When is genetic diversity lost?
|
|
- Robyn Daniel
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Published on ScienceNordic ( Home > Printer-friendly PDF > Printer-friendly PDF When is genetic diversity lost? Natural Sciences[1] Natural Sciences[1]Evolution [2]Genetics [3]Researcher Zone [4]Denmark [5]ForskerZonen [6] How many individuals of a given species are needed to maintain genetic diversity in the long run? All complex organisms have two copies of every gene in their DNA typically one from the mother and one from the father. When these copies are not the same, we say that there is genetic diversity within an individual. Genetic diversity also exists between individuals in a population/species, and such genetic diversity represents the raw material for evolution, enabling a population or species to adapt to environmental changes or new diseases across generations. But how many individuals of a given species do you need to maintain long-term genetic diversity? This question is both of practical and scientific interest. Many populations of mammals are in sharp decline some to less than 500 individuals in a population. Many of their natural habitats have been lost and the habitats that are left are strongly fragmented. This means that species that require lots of space, such as the European Bison, are now restricted to certain areas in isolated populations. In the Department of Bioscience - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, at Aarhus University, Denmark, we studied what effect such population bottlenecks have on the genetic diversity of animals. But we re not using Bison, we re using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Fruit flies are much easier to study than Bison: There s plenty of room for them in the laboratory for one, and they have a short lifescycle of two weeks. What s more, their genome has been mapped and thoroughly studied, which gives us a good foundation for further analyses. Read More: Genetics have remained constant for 8,000 years in world s melting pot[7] From the orchard to fly DNA We established a laboratory population using 600 fertilised female flies taken from a natural population of flies from an orchard in Jutland, West Denmark. From them, we established 42 new populations, each of a set size, representing a bottleneck of 10, 50, or 500 individuals. We maintained these fly populations for 20 generations at these set sizes and in every fifth generation we sequenced (decoded) their DNA. This allowed us to estimate the genetic diversity in each group of every generation. The genetic diversity is defined as the average difference between each pair of genes in a DNA sequence in a given population. It is often called the nucleotide diversity or the Tajima s pi. Our results show that all groups became less genetically diverse. The smallest populations (ten individuals)
2 lost the most genetic diversity, the medium sized population (50 individuals) lost a little less, while the larger populations (500 individuals) retained the most diversity. Though even these groups lost some diversity after 20 generations. It begs the question: Are 500 individuals enough to maintain long-term genetic diversity? A large loss in genetic diversity is a direct consequence of a small population size, and the problem grows as each subsequent generation loses a little more. The relationship between population size and loss of genetic diversity occurs because there is a random component to the transfer of genetic diversity from one generation to the next. The smaller the population size, the larger this random component is, whereby a larger fraction of genetic diversity is lost in the transfer so-called random genetic drift. Read More: Birdsong is genetically coded[8] Social spiders But population size isn t the only important factor for the maintenance of genetic diversity. Biology also has an important role to play. Like fruit flies, most spiders are solitary, which means that they live most of their lives alone without having to cooperate with each other. Most spider species only break this habit when they seek a mate. But some spider species (around 25 out of 45,000) have developed a social structure, which means that many hundred individuals live together in nests their entire lives. These spiders cooperate to build large webs, share prey, and take care of each other s young. A number of biological factors can have a negative influence the maintenance of genetic diversity in these social spiders: their social structure leads to strong inbreeding females outnumber males approximately ten to one less than half of the females have young spiders in each nest as well as the entire population have a high turnover frequency meaning a high rate of extinction and re-establishment from an existing population or nest. The genetic diversity present in a population that is going for extinct, is lost. All these factors mean that even though the actual population size might be very large, the effective population size and therefore the amount of genetic diversity inside a colony is dramatically reduced in relation to the solitary species. Read More: Global genetic diversity mapped by new study[9] Are social spiders at an evolutionary dead-end? Out of approximately 20 species of the Stegodyphus genus of spiders, three of them have independently developed a social structure. All three live in the tropics, in India, South Africa, and Namibia. Solitary species live in both the tropics and sub-tropics. We have studied the genetic diversity of ten individuals from five populations of each of these three species of Stegodyphus, to find out how much genetic diversity is lost due to their social behaviour.
