Chapter 1 The Science of Animal Behavior 2. Chapter 2 Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior 20. Chapter 3 Methods for Studying Animal Behavior 38
|
|
- Leona Woods
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Br ief Content s Chapter 1 The Science of Animal Behavior 2 Chapter 2 Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior 20 Chapter 3 Methods for Studying Animal Behavior 38 Chapter 4 Behavioral Genetics 56 Chapter 5 Learning and Cognition 78 Chapter 6 Communication 112 Chapter 7 Foraging Behavior 142 Chapter 8 Antipredator Behavior 170 Chapter 9 Dispersal and Migration 196 Chapter 10 Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression 226 Chapter 11 Mating Behavior 254 Chapter 12 Mating Systems 286 Chapter 13 Parental Care 312 Chapter 14 Social Behavior 338 A p p e n d i x 1 Scientific Literature 372 Appendix 2 Writing a Scientific Paper 374 Appendix 3 Animal Care Information 377
2 Content s P r e f a c e x x i i i Chapter 1 The Science of Animal Behavior Animals and their behavior are an integral part of human society 4 Recognizing and defining behavior 5 Measuring behavior: elephant ethograms The scientific method is a formalized way of knowing about the natural world 6 Th e importance of hypotheses 7 Th e scientific method 7 Correlation and causality 10 Hypotheses and theories 11 Social sciences and the natural sciences Animal behavior scientists test hypotheses to answer research questions about behavior 12 Hypothesis testing in wolf spiders 12 Negative results and directional hypotheses 13 Generating hypoth eses 14 Hypotheses from mathematical models Anthropomorphic explanations of behavior assign human emotions to animals and can be difficult to test Scientific knowledge is generated and communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed research 17 Th e primary literature 17 Th e secondary literature 18 Chapter Summary and Beyond 19 Q u e s t ion s 19 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1.1 Robin abundance and food availability 9 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 1.2 Robin abundance and predators 10 TOOLBOX 1.1 Scientific literacy 18 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 1.1 What is behind the guilty look in dogs? 16
3 x Contents C h a p t e r 2 Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior Evolution by natural selection favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness 22 Me a s u r e s of he r it a bi l it y 2 3 Great tit exploratory behavior 24 Variation within a population 25 Fitness and adaptation Modes of natural selection describe population changes 28 Directional selection in juvenile ornate tree lizards 28 Disruptive selection in spadefoot toad tadpoles 30 Stabilizing selection in juvenile convict cichlids 31 Studying adaptation: the cost-benefit approach Individual and group selection have been used to explain cooperation Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that focuses on the reproductive fitness of individuals 35 Sexual selection in house finches 35 Chapter Summary and Beyond 37 Q u e s t ion s 37 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 2.1 Heritability of great tit exploratory behavior 25 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 2.2 Stabilizing selection on territory size in cichlids 33 TOOLBOX 2.1 Genetics primer 23 TOOLBOX 2.2 Frequency-dependent selection 27 TOOLBOX 2.3 Game theory 34 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 2.1 Do lemmings commit suicide? 35 C h a p t e r 3 Methods for Studying Animal Behavior Scientists study both the proximate mechanisms that generate behavior and the ultimate reasons why the behavior evolved Researchers use observational, experimental, and comparative methods to study behavior 41 Th e observational method 41 Th e observational method and reproductive energetics of chimpanzees 42 Th e experimental method 43 Th e experimental method and jumping tadpoles 44 Th e comparative method 46 Th e comparative method and the evolution of burrowing behavior in mice 46
4 Contents xi 3.3 Researchers have examined animal behavior from a variety of perspectives over time 48 Darwin and adaptation 49 Early comparative psychology 49 Comparative psychology in North America 50 B e h av ior i s m 5 0 C l a s s ic a l e t holo g y 51 I nt e rd i s c i pl i n a r y a p pr o a c he s Animal behavior research requires ethical animal use 52 How research can affect animals 52 Sources of ethical standards 53 Th e three Rs 53 Chapter Summary and Beyond 55 Q u e s t ion s 55 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 3.1 Jumping tadpoles 45 TOOLBOX 3.1 Animal sampling techniques 44 TOOLBOX 3.2 Creating phylogenies 47 TOOLBOX 3.3 Describing and summarizing your data 54 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 3.1 Project Seahorse 42 C h a p t e r 4 Behavioral Genetics Behavioral variation is associated with genetic variation 58 Th e search for a genetic basis of behavior 58 Behavioral differences between wild-type and mutant-type fruit flies 59 Major and minor genes 60 QTL mapping to identify genes associated with behavior 60 QTL mapping for aphid feeding behavior 60 Fire ant genotype and social organization 61 Experimental manipulation of gene function: knockout studies 63 Anxiety-related behavior and knockout of a hormone receptor in mice The environment influences gene expression and behavior 65 He r it a bi l it y 6 5 Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression 67 Social environment and gene expression in fruit flies 67 Social environment and birdsong development 69 Social environment and gene expression in birds 70 Gene-environment interactions 71 Rover and sitter foraging behavior in fruit flies 71
