lecture 6: Population dynamics. Ilya Potapov Mathematics Department, TUT Room TD325
Dynamical Systems and Chaos Part II: Biology Applications Lecture 6: Population dynamics Ilya Potapov Mathematics Department, TUT Room TD325 Living things are dynamical systems Dynamical systems theory
More informationField experiments on competition. Field experiments on competition. Field experiments on competition
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES Type of interaction species 1 species 2 competition consumer-resource (pred, herb, para) mutualism detritivore-detritus (food is dead) Field experiments on competition Example
More informationMultiple choice 2 pts each): x 2 = 18) Essay (pre-prepared) / 15 points. 19) Short Answer: / 2 points. 20) Short Answer / 5 points
P 1 Biology 217: Ecology Second Exam Fall 2004 There should be 7 ps in this exam - take a moment and count them now. Put your name on the first p of the exam, and on each of the ps with short answer questions.
More informationName Student ID. Good luck and impress us with your toolkit of ecological knowledge and concepts!
Page 1 BIOLOGY 150 Final Exam Winter Quarter 2000 Before starting be sure to put your name and student number on the top of each page. MINUS 3 POINTS IF YOU DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON EACH PAGE! You have
More informationUnit 6 Populations Dynamics
Unit 6 Populations Dynamics Define these 26 terms: Commensalism Habitat Herbivory Mutualism Niche Parasitism Predator Prey Resource Partitioning Symbiosis Age structure Population density Population distribution
More informationHistory and meaning of the word Ecology A. Definition 1. Oikos, ology - the study of the house - the place we live
History and meaning of the word Ecology. Definition 1. Oikos, ology - the study of the house - the place we live. Etymology - origin and development of the the word 1. Earliest - Haeckel (1869) - comprehensive
More informationGary G. Mittelbach Michigan State University
Community Ecology Gary G. Mittelbach Michigan State University Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. Brief Table of Contents 1 Community Ecology s Roots 1 PART I The Big
More informationEcological Population Dynamics
Ecological Population Dynamics Biotic potential The maximum number of offspring an organism can produce is its biotic potential. What keeps organisms from reaching their full biotic potential? Environmental
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Friedland and Relyea Environmental Science for AP, second edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company/BFW AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board,
More informationEcology is studied at several levels
Ecology is studied at several levels Ecology and evolution are tightly intertwined Biosphere = the total living things on Earth and the areas they inhabit Ecosystem = communities and the nonliving material
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 5: Interspecific Competition: Lecture summary: Definition. Examples. Outcomes. Lotka-Volterra model. Semibalanus balanoides
More informationTHETA-LOGISTIC PREDATOR PREY
THETA-LOGISTIC PREDATOR PREY What are the assumptions of this model? 1.) Functional responses are non-linear. Functional response refers to a change in the rate of exploitation of prey by an individual
More information14.1. KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. 38 Reinforcement Unit 5 Resource Book
14.1 HABITAT AND NICHE KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat is all of the living and nonliving factors in the area where an organism lives. For example, the habitat of a frog
More informationChapter 54: Community Ecology
AP Biology Guided Reading Name Chapter 54: Community Ecology Overview 1. What does community ecology explore? Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect
More informationEcology. How the World Works
Ecology How the World Works Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and other living organisms and non living resources that they interact with. Levels of Organization Organism- a
More informationChapter 6 Population and Community Ecology. Thursday, October 19, 17
Chapter 6 Population and Community Ecology Module 18 The Abundance and Distribution of After reading this module you should be able to explain how nature exists at several levels of complexity. discuss
More informationChapter 16: Competition. It s all mine, stay away!