3 We saw a dramatic loss in genetic diversity, with social spiders having only ten percent of that of solitary species and our results could even suggest that their social structure is an evolutionary dead-end. This is supported by the fact that such few social spider species exist today. Conversely, similar social structures do not occur in species everywhere, but rather in places where habitats remain stable for long periods and do not require large genetic diversity to adapt to changes. Read More: New evidence that environmental change can outpace genetic adaptation[10] Many roads to an uncertain future Our research on fruit flies and spiders show that there are many ways in which the effective population size can shrink, leading to increased random genetic drift and a loss of genetic diversity. Social spiders have large populations, but their social biology is so extreme that their actual population size (the number of individuals) has no effect on their effective population size. For these species, a loss of genetic diversity is a natural condition and we can only speculate on how durable this situation is in the long run. For most mammals, the actual population size is the most important factor determining their genetic diversity. And as our studies on fruit flies show, a smaller population leads to a strong decline in genetic diversity, and a very uncertain future Read this article in Danish at ForskerZonen [11], part of Videnskab.dk [12]. This article was originally published at Aktuel Naturvidenskab [13]. Fruit flies are the insect of choice for geneticists due to their short life cycle. They?re also small enough to fit thousands of them in the laboratory at any one time. (Photo: Jesper Buch Rais) [14] Fruit flies were maintained at certain population sizes (10, 50, and 500 individuals) for 20 generations. We RAD sequenced their DNA every fifth generation to monitor the changes in genetic diversity over time. (Illustraion: Authors own / Photo: Lars Aarø) [15] Social spiders collaborate to catch larger prey. (Photo: Virginia Settepani) [16] Fruit flies are the insect of choice for geneticists due to their short life cycle. They?re also small enough to fit thousands of them in the laboratory at any one time. (Photo: Jesper Buch Rais) [17] Genetics confirm: Migrants brought farming to the Mediterranean [18] Evolution in real time on Bear Island [19] Genetics have remained constant for 8,000 years in world?s melting pot [7] Genetics may explain susceptibility to anorexia [20] VIDEO: What exactly is epigenetics? [21] Mads Fristrup Schou [22] Jesper Bechsgaard [23] Schou, M. F., Loeschcke, V., Bechsgaard, J., Schlötterer, C., & Kristensen, T. N. (2017). Unexpected high genetic diversity in small populations suggests maintenance by associative overdominance. Molecular Ecology, 26, 6510?6523. [24] Settepani, V., Schou, M. F., Greve, M., Grinsted, L., Bechsgaard, J., & Bilde, T. (2017). Evolution of sociality in spiders leads to depleted genomic diversity at both population and species levels. Molecular Ecology, 26, 4197?4210. [25] Side story Side story
4 What is Random Genetic Drift? From one generation to the next, one of the two gene copies from each parent are transferred to their offspring at random. Just like tossing a coin where there is a 50 per cent chance of heads or tails, there is also a 50 per cent chance of inheriting any given gene copy from either parent. Consequently, the frequency of a given genetic variant across all individuals changes a bit in the next generation. This then forms the basis for the transfer of genes to the generation after that, where again, small deviations can occur. These random changes from one generation to the next are known as random genetic drift. After just a few coin tosses, it s likely that the actual number of heads or tails thrown is not in fact evenly split, 50:50. But the more you toss the coin, the closer one gets to a 50:50 split. The same applies to our genes: The distribution of genes in a large population, with more individuals, will more closely match that of the previous generation. This means that there is more random genetic drift in smaller populations and when natural populations are reduced. However there are other factors that can lead to increased genetic drift. For example, nonrandom breeding (inbreeding) among individuals within a