5 xii Contents 4.3 Genes can limit behavioral flexibility 74 Bold-shy personalities in streamside salamanders 74 Animal personalities: a model with fitness trade-offs 76 Chapter Summary and Beyond 77 Q u e s t ion s 7 7 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.1 aggression 68 Environmental effects on zebrafish SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 4.2 Salamander personalities 75 TOOLBOX 4.1 Molecular techniques 62 TOOLBOX 4.2 Methods for studying behavior under stress 64 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 4.1 Dog behavior heritability 66 C h a p t e r 5 Learning and Cognition Learning allows animals to adapt to their environment 80 Learning as an adaptation in juncos 80 Evolution of learning 80 Green frog habituation to intruder vocalizations Learning is associated with neurological changes 83 Ne u rot r a n s m i tt ers and learning in chicks 84 Dendritic spines and learning in mice 85 Avian memory of stored food Animals learn stimulus-response associations 89 C l a s s ic a l c ond it ion i n g 8 9 Pavlovian conditioning for mating opportunities in Japanese quail 90 Fish learn novel predators 91 O p e r a nt c ond it ion i n g 9 2 Learning curves in macaques 94 Trial-and-error learning in bees Social interactions facilitate learning 97 Ptarmigan chicks learn their diet 97 Prairie dogs learn about predators 98 Learning the location of food patches 99 Social information use in sticklebacks 100 Public information use in starlings Social learning can lead to the development of animal traditions and culture 103 Behavioral tradition in wrasse 104
6 Contents xiii 5.6 Some animals can use mental representations to solve complex problems 105 History of animal cognition research 106 Elephants and insight learning 107 Numerical competency in New Zealand robins 107 Cognition and brain architecture in birds 108 Chapter Summary and Beyond 110 Questions 111 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 5.1 Brain structure and food hoarding 89 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 5.2 Fish learn predators 92 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 5.3 Starlings use public information 102 TOOLBOX 5.1 Neurobiology primer 109 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 5.1 Operation migration and imprinting 85 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 5.2 Dog training 93 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 5.3 Are you smarter than a pigeon? 95 C h a p t e r 6 Communication Communication occurs when a specialized signal from one individual influences the behavior of another 114 Honeybees and the waggle dance 114 Odor or the dance in bees 115 Auditory signals: alarm calls 116 Titmouse alarm calls 117 Information or influence? Signals are perceived by sensory systems and influenced by the environment 118 C he mor e c e p t ion 118 A nt phe romone s 119 Phot or e c e p t or s 119 Habitat structure and visual signals in birds 120 Auditory receptors 122 Habitat structure and bowerbird vocal signals Signals can accurately indicate signaler phenotype and environmental conditions 125 Signals as accurate indicators: theory 125 Aposematic coloration in frogs 126 Courtship signaling in spiders 127 Aggressive display and male condition in fighting fish Signals can be inaccurate indicators when the fitness interests of signaler and receiver differ 129 Batesian mimicry and Ensatina salamanders 131 Aggressive mimicry in fangblenny fish 132 Intraspecific deception: false alarm calls 133
7 xiv Contents Topi antelope false alarm calls 133 Capuchin monkeys and inaccurate signals Communication networks affect signaler and receiver behavior 137 Squirrel eavesdropping 137 Eavesdropping in túngara frogs 138 Audience effects in fighting fish 139 Chapter Summary and Beyond 140 Questions 141 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 6.1 Chemical signals in ants 120 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 6.2 Signaling in male wolf spiders 128 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 6.3 Fighting fish opercular display 130 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 6.1 Pheromones and pest control 119 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 6.2 Urban sounds affect signal production 122 C h a p t e r 7 Foraging Behavior Animals find food using a variety of sensory modalities 144 Catfish track the wake of their prey 144 Bees use multiple senses to enhance foraging efficiency 147 Gray mouse lemurs use multiple senses to find food Visual predators find cryptic prey more effectively by learning a search image 149 Cryptic coloration reduces predator efficiency in trout 150 Blue jays use a search image to find prey The optimal diet model predicts the food types an animal should include in its diet 152 Th e diet model 152 A graphical solution 153 Diet choice in northwestern crows 155 Ant foraging: the effect of nutrients The optimal patch-use model predicts how long a forager should exploit a food patch 158 Th e optimal patch-use model 158 Patch use by ruddy ducks 160 Optimal patch model with multiple costs 161 Fruit bats foraging on heterogeneous patches 161 Gerbil foraging with variable predation costs 163 Incomplete information and food patch estimation 164 Bayesian foraging bumblebees 166 Chapter Summary and Beyond 168 Questions 168
