EnSt 110 Exam II (Sp06) Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. One only. 2 points each

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1 Name: 1 EnSt 110 Exam II (Sp06) This test is worth 100 points; you have approximately 90 minutes. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. One only. 2 points each 1) An ecosystem consists of A) a physical environment within which a biological community lives. B) the species with which a biological community interacts. C) a biological community and its physical environment. D) the primary producers within a biological community. E) all the species in a biological community. 2) Supporters of Ecojustice think we should A) send North American natural resources to the developing world. B) share our national parks with the developing world. C) share the world s resources with other species as well as with other people. D) A and B E) All of the above 3) The demographic transition refers to a country s change from A) high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. B) high to low birth rates and low to high death rates. C) low to high birth rates and high to low death rates. D) a majority of young people to a majority of elderly people. E) a majority of elderly people to a majority of young people. 4) Photosynthesis produces sugars from A) water, carbon dioxide, and energy. B) water, other sugars, and oxygen. C) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. D) carbon dioxide, enzymes, and energy. E) oxygen, water, and energy. 5) A biological community s productivity is a measure of A) its number of species B) the number of individuals in the community C) available solar energy that can be converted to biomass D) the amount of biomass produced in the community E) All of these are combined in measuring a community s productivity 6). Three processes drive ecological succession. These processes are (in temporal sequence!): A) pioneer; competition; climax B) assimilation; facilitation; climax C) tolerance; facilitation; inhibition D) tolerance; assimilation; termination E) None of the above are correct, there is no sequence. 7) The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that intermediate levels of disturbance maintain the community in a state of maximal diversity. The mechanism(s) by which this has been hypothesized to occur include: intermediate levels of disturbance... A) facilitate the growth rates of common species. facilitate the growth rates of common species. B) maintain patches of habitat in different successional states. C) maintain the community in a sub-climax state (i.e. before final climax stages) D) B and C E) All of the above

2 Name: 2 8) A closed community would be expected to have a A) narrow ecotone. B) gradual transition zone. C) wide ecotone. D) very small total area. E) large core area. 9) Two species of barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balanoides, are found on the rocky coast of Scotland. If Chthamalus, which normally occur higher in the intertidal zone, is limited in its distribution by competition with Balanus; and Balanus, which normally occur lower in the intertidal zone, is limited in its distribution only by its tolerance of dessication (drying: during low tides), then (identify all that apply): A) Chthamalus and Balanus are both found in their realized niches. B) Balanus is found in its fundamental niche. C) Balanus is found beyond its fundamental niche, whereas Chthamalus is restricted to its realized niche. D) A and B E) None of the above. 10) Certain night-active moths and day-active birds are specialized nectar feeders. What is the best explanation for how these species coexist if they are using the same resource for food? A) Since they both use the nectar eventually one of the two species will need to move to a new area. B) They do not compete for the nectar because they feed at different times of the day. C) There is enough nectar to supply both the birds and the moths with their feeding needs. D) Eventually the niche breadth will increase and there will be less competition. E) None of the above. a. Relative Biomass Accumulation of Major World Ecosystems b. Ecosystem type c. d. e ,000 kcal/m/year 11) When looking at the relative biomass accumulation of major world ecosystems, ecosystem a is probably A) open ocean. B) tropical rainforest. C) intensive agriculture. D) estuaries. E) temperate deciduous forest.