population, or where there are fewer of one sex compared to the other, or where there are large variations in the number of offspring produced by an individual. An increase in random genetic drift for these reasons will lead to a reduction in the effective population size. This means that the number of individuals, which effectively contribute to the next generation is less that the actual size of the population. Mads Fristrup Schou, Lund University, Sweden. [26] Jesper Bechsgaard, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark. [27] Catherine Jex December 22, :25.This field is not in use. The footer is displayed in the mini panel called "Footer (mini panel)" Source URL: Links: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] 1.jpg
5 [15] 2.png [16] 3.jpg [17] 1_0.jpg [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]
Name: Hour: Teacher: ROZEMA. Inheritance & Mutations Connected to Speciation
Name: Hour: Teacher: ROZEMA Inheritance & Mutations Connected to Speciation Let s Review What We Already Know: What Have We Learned? Lesson 26: PI 1 (Projected Image) - Human Karyotype (image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/karyotype#/media/file:nhgri_human_male_karyotype.png)
More informationLecture 14 Chapter 11 Biology 5865 Conservation Biology. Problems of Small Populations Population Viability Analysis
Lecture 14 Chapter 11 Biology 5865 Conservation Biology Problems of Small Populations Population Viability Analysis Minimum Viable Population (MVP) Schaffer (1981) MVP- A minimum viable population for
More informationLevels of Ecological Organization. Biotic and Abiotic Factors. Studying Ecology. Chapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter 4 Population Ecology Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Levels of Ecological Organization Biotic and Abiotic Factors The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments Scientists
More informationChapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter 4 Population Ecology Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology Levels of Ecological Organization The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments Scientists study ecology at various
More informationRoadmap. Sexual Selection. Evolution of Multi-Gene Families Gene Duplication Divergence Concerted Evolution Survey of Gene Families
1 Roadmap Sexual Selection Evolution of Multi-Gene Families Gene Duplication Divergence Concerted Evolution Survey of Gene Families 2 One minute responses Q: How do aphids start producing males in the
More information4. Identify one bird that would most likely compete for food with the large tree finch. Support your answer. [1]
Name: Topic 5B 1. A hawk has a genetic trait that gives it much better eyesight than other hawks of the same species in the same area. Explain how this could lead to evolutionary change within this species
More informationMutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Nonrandom Mating Results in Evolution
Mutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Nonrandom Mating Results in Evolution 15.2 Intro In biology, evolution refers specifically to changes in the genetic makeup of populations over time.
More informationEvolution of Populations. Populations evolve. Changes in populations. Natural selection acts on individuals differential survival. Populations evolve
Evolution of Populations Doonesbury - Sunday February 8, 2004 Populations evolve Natural selection acts on individuals differential survival differential reproductive success survival of the fittest who
More informationThe theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information.
Section 3: The theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the conditions of the
More informationEvolution and Natural Selection (16-18)
Evolution and Natural Selection (16-18) 3 Key Observations of Life: 1) Shared Characteristics of Life (Unity) 2) Rich Diversity of Life 3) Organisms are Adapted to their Environment These observations
More informationNew weather forecast system makes predictions faster and more accurate
Published on ScienceNordic (http://sciencenordic.com) Home > Printer-friendly PDF > Printer-friendly PDF New weather forecast system makes predictions faster and more accurate Natural Sciences[1] Natural
More informationWHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY?