8 Contents xv SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 7.1 Prey detection by gray mouse lemurs 149 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 7.2 Cryptic prey reduces predator efficiency 151 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 7.3 Patch use by fruit bats 162 TOOLBOX 7.1 Mathematical solution to the optimal diet model 156 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 7.1 GUDs and conservation 165 C h a p t e r 8 Antipredator Behavior Animals modify their behavior to reduce predation risk 172 Predator avoidance by cryptic coloration in crabs 172 Predators and reduced activity in lizards 174 Prey take evasive action when detected Many behaviors represent adaptive trade-offs involving predation risk 175 Increased vigilance decreases feeding time 176 Vigilance and predation risk in elk 177 Energy intake versus safety in squirrels 178 Rich but risky 180 Environmental conditions and predation risk in foraging redshanks 180 Predation risk and patch quality in ants 182 Mating near predators in water striders 184 Mating and refuge use in fiddler crabs Living in groups can reduce predation risk 186 Th e dilution effect and killifish 186 Th e selfish herd and vigilance behavior 187 Group size effect and the selfish herd hypothesis in doves Some animals interact with predators to deter attack 189 Predator harassment in ground squirrels 190 Mobbing owl predators 192 Pursuit deterrence and alarm signal hypotheses 192 Tail-flagging behavior in deer 193 Chapter Summary and Beyond 194 Questions 195 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8.1 Feeding trade-off in redshanks 181 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8.2 Mating behavior trade-off in water striders 185 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8.3 Predator harassment by California ground squirrels 191 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 8.1 Mitigating crop damage by manipulating predation risk 176
9 xvi Contents C h a p t e r 9 Dispersal and Migration Dispersal reduces competition and inbreeding 198 Dispersal in adult springtails 198 Natal dispersal in northern goshawks 199 Inbreeding avoidance in voles Reproductive success affects breeding dispersal 202 Breeding dispersal in dragonflies 202 Public information from conspecifics affects breeding dispersal 204 K i tt iwakes and public information Animals migrate in response to changes in the environment 205 Migration and changing resources 206 Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds 207 Th e evolution of migration 208 Competition and migratory behavior of newts 209 Maintenance of polymorphism in migratory behavior 210 Competition and migratory behavior of dippers Animals use multiple compass systems to determine direction 212 Th e sun compass in monarch butterflies 213 Antennae and the sun compass system in monarchs 216 Th e magnetic compass in sea turtles 216 M a g ne t or e c e p t ion 218 Multimodal orientation Bicoordinate navigation allows individuals to identify their location relative to a goal 220 Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles 220 Bicoordinate navigation in birds 221 Chapter Summary and Beyond 225 Questions 225 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 9.1 Breeding dispersal in dragonflies 203 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 9.2 The role of the antennae in the monarch butterfly sun compass 217 TOOLBOX 9.1 Emlen funnels 224 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 9.1 Bird migration and global climate change 207 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 9.2 Citizen scientists track fall migration flyways of monarch butterflies 218 C h a p t e r 10 Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression Resource availability and the presence of others influence habitat selection 228 Th e ideal free distribution model 228 Th e ideal free distribution model and guppies 229 Th e ideal free distribution model and pike 231 Cuckoos assess habitat quality 232
10 Contents xvii C on s p e c i fi c a tt raction 233 C on s p e c i fi c a tt raction and Allee effects in grasshoppers 234 Conspecific cueing in American redstarts Individual condition and environmental factors affect territoriality 237 Body condition affects territoriality in damselflies 237 Environmental factors and territory size in kites The decisions of opponents and resource value affect fighting behavior 240 Th e hawk-dove model 241 Th e sequential assessment model: fiddler crab contests 241 Resource value and fighting behavior in penguins 245 Salamander fights for mates Hormones influence aggression 248 Winner-challenge effect in the California mouse 249 Challenge hypothesis and bystanders in fish 250 Chapter Summary and Beyond 252 Questions 252 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 10.1 Ideal free guppies 230 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 10.2 Conspecific attraction in grasshoppers 235 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 10.3 Sequential assessment in crab fights 244 TOOLBOX 10.1 The hawk-dove model 242 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 10.1 Conspecific attraction and conservation 238 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 10.2 Reducing duration and intensity of piglet fights 247 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 10.3 Sports, aggression, and testosterone 251 C h a p t e r 11 Mating Behavior Sexual selection favors characteristics that enhance reproductive success 256 Why two sexes? 