Lecture 14 Chapter 11 Biology 5865 Conservation Biology. Problems of Small Populations Population Viability Analysis

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1 Lecture 14 Chapter 11 Biology 5865 Conservation Biology Problems of Small Populations Population Viability Analysis

2 Minimum Viable Population (MVP) Schaffer (1981) MVP- A minimum viable population for any given species in any given habitat is the smallest isolated population having a 99% chance of remaining extant for 1000 years despite the foreseeable effects of demographic, environmental, and genetic stochasticity, and natural catastrophes.

3 Population viability analysis (PVA) PVA is used to: (ex- Vortex) estimate the likelihood of a population s extinction over time indicate the urgency of recovery efforts identify key life stages or processes that should be the focus of recovery efforts compare proposed management options and assess existing recovery efforts endangered species management to develop a plan of action

4 Minimum Dynamic Area (MDA) MVP MDA (Area needed to maintain the population). In general, populations have a greater chance of persisting when they occupy large habitats

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6 3 Major Risks to Small Populations Loss of genetic variability Demographic fluctuations Environmental stochasticity

7 Note chromosomal evolution is related to the rearrangement of genes on a chromosome potential dead end or involved in speciation.

8 Loss of Genetic Variation Within Populations functions of population size 1. Genetic Drift - gene frequencies within a population that change over time due to random processes; increases in smaller populations; each generation retains just a portion of the gene pool from the previous generation 2. Founder effects - colonization of a new area by a small group of individuals; the individuals of the group represent a smaller proportion of the gene pool from the source population 3. Genetic bottleneck - reduction of a population to a very low level resulting in a) loss of certain alleles, especially rare ones, and b) reduction in the amount of variation in genetically-determined characters 4. Inbreeding depression - loss of fitness due to the exhange of genetic information (reproduction) among closely related individuals; smaller populations have a higher probability for the expression of deleterious recessive alleles

9 Genetic Diversity Gene Flow the uni- or bi-directional exchange of genes between populations due to migration of individuals and subsequent successful reproduction in the new population Outbreeding depression - loss of fitness due to reproduction among very dissimilar individuals Effective population size - the number of individuals in a theoretically ideal population that would have the same magnitude of random genetic drift as the actual population, often much smaller than the true population size

10 Importance of Genetic Diversity 1. Evolutionary Potential - the greater the genetic diversity the greater potential for a population to respond to changing environmental conditions 2. Loss of Fitness - a measure of the response of a population of organisms to natural selection; generally based on the number of offspring contributed to the next generation in comparison with the number of offspring required to maintain the particular population constant

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12 Effective Population Size Important assumptions Organism is diploid Sexually reproducing population Non-overlapping generations Population is of constant size Sex ratio of males and females is equal Random mating and no migration Reproductive success of all individuals is equal No mutation or natural selection occurs

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16 Summary of Effective Population Size In practice effective population sizes are difficult and complicated to measure because of our inability to measure in the field and fully understand the assumptions e.g., sex ratio, reproductive potential of all individuals, population variation, etc. Effective population sizes are substantially smaller than the actual number of individuals in a population often only 10 to 20 % For example, to maintain 99.5 % of the genetic variability of a population with an effective population size of 100 for one generation, a field population of individuals may be necessary! Calculations of effective population sizes can become mathematically complicated

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21 r = 0.1, N 0 = 2

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