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY? Biological diversity or biodiversity is the variety of life - the wealth of life forms found on earth. 9 WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY? Wilcox s (1984) definition: Biological
More informationBiology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes
Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes Section 1: Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin- English naturalist that studied animals over a number of years before developing the theory
More informationChapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection
Darwin s dangerous idea: evolution by natural selection Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection Use new chapter opening photo here Do Now: Scientific
More informationEvolution & Natural Selection
Evolution & Natural Selection Learning Objectives Know what biological evolution is and understand the driving force behind biological evolution. know the major mechanisms that change allele frequencies
More informationHeredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 9 Heredity and Evolution Multiple Choice Questions 1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in (a) vegetative reproduction (b) asexual reproduction (c) sexual reproduction (d) budding 2. Two
More informationEVOLUTION. - Selection, Survival, and Drift
EVOLUTION - Selection, Survival, and Drift Evolution Darwin on the HMS Beagle Darwin s role on the ship was as a geologist and companion to the captain. His goal was to collect biological and geological
More informationEvolutionary change. Evolution and Diversity. Two British naturalists, one revolutionary idea. Darwin observed organisms in many environments
Evolutionary change Evolution and Diversity Ch 13 How populations evolve Organisms change over time In baby steps Species (including humans) are descended from other species Two British naturalists, one
More informationEVOLUTION ALGEBRA Hartl-Clark and Ayala-Kiger
EVOLUTION ALGEBRA Hartl-Clark and Ayala-Kiger Freshman Seminar University of California, Irvine Bernard Russo University of California, Irvine Winter 2015 Bernard Russo (UCI) EVOLUTION ALGEBRA 1 / 10 Hartl
More informationthebiotutor.com AS Biology Unit 2 Classification, Adaptation & Biodiversity
thebiotutor.com AS Biology Unit 2 Classification, Adaptation & Biodiversity 1 Classification and taxonomy Classification Phylogeny Taxonomy The process of sorting living things into groups. The study of
More informationBinary fission occurs in prokaryotes. parent cell. DNA duplicates. cell begins to divide. daughter cells
Chapter 11 Chapter 11 Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis. Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis. Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent. Binary fission
More informationVanishing Species 5.1. Before You Read. Read to Learn. Biological Diversity. Section. What do biodiversity studies tell us?
Vanishing Species Before You Read Dinosaurs are probably the most familiar organisms that are extinct, or no longer exist. Many plants and animals that are alive today are in danger of dying out. Think
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Concepts of Evolution. Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? Evolution
Slide 1 Concepts of Evolution Slide 2 Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change
More informationThere are 3 parts to this exam. Use your time efficiently and be sure to put your name on the top of each page.
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY EXAM #1 Fall 2017 There are 3 parts to this exam. Use your time efficiently and be sure to put your name on the top of each page. Part I. True (T) or False (F) (2 points each). Circle
More information5/31/2012. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter
Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Objectives: - Review meiosis -Species -Repro. Isolating mechanisms - Speciation -Is evolution always slow -Extinction How Are Populations, Genes, And Evolution Related?
More informationExtensive evidence indicates that life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago.
V Extensive evidence indicates that life on Earth began more than 3 billion years ago. Fossils found in ancient rocks have given us many clues to the kind of life that existed long ago. The first living
More informationScience Unit Learning Summary
Learning Summary Inheritance, variation and evolution Content Sexual and asexual reproduction. Meiosis leads to non-identical cells being formed while mitosis leads to identical cells being formed. In
More informationEvolution. Before You Read. Read to Learn
Evolution 15 section 3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory Biology/Life Sciences 7.e Students know the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population and why these conditions are not likely to appear
More informationEvolution & Natural Selection
Evolution & Natural Selection Chapter 8 Ideas about the earth & its inhabitants were slowly changing In the 1700 & 1800 s, scientists began to overturn long held beliefs and ideas Buffon suggested the
More information3U Evolution Notes. Natural Selection: What is Evolution? -The idea that gene distribution changes over time -A change in the frequency of an allele
3U Evolution Notes What is Evolution? -The idea that gene distribution changes over time -A change in the frequency of an allele Let s look back to what we know: From genetics we can say that a gene is
More informationLearning objectives. Evolution in Action. Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection. By the end of today s topic students should be able to:
ANNOUNCEMENTS Thursday February 13, 2014 Chapter 8: Evolution and Natural Selection Dr. Traver returns next week. Movie on Tuesday afternoon What Darwin Never Knew. Midterm 2 is next week 2/20/2014 Use
More informationChapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity. Sunday, October 1, 17
Chapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity CHAPTER INTRO: The Dung of the Devil Read and Answer Questions Provided Module 14 The Biodiversity of Earth After reading this module you should be able to understand
More information15.3 Darwin Presents his Case. Biology Mr. Hines
15.3 Darwin Presents his Case Biology Mr. Hines Darwin returned to England with a wealth of new data. He brought many specimens from the Galapagos to further his studies and to present his data to others.