3 Name: 3 12) When looking at the relative biomass accumulation (biomass accumulation correlates with productivity) of major world ecosystems, ecosystem d is probably A) grassland or prairie. B) tropical rainforest. C) estuaries. D) B or C E) Not enough information to tell. 13) Which idea is not associated with neo-malthusian views? A) Programs that slow population growth can lead to social change. B) Excessive population growth ultimately leads to war, poverty, and disease. C) Preventative checks include slowing birth rates through contraception. D) B and C E) All are consistent with a neo-malthusian view. 14) In a biological community where diversity is great, such as a tropical rainforest, the abundance of any one species is likely to be A) great. B) small. C) widely variable from year to year. D) the same from year to year. E) None of these, there is no relationship between abundance and diversity. 15) The monarch butterfly, an unpalatable (toxic) species, possesses a very distinctive bright coloration pattern. A second unpalatable species of butterfly, the Viceroy, possesses a very similar color pattern. These are examples of: A) aposematic coloration. B) Batesian mimicry C) Mullerian mimicry D) A and B E) A and C 16) Historically, up until the middle ages, population growth was mostly limited by A) low fertility rates. B) culturally-imposed family planning practices. C) disease, famine, and war. D) religious restrictions on marriage. E) low birth rates. 17) Malthus argued that is the ultimate cause of social and environmental problems and Marx argued that population growth social and environmental problems. A) excess population growth, results from B) poverty, results from C) war, results from D) excess population growth, is also the ultimate cause of E) poverty, is the ultimate cause of 18) Living things that carry out photosynthesis are known as A) consumers. B) secondary consumers. C) decomposers. D) primary consumers. E) producers.

4 Name: 4 19) Primary consumers are also known as A) carnivores. B) omnivores. C) decomposers. D) herbivores. E) top carnivores 20) A simple linked feeding series such as grass-rabbit-wolf is known as a(n) A) nutrient cycle. B) food web. C) carbon cycle. D) food chain. E) food cycle. 2) True-False (2 pts each) a. Lifeboat ethics maintains that in lieu of population control, developed nations should be used as lifeboats to provide relief from the persistent overpopulation problems in underdeveloped nations. b. When disturbance hits a community, one would expect it to impact all members of the community similarly. c. When considering multiple community interactions in nature, predation tends to increase competition among its prey species. d. While multiple species may occupy a trophic level, the same species may never occupy two different trophic levels at the same time. e. Under a pessimistic view of demographic transitions, underdeveloped nations are caught in a demographic trap and the only way to break the trap is to first lower birth rates. f. At low levels, increasing species diversity leads to increasing ecosystem stability. However, at higher levels of diversity, the relationship is between diversity and stability is uncertain. g. Detrivores and decomposers perform similar roles within ecosystems, breaking down biotic material and releasing nutrients into the environment. h. The concept of a species niche is synonymous with a complete description of a species habitat. i. Preserve managers once managed for increased edge effects because most game species (those hunted) do very well with them. j. One reason that most biologists and ecologists are overwhelmingly concerned about human population numbers is that even if the world can support more

5 Name: 5 people from a human perspective, an increasing human population will take a heavy toll on native habitats and biodiversity. k. The missing carbon sink describes a phenomenon where carbon from the earth s atmosphere is lost into outer space. k. The primary consequences of ecological succession are an increase in species richness and an increase in ecosystem function. 3) Fill in the blank. Be as specific as possible. (2 points each) a) When two species subdivide the niche in order to minimize competition, it is called. b) A tropical rainforest resists perturbations well and is therefore said to have high, although they have low and do not recover well from disruption. c) Measurements of species diversity include both species and. d) is a type of relationship where one species benefits without harming the other. A good example is barnacles on whales. e) The human population recently surpassed billion people and currently adds roughly million more people each year. Short Answer 1) What does Gause s principle predict about the relationship between the degree of niche overlap between two species and their ability to coexist? (4 points)

6 Name: 6 2) What lessons can we learn from ecological pyramids (food webs) about feeding the human population and problems with environmental toxins? (4 points) 3) Briefly explain the following two points of contention against the population bomb idea and give a counter argument for each. Include the arguments relating to the Netherlands fallacy and prices of natural resource. (4 points) 4) Describe two different ways that songbirds are negatively impacted by edge effects. (4 points)

7 Name: 7 5) List the four major carbon sinks discussed in class. Are they good or bad for the environment. Why or why not? (6 points) 6) Describe (verbally and/or graphically) the three different affects or lines of influence on the Yellowstone Community that resulted from the reintroduction of wolves to the Yellowstone Ecosystem. (6 points)(use the back)