Chapter 16: Competition It s all mine, stay away! Species Interactions +/+ +/- -/- Basic interaction -/- Pop growth rate of species 1 (dn 1 /dt) is decreased by interaction Pop growth rate of species 2
More informationBIO S380T Page 1 Summer 2005: Exam 2
BIO S380T Page 1 Part I: Definitions. [5 points for each term] For each term, provide a brief definition that also indicates why the term is important in ecology or evolutionary biology. Where I ve provided
More informationBiology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals. Lesson 1: Ecology
Biology 11 Unit 1: Fundamentals Lesson 1: Ecology Objectives In this section you will be learning about: ecosystem structure energy flow through an ecosystem photosynthesis and cellular respiration factors
More information4. Ecology and Population Biology
4. Ecology and Population Biology 4.1 Ecology and The Energy Cycle 4.2 Ecological Cycles 4.3 Population Growth and Models 4.4 Population Growth and Limiting Factors 4.5 Community Structure and Biogeography
More informationSTUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 2
STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 2 ANIMAL ECOLOGY 1.1 Every Species Has Its Niche 1.2 Hierarchy of Ecology A. Definitions and Levels of Study 1. Ecology is the study of the relationship of organisms to their environment.
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 7: Dynamics of Predation. Lecture summary: Categories of predation. Linked prey-predator cycles. Lotka-Volterra model. Density-dependence.
More informationUnderstanding Populations Section 1. Chapter 8 Understanding Populations Section1, How Populations Change in Size DAY ONE
Chapter 8 Understanding Populations Section1, How Populations Change in Size DAY ONE What Is a Population? A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical
More informationInterspecific Competition
Use Interspecific Competition 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. 0 0 0.5.5.5 3 Resource The niche and interspecific competition Species A Use Use 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. Species B 0 0 0.5.5.5 3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. 0 0 0.5.5.5 3 Resource
More informationREVISION: POPULATION ECOLOGY 18 SEPTEMBER 2013
REVISION: POPULATION ECOLOGY 18 SEPTEMBER 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Revise population ecology by working through some exam questions. Key Concepts Definition of Population A population
More informationBIOS 5445: Human Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5445: Human Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Lecture 4. Population ecology: Lecture summary: Population growth: Growth curves. Rates of increase. Mortality & survivorship.
More informationChapter 6 Reading Questions
Chapter 6 Reading Questions 1. Fill in 5 key events in the re-establishment of the New England forest in the Opening Story: 1. Farmers begin leaving 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Broadleaf forest reestablished 2.
More informationMODELS ONE ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
MODELS ONE ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: opulation Dynamics (e.g. Malthusian, Verhulstian, Gompertz, Logistic with Harvesting) Harmonic Oscillator (e.g. pendulum) A modified normal distribution curve
More informationAggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation. Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks
Aggregations on larger scales. Metapopulation Definition: A group of interconnected subpopulations Sources and Sinks Metapopulation - interconnected group of subpopulations sink source McKillup and McKillup
More informationD. Correct! Allelopathy is a form of interference competition in plants. Therefore this answer is correct.
Ecology Problem Drill 18: Competition in Ecology Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. The concept of allelopathy focuses on which of the following: (A) Carrying capacity (B) Limiting resource (C) Law of the
More information-The study of the interactions between the different species in an area
Community Ecology -The study of the interactions between the different species in an area Interspecific Interactions -Interaction between different species -May be positive, negative, or neutral and include
More informationChapter 54: Community Ecology
Name Period Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1. What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your
More informationGrand-daughters, Great Granddaughters, Daughters. : Σ lx m x e r (Tmax - x )
Basic reproductive rate, R o = Σ l x m x umber of offspring produced by an individual female in her lifetime, can be used as multiplier to compute population growth rate if generations don t overlap. If
More informationPopulations in lakes. Limnology Lecture 9
Populations in lakes Limnology Lecture 9 Outline Adaptations in lake organisms to Low oxygen Predation Seasonal disturbance Populations in lakes Exponential Logistic Metapopulation Low Oxygen Tolerance
More informationEcology - Defined. Introduction. scientific study. interaction of plants and animals and their interrelationships with the physical environment
Ecology - Defined Introduction scientific study interaction of plants and animals and their interrelationships with the physical environment Ecology - Levels of Organization Abiotic factors (non-living
More informationEvidence for Competition
Evidence for Competition Population growth in laboratory experiments carried out by the Russian scientist Gause on growth rates in two different yeast species Each of the species has the same food e.g.,
More informationChapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms I. Evolution A. The cumulative genetic changes that occur in a population of organisms over time 1. Current theories proposed by Charles Darwin, a 19 th century
More informationCHAPTER 5. Interactions in the Ecosystem
CHAPTER 5 Interactions in the Ecosystem 1 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM 2 SECTION 3.3 - THE ECOSYSTEM Levels of Organization Individual one organism from a species. Species a group of organisms so similar
More informationENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 05, 2012)
ENVE203 Environmental Engineering Ecology (Nov 05, 2012) Elif Soyer Ecosystems and Living Organisms Population Density How Do Populations Change in Size? Maximum Population Growth Environmental Resistance
More informationPopulation Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms. Essential Knowledge Objectives 2.D.1 (a-c), 4.A.5 (c), 4.A.6 (e)
Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms Essential Knowledge Objectives 2.D.1 (a-c), 4.A.5 (c), 4.A.6 (e) Ecology The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
More informationPopulation Ecology. Text Readings. Questions to Answer in the Chapter. Chapter Reading:
Population Ecology Text Readings Chapter Reading: Chapter # 26 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: Population Growth and Regulation Pg. # 513-534. Questions to Answer in the Chapter How Does Population Size
More informationCh. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems
Ch. 14 Interactions in Ecosystems 1 14.1 Habitat vs. Niche Habitat all biotic and abiotic factors where an organism lives WHERE a species lives 2 Ecological Niche All physical, chemical, and biological
More informationBIOLOGY WORKSHEET GRADE: Two robins eating worms on the same lawn is an example of
BIOLOGY WORKSHEET GRADE: 11 Q.1: Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Two robins eating worms on the same lawn is an example of a. mutualism. b. commensalism. c. competition. d. parasitism. 2. Predation
More information14.1 Habitat And Niche
14.1 Habitat And Niche A habitat differs from a niche. Habitat physical area in which an organism lives Niche each species plays a specific role in an ecosystem niche includes the species habitat, feeding
More informationPopulation and Community Dynamics
Population and Community Dynamics Part 1. Genetic Diversity in Populations Pages 676 to 701 Part 2. Population Growth and Interactions Pages 702 to 745 I) Introduction I) Introduction to understand how
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More informationChapter 2 Lecture. Density dependent growth and intraspecific competition ~ The Good, The Bad and The Ugly. Spring 2013
Chapter 2 Lecture Density dependent growth and intraspecific competition ~ The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Spring 2013 2.1 Density dependence, logistic equation and carrying capacity dn = rn K-N Dt K Where
More informationAlternatives to competition. Lecture 13. Facilitation. Functional types of consumers. Stress Gradient Hypothesis
Lecture 13 Finishing Competition and Facilitation Consumer-Resource interactions Predator-prey population dynamics Do predators regulate prey? Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model Predator behavior matters:
More informationEnSt 110 Exam II (Sp06) Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. One only. 2 points each
Name: 1 EnSt 110 Exam II (Sp06) This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 90 minutes. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. One only. 2 points each 1) An ecosystem consists of A) a physical
More informationEssential Questions. What factors are most significant in structuring a community?
Community Ecology Essential Questions What factors are most significant in structuring a community? What determines a communities species composition and the relative amount of species present? What is
More informationCh.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection
Ch.5 Evolution and Community Ecology How do organisms become so well suited to their environment? Evolution and Natural Selection Gene: A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait Gene pool: All
More informationEcology +Biology. Baker-2015
Ecology +Biology Baker-2015 Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. Eco meaning home, and ology meaning the study of. Thus
More informationA population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time
A population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time Population Growth As long as the birth rate exceeds the death rate a population will grow Immigration
More informationCh 4 Ecosystems and Communities. 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions
Ch 4 Ecosystems and Communities 4.2 Niches and Community Interactions The Niche The conditions in which an organisms lives, and how it interacts with its environment (in the trees, on the ground, inside
More informationChapter 10. Marine Ecology
Chapter 10 Marine Ecology Copyright 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Marine Ecology Ecology is
More informationCommunity Ecology. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 54 Community Ecology PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationAdaptive Traits. Natural selection results in evolution of adaptations. Adaptation: trait that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction
Adaptive Traits Adaptive Traits Natural selection results in evolution of adaptations Adaptation: trait that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction Nothing in biology makes sense except in the
More informationCh. 4 - Population Ecology