More informationCould rising land slow down Antarctic ice melt?
Published on ScienceNordic (http://sciencenordic.com) Home > Printer-friendly PDF > Printer-friendly PDF Could rising land slow down Antarctic ice melt? Natural Sciences[1] Natural Sciences[1]Antarctica
More informationQ Expected Coverage Achievement Merit Excellence. Punnett square completed with correct gametes and F2.
NCEA Level 2 Biology (91157) 2018 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2018 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change (91157) Evidence Q Expected Coverage Achievement Merit Excellence
More informationPatterns of inheritance
Patterns of inheritance Learning goals By the end of this material you would have learnt about: How traits and characteristics are passed on from one generation to another The different patterns of inheritance
More informatione.g. population: 500, two alleles: Red (R) and White (r). Total: 1000 genes for flower color in the population
The Evolution of Populations What is Evolution? A change over time in the genetic composition of a population Human evolution The gene pool Is the total aggregate of genes for a particular trait in a population
More informationRegents Review Assignment #8-A08 Living Environment: Comet Part A Questions
Part A Questions 1. A student notices that fruit flies with the curlywing trait develop straight wings if kept at a temperature of 16 C, but develop curly wings if kept at 25 C. The best explanation for
More informationUNIT V. Chapter 11 Evolution of Populations. Pre-AP Biology
UNIT V Chapter 11 Evolution of Populations UNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 11: The Evolution of Populations I. Genetic Variation Within Populations (11.1) A. Genetic variation in a population increases the chance
More informationProcesses of Evolution
15 Processes of Evolution Forces of Evolution Concept 15.4 Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional, or Disruptive Natural selection can act on quantitative traits in three ways: Stabilizing selection
More informationMajor questions of evolutionary genetics. Experimental tools of evolutionary genetics. Theoretical population genetics.
Evolutionary Genetics (for Encyclopedia of Biodiversity) Sergey Gavrilets Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-6 USA Evolutionary
More information2/16/2015. After this lecture, you will be able to: Evolution, Biodiversity and Population Ecology. Natural selection
Evolution, Biodiversity and Population Ecology After this lecture, you will be able to: Chapter 3 Explain the process of natural selection and cite evidence for this process Describe the ways in which
More informationChapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Biology 110 Sec. 11 J. Greg Doheny Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Quiz Questions: 1. What word do you use to describe a chromosome or gene allele that we inherit from our Mother? From our Father?
More informationWorld?s oldest fossil plants could rewrite life's early history
Published on ScienceNordic (http://sciencenordic.com) Home > Printer-friendly PDF > Printer-friendly PDF World?s oldest fossil plants could rewrite life's early history Natural Sciences[1] Natural Sciences[1]Animals
More informationChapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity
Chapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity Biodiversity What is biodiversity? How does evolution occur? What is an ecological niche? Earth is Home to a Tremendous Diversity of Species Ecosystem diversity the
More informationYou are required to know all terms defined in lecture. EXPLORE THE COURSE WEB SITE 1/6/2010 MENDEL AND MODELS
1/6/2010 MENDEL AND MODELS!!! GENETIC TERMINOLOGY!!! Essential to the mastery of genetics is a thorough knowledge and understanding of the vocabulary of this science. New terms will be introduced and defined
More informationMicroevolution is a change in the gene frequencies of a population. Can happen quickly. Ex: antibiotic resistant bacterial colonies
Evolution Unit 1 Microevolution is a change in the gene frequencies of a population. Can happen quickly Ex: antibiotic resistant bacterial colonies New species evolve and no longer interbreed with the
More informationConstructing a Pedigree
Constructing a Pedigree Use the appropriate symbols: Unaffected Male Unaffected Female Affected Male Affected Female Male carrier of trait Mating of Offspring 2. Label each generation down the left hand
More informationGAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SENIOR SECONDARY INTERVENTION PROGRAMME LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 12 SESSION 4 (LEARNER NOTES)
TOPIC 2: THEORIES OF EVOLUTION (PART 1) Learner Note: Evolution is a theory. Evolution is change over time. Diversity is the RESULT of this change over time. If a trait is good, the organism survives and
More informationPart 2- Biology Paper 2 Inheritance and Variation Knowledge Questions
Part 2- Biology Paper 2 Inheritance and Variation Knowledge Questions AQA TRILOGY Biology (8464) from 2016 Topic T4.6 Inheritance, variation and evolution Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe features
More informationSTRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
NATURAL SELECTION STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE If more individuals are produced than can survive à members of a population must compete to obtain food, living space, and other limited necessities of life Called:
More informationF1 Parent Cell R R. Name Period. Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
Name Period Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes 1. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? 2. Explain the law of segregation. Use two different
More informationSpeciation factsheet. What is a species?
What is a species? A species is a group of interbreeding individuals that share a gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species. It is impossible to determine whether two organisms are from
More informationAnswers Evolution. Year 10 Science Chapter 3. p39 1 Evolve means to develop gradually.
Answers Evolution Year 10 Science Chapter 3 p39 1 Evolve means to develop gradually. 2 The basic idea of biological evolution is that all species on Earth share a common ancestor. The common ancestor,
More informationReproduction and Evolution Practice Exam
Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Topics: Genetic concepts from the lecture notes including; o Mitosis and Meiosis, Homologous Chromosomes, Haploid vs Diploid cells Reproductive Strategies Heaviest
More informationChapter 44. Table of Contents. Section 1 Development of Behavior. Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior Table of Contents Section 1 Development of Behavior Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior Section 1 Development of Behavior Objectives Identify four questions asked by biologists who study
More informationEcology Notes CHANGING POPULATIONS
Ecology Notes TEK 8.11 (B) Investigate how organisms and populations in an ecosystem depend on and may compete for biotic and abiotic factors such as quantity of light, water, range of temperatures, or
More informationDarwin s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Question: Has Life Ever Changed? In 1700 s, scientists examined fossils that showed how extinct species look very different than they do today. Scientists began to
More informationBIOLOGY 1 WORKSHEET III ( GENETICS, EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY)
BIOLOGY 1 WORKSHEET III ( GENETICS, EVOLUTION, ECOLOGY) 1. What is a karyotype? 2. What are homologous chromosomes? How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are found in humans? 3. Label the diagrams below:
More informationCHAPTER 23 THE EVOLUTIONS OF POPULATIONS. Section C: Genetic Variation, the Substrate for Natural Selection
CHAPTER 23 THE EVOLUTIONS OF POPULATIONS Section C: Genetic Variation, the Substrate for Natural Selection 1. Genetic variation occurs within and between populations 2. Mutation and sexual recombination
More informationLIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS
LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 7 FLASHCARDS What did Darwin NOT understand about the process of evolution? A. the slowness of the process B. the role of genetics C. the importance of separation D. the importance
More information- point mutations in most non-coding DNA sites likely are likely neutral in their phenotypic effects.
January 29 th, 2010 Bioe 109 Winter 2010 Lecture 10 Microevolution 3 - random genetic drift - one of the most important shifts in evolutionary thinking over the past 30 years has been an appreciation of
More informationHow robust are the predictions of the W-F Model?
How robust are the predictions of the W-F Model? As simplistic as the Wright-Fisher model may be, it accurately describes the behavior of many other models incorporating additional complexity. Many population
More information9 Genetic diversity and adaptation Support. AQA Biology. Genetic diversity and adaptation. Specification reference. Learning objectives.