Ch. 4 - Population Ecology Ecosystem all of the living organisms and nonliving components of the environment in an area together with their physical environment How are the following things related? mice,
More informationBIOS 3010: ECOLOGY. Dr Stephen Malcolm. Laboratory 6: Lotka-Volterra, the logistic. equation & Isle Royale
BIOS 3010: ECOLOGY Dr Stephen Malcolm Laboratory 6: Lotka-Volterra, the logistic equation & Isle Royale This is a computer-based activity using Populus software (P), followed by EcoBeaker analyses of moose
More informationx 2 F 1 = 0 K 2 v 2 E 1 E 2 F 2 = 0 v 1 K 1 x 1
ROCKY MOUNTAIN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS Volume 20, Number 4, Fall 1990 ON THE STABILITY OF ONE-PREDATOR TWO-PREY SYSTEMS M. FARKAS 1. Introduction. The MacArthur-Rosenzweig graphical criterion" of stability
More informationMaintenance of species diversity
1. Ecological succession A) Definition: the sequential, predictable change in species composition over time foling a disturbance - Primary succession succession starts from a completely empty community
More informationSlide 1. Earth Science. Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Slide 1 Earth Science Chapter 10 Ecosystems 1 Slide 2 Section 1 Living Things & the Environment Habitats Organism a living thing: Plants, animals, fungi, etc. Habitat an area that provides the things an
More information14.1. Every organism has a habitat and a niche. A habitat differs from a niche. Interactions in Ecosystems CHAPTER 14.
SECTION 14.1 HABITAT AND NICHE Study Guide KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. VOCABULARY habitat ecological niche competitive exclusion ecological equivalent A habitat differs from a
More informationHuman Carrying Capacity. Dangers of overshooting
How to calculate carrying capacity 1. Sum estimates of regional K. 2. Curve Fitting 3. Assume Single Resource Constraint 4. Reduce Multiple Requirements to one factor 5. Assume Multiple Independent Constraints
More informationFW662 Lecture 11 Competition 1
FW662 Lecture 11 Competition 1 Lecture 11. Competition. Reading: Gotelli, 2001, A Primer of Ecology, Chapter 5, pages 99-124. Renshaw (1991) Chapter 5 Competition processes, Pages 128-165. Optional: Schoener,
More informationCoevolution of competitors
Coevolution of competitors 1) Coevolution 2) Ecological character displacement 3) Examples 4) Criteria for character displacement 5) Experiments on selection and evolution 6) Convergent character displacement
More informationBELL RINGER QUICK REVIEW. What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph? List 4 abiotic factors in plant growth.
BELL RINGER QUICK REVIEW What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph? List 4 abiotic factors in plant growth. Chapter 2-1 Principles of Ecology THE STUDENT WILL: SWBAT Distinguish between
More informationMA 138 Calculus 2 for the Life Sciences Spring 2016 Final Exam May 4, Exam Scores. Question Score Total
MA 138 Calculus 2 for the Life Sciences Spring 2016 Final Exam May 4, 2016 Exam Scores Question Score Total 1 10 Name: Section: Last 4 digits of student ID #: No books or notes may be used. Turn off all
More informationPopulation Ecology NRM
Population Ecology NRM What do we need? MAKING DECISIONS Consensus working through views until agreement among all CONSENSUS Informed analyze options through respectful discussion INFORMED DECISION Majority
More informationIntroduction to course: BSCI 462 of BIOL 708 R
Introduction to course: BSCI 462 of BIOL 708 R Population Ecology: Fundamental concepts in plant and animal systems Spring 2013 Introduction The biology of a population = Population Ecology Issue of scale,
More informationThe study of living organisms in the natural environment How they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment
The study of living organisms in the natural environment How they interact with one another How the interact with their nonliving environment ENERGY At the core of every organism s interactions with the
More informationCompetition. Not until we reach the extreme confines of life, in the arctic regions or on the borders of an utter desert, will competition cease
Competition Not until we reach the extreme confines of life, in the arctic regions or on the borders of an utter desert, will competition cease Darwin 1859 Origin of Species Competition A mutually negative
More informationSection 2: How Species Interact with Each Other
Section 2: How Species Interact with Each Other Preview Bellringer Objectives An Organism s Niche Ways in Which Species Interact Competition Indirect Competition Adaptations to Competition Section 2: How
More informationOutline. Ecology: Succession and Life Strategies. Interactions within communities of organisms. Key Concepts:
Ecology: Succession and Life Strategies Interactions within communities of organisms u 1. Key concepts Outline u 2. Ecosystems and communities u 3. Competition, Predation, Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism
More information6 TH. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources. Species Interact in Five Major Ways. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources
Endangered species: Southern Sea Otter MILLER/SPOOLMAN ESSENTIALS OF ECOLOGY 6 TH Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Fig. 5-1a, p. 104 Species Interact in Five Major Ways
More informationPredation. Vine snake eating a young iguana, Panama. Vertebrate predators: lions and jaguars
Predation Vine snake eating a young iguana, Panama Vertebrate predators: lions and jaguars 1 Most predators are insects Parasitoids lay eggs in their hosts, and the larvae consume the host from the inside,
More informationReproduction leads to growth in the number of interacting, interbreeding organisms of one species in a contiguous area--these form a population.