Genetic diversity and adaptation Specification reference 3.4.3 3.4.4 Learning objectives After completing this worksheet you should be able to: understand how meiosis produces haploid gametes know how
More informationBiology 110 Survey of Biology. Quizzam
1. Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on A) peas. B) roses. C) guinea pigs. D) fruit flies. E) clones. 2. Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical
More informationIntermediate 2 Biology Homework plan 29 th October 21 st Dec 2012
Intermediate 2 Biology Homework plan 29 th October 21 st Dec 2012 All homework answers must be submitted in the homework jotter provided and handed in at the start of the lesson on a Monday Date Learning
More informationThe Problem of Where to Live
April 5: Habitat Selection: Intro The Problem of Where to Live Physical and biotic environment critically affects fitness An animal's needs may be met only in certain habitats, which should select for
More information1. Draw, label and describe the structure of DNA and RNA including bonding mechanisms.
Practicing Biology BIG IDEA 3.A 1. Draw, label and describe the structure of DNA and RNA including bonding mechanisms. 2. Using at least 2 well-known experiments, describe which features of DNA and RNA
More informationAP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.
More informationUntitled Document. A. antibiotics B. cell structure C. DNA structure D. sterile procedures
Name: Date: 1. The discovery of which of the following has most directly led to advances in the identification of suspects in criminal investigations and in the identification of genetic diseases? A. antibiotics
More informationComparing male densities and fertilization rates as potential Allee effects in Alaskan and Canadian Ursus maritimus populations
Comparing male densities and fertilization rates as potential Allee effects in Alaskan and Canadian Ursus maritimus populations Introduction Research suggests that our world today is in the midst of a
More informationComputer Simulations on Evolution BiologyLabs On-line. Laboratory 1 for Section B. Laboratory 2 for Section A
Computer Simulations on Evolution BiologyLabs On-line Laboratory 1 for Section B Laboratory 2 for Section A The following was taken from http://www.biologylabsonline.com/protected/evolutionlab/ Introduction
More informationClass Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics
Class Copy! Return to teacher at the end of class! Mendel's Genetics For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful hybrids. It
More informationLecture Materials are available on the 321 web site
MENDEL AND MODELS Explore the Course Web Site http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/biol321index.html Lecture Materials are available on the 321 web site http://fire.biol.wwu.edu/trent/trent/321lectureindex.html
More informationInterest Grabber. Analyzing Inheritance
Interest Grabber Section 11-1 Analyzing Inheritance Offspring resemble their parents. Offspring inherit genes for characteristics from their parents. To learn about inheritance, scientists have experimented
More informationBIOLOGY 1 WORKSHEET III (SELECTED ANSWERS)
BIOLOGY 1 WORKSHEET III (SELECTED ANSWERS) 1. What is a karyotype? You did this in lab! 2. What are homologous chromosomes? How many pairs of homologous chromosomes are found in humans? Chromosomes that
More information1. What is genetics and who was Gregor Mendel? 2. How are traits passed from one generation to the next?
Chapter 11 Heredity The fruits, vegetables, and grains you eat are grown on farms all over the world. Tomato seeds produce tomatoes, which in turn produce more seeds to grow more tomatoes. Each new crop
More informationNCEA Level 2 Biology (91157) 2017 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2017 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change (91157)
NCEA Level 2 Biology (91157) 2017 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2017 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of genetic variation and change (91157) Evidence Statement Q1 Expected coverage Merit Excellence
More informationLesson 4: Understanding Genetics
Lesson 4: Understanding Genetics 1 Terms Alleles Chromosome Co dominance Crossover Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Dominant Genetic code Genome Genotype Heredity Heritability Heritability estimate Heterozygous
More informationCompetition Among Organisms
A Vote for Ecology Activity 5 Competition Among Organisms GOALS In this activity you will: Observe the effects of competition among plants for space and nutrients. Describe the possible effects of introducing
More informationwww.lessonplansinc.com Topic: Dinosaur Evolution Project Summary: Students pretend to evolve two dinosaurs using genetics and watch how the dinosaurs adapt to an environmental change. This is a very comprehensive
More informationMCDB 1111 corebio 2017 Midterm I
MCDB 1111 corebio 2017 Midterm I Name: There are 18 questions, each worth a maximum of 6 points. Multiple choice questions are worth 3 points, while explanations are worth 3 points. If you need to, use
More informationThe Origin of Species
The Origin of Species Chapter 24 Both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact the mystery of mysteries-the first appearance of beings on Earth. Darwin from his diary
More informationHorse breeding and genetics
Horse breeding and genetics Pack 2 Meiosis Pack Code: EBS15 www.lbcnc.org.uk This pack will help you to: describe the stages of meiosis explain the genetic importance of meiosis About this pack Objectives
More informationWhat do plants compete for? What do animals compete for? What is a gamete and what do they carry? What is a gene?
How are these animals adapted to their surroundings: - a) Polar bear b) Camel c) Cactus What do plants compete for? What do animals compete for? What is a gamete and what do they carry? What is a gene?
More information(Write your name on every page. One point will be deducted for every page without your name!)
POPULATION GENETICS AND MICROEVOLUTIONARY THEORY FINAL EXAMINATION (Write your name on every page. One point will be deducted for every page without your name!) 1. Briefly define (5 points each): a) Average
More informationIV. Comparative Anatomy
Whale Evolution: Fossil Record of Evolution Modern toothed whales Rodhocetus kasrani reduced hind limbs could not walk; swam with up-down motion like modern whales Pakicetus attocki lived on land; skull
More informationPopulation Genetics & Evolution
The Theory of Evolution Mechanisms of Evolution Notes Pt. 4 Population Genetics & Evolution IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER: Populations, not individuals, evolve. Population = a group of individuals of the same
More information2. Overproduction: More species are produced than can possibly survive
Name: Date: What to study? Class notes Graphic organizers with group notes Review sheets What to expect on the TEST? Multiple choice Short answers Graph Reading comprehension STRATEGIES Circle key words
More informationSelection 10: Theory of Natural Selection
Selection 10: Theory of Natural Selection Darwin began his voyage thinking that species could not change His experience during the five-year journey altered his thinking Variation of similar species among
More informationSTUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium
STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The smallest unit in which evolution occurs is a. an individual organism. c. a species
More informationDarwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence
Darwin s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence 1 Voyage of the Beagle During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary
More informationGrade 1.) 2.) 3.) 3.7 (EVOLUTION & EXTINCTION) HISTORY OF THE EARTH CATALYST
SCIENCE Grade / Name: Date: Cohort: CATALYST 1.) 2.) 3.) OBJECTIVE SWBAT define extinction and describe how meteorite impacts can cause mass extinction events and have altered the evolutionary history
More informationFace area (cm 2 ) Brain surface area (cm 2 ) Cranial capacity (cm 3 ) 1, Jaw Angle ( º )
Honors Biology Test : Evolution GOOD LUCK! You ve learned so much! Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (2 pts each) 1. As we move through the
More informationMastery. Chapter Content. Natural Selection CHAPTER 5 LESSON 1
Chapter Content Mastery Natural Selection LESSON 1 Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence. 1. Darwin hypothesized that species in the wild evolve through a process
More informationCell division and multiplication
CELL DIVISION Cell division and multiplication As we already mentioned, the genetic information contained in the nucleus is hereditary Meaning it is passed on from cell to cell; from parent to child This
More informationWhat is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost!
Altruism What is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost! Does altruism exist? Best examples come from eusocial insects Bees, termites, ants Suicide in bees, etc. Non-breeding
More informationIntroduction to Genetics
Introduction to Genetics The Work of Gregor Mendel B.1.21, B.1.22, B.1.29 Genetic Inheritance Heredity: the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring The study of heredity in biology is
More informationChapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Question? Does Like really beget Like? The offspring will resemble the parents, but they may not be exactly like them. This chapter deals with reproduction of
More informationHeterozygosity is variance. How Drift Affects Heterozygosity. Decay of heterozygosity in Buri s two experiments
eterozygosity is variance ow Drift Affects eterozygosity Alan R Rogers September 17, 2014 Assumptions Random mating Allele A has frequency p N diploid individuals Let X 0,1, or 2) be the number of copies
More information