POPULATION DYNAMICS Reproduction leads to growth in the number of interacting, interbreeding organisms of one species in a contiguous area--these form a population. (Distinguish between unitary and modular
More informationDistribution Limits. Define and give examples Abiotic factors. Biotic factors
ECOLOGY Distribution Limits Define and give examples Abiotic factors ex. wind, rocks, temperature, climate, water, elevation, light ----- NON-LIVING Biotic factors LIVING - ex. pathogens, predators, parasites,
More informationCHAPTER 14. Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One
CHAPTER 14 Interactions in Ecosystems: Day One Habitat versus Niche Review! What is a habitat? All of the biotic and abiotic factors in the area where an organism lives. Examples: grass, trees, and watering
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More informationPopulations Study Guide (KEY) All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time.
Populations Study Guide (KEY) 1. Define Population. All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time. 2. List and explain the three terms that describe population. a. Size. How large
More informationThe Living World Continued: Populations and Communities
The Living World Continued: Populations and Communities Ecosystem Communities Populations Review: Parts of an Ecosystem 1) An individual in a species: One organism of a species. a species must be genetically
More informationChapter 53 POPULATION ECOLOGY
Ch. 53 Warm-Up 1. Sketch an exponential population growth curve and a logistic population growth curve. 2. What is an ecological footprint? 3. What are ways that you can reduce your ecological footprint?
More informationEvolution and Community Ecology Chapter 5 HOMEWORK. Name. Period TEACHER
Evolution and Community Ecology Chapter 5 HOMEWORK Name Period TEACHER Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology Page 124-155 What is evolution? What is biological evolution? What is a gene pool? What
More informationEcology Symbiotic Relationships
Ecology Symbiotic Relationships Overview of the Co-evolution and Relationships Exhibited Among Community Members What does Symbiosis mean? How do we define Symbiosis? Symbiosis in the broadest sense is
More informationPOPULATIONS and COMMUNITIES
POPULATIONS and COMMUNITIES Ecology is the study of organisms and the nonliving world they inhabit. Central to ecology is the complex set of interactions between organisms, both intraspecific (between
More informationEcological Succession
Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly changing Changes can start after quick disturbances, like a wildfire or volcano erupting. Changes can be slow and gradual, where older species die out and
More informationBIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 5970: Plant-Herbivore Interactions Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences D. POPULATION & COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Week 13. Herbivory, predation & parasitism: Lecture summary: Predation:
More informationAll living organisms are limited by factors in the environment
All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment Monday, October 30 POPULATION ECOLOGY Monday, October 30 POPULATION ECOLOGY Population Definition Root of the word: The word in another language
More informationOverview of Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Overview of Chapter 5 Evolution Natural Selection Biological Communities Symbiosis Predation & Competition Community Development Succession Evolution The cumulative
More informationEcosystems. 2. Ecosystem
1. Studying our living Planet The biosphere consist of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Ecology is the scientific study of interactions
More informationEcology Regulation, Fluctuations and Metapopulations
Ecology Regulation, Fluctuations and Metapopulations The Influence of Density on Population Growth and Consideration of Geographic Structure in Populations Predictions of Logistic Growth The reality of
More information