257 Bateman s hypothesis and parental investment 257 Antlers as weapons in red deer 258 Weapon size and mating success in dung beetles 259 Ornaments and mate choice in peafowl 260 Th e origin of sexually selected traits: the sensory bias hypothesis in guppies 262 Male mate choice in pipefish Females select males to obtain direct material benefits 265 Female choice and nuptial gifts in fireflies 265 Female choice and territory quality in lizards Female mate choice can evolve via indirect benefits to offspring 267 Fisherian runaway and good genes 268 Mate choice for good genes in tree frogs 269
11 xviii Contents Good genes and immune system function in birds 270 Mate choice fitness benefits in spiders Sexual selection can also occur after mating 273 Mate guarding in warblers 273 Sperm competition in tree swallows 274 Cryptic female choice 275 Inbreeding avoidance via cryptic female choice in spiders Mate choice by females favors alternative reproductive tactics in males 276 Th e evolution of alternative reproductive tactics 277 Conditional satellite males in tree frogs 277 ESS and sunfish sneaker males Mate choice is affected by the mating decisions of others 280 Mate copying in guppies 280 Mate copying in fruit flies 281 Th e benefit of mate copying 281 Nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofish 283 Chapter Summary and Beyond 284 Questions 285 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 11.1 Male mate choice in pipefish 264 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 11.2 Mate copying in fruit flies 282 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 11.1 Mate choice in conservation breeding programs 272 C h a p t e r 12 Mating Systems Sexual conflict and environmental conditions affect the evolution of mating systems 288 Th e evolution of social mating systems 288 Mating systems in reed warblers Monogamy often evolves when biparental care is required to raise offspring 294 California mouse monogamy 294 Monogamy and biparental care in poison frogs 294 Monogamy without biparental care: snapping shrimp Polygyny and polyandry evolve when one sex can defend multiple mates or the resources they seek 298 Female defense polygyny in horses 298 Resource defense polygyny in blackbirds 299 Resource defense polygyny in carrion beetles 301 Male dominance polygyny: the evolution of leks hotspots or hotshots? 301 Lekking behavior in the great snipe 303 Pe a f o w l le k s Polyandry and sex-role reversal 304
12 Contents xix 12.4 The presence of social associations distinguishes polygynandry from promiscuity 305 Polygynandry in European badgers 306 Promiscuity and scramble competition: seaweed flies and red squirrels Social and genetic mating systems differ when extra-pair mating occurs 308 Extra-pair mating in juncos 309 M a r mot e x t r a- pa i r m a t i n g 310 Chapter Summary and Beyond 311 Questions 311 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 12.1 Biparental care and monogamy in poison frogs 295 TOOLBOX 12.1 DNA fingerprinting 302 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 12.1 Mating systems and conservation translocation programs 290 C h a p t e r 13 Parental Care Parental care varies among species and reflects life history trade-offs 314 Life history variation in fish Sexual conflict is the basis for sex-biased parental care 316 Female-biased parental care 316 Paternity uncertainty and parental care in boobies 317 Th e evolution of male-only care 317 Paternity uncertainty and male-only care in sunfish 318 Paternity assurance and male care in water bugs Hormones regulate parental care 320 Prolactin and maternal care in rats 321 Prolactin and incubation in penguins 322 Juvenile hormones and parental care in earwigs Parental care involves fitness trade-offs between current and future reproduction 324 Predation risk and parental care in golden egg bugs 324 Egg guarding and opportunity costs of parental care in frogs 325 Parent-offspring conflict theory 326 Parental care trade-off in treehoppers 327 Incubation of eider eggs as a trade-off 329 Brood reduction and parent-offspring conflict 331 Hatch asynchrony and brood reduction in blackbirds 331 Brood reduction in fur seals 333 Brood parasitism 334 Conspecific brood parasitism in ducks 335
13 xx Contents Chapter Summary and Beyond 336 Questions 336 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 13.1 Paternity certainty and parental care in bluegill sunfish 319 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 13.2 Parental care costs in eiders 329 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 13.3 Brood reduction in blackbirds 332 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 13.1 Smallmouth bass defend their nest from exotic predators 330 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 13.2 Food supplementation reduces brood reduction in endangered eagles 334 C h a p t e r 14 Social Behavior Sociality evolves when the net benefits of close associations exceed the costs 340 Foraging benefits: reduced search times for food in minnows 341 Foraging benefits: increased diet breadth in coyotes 342 Antipredator benefits in honeycreepers 343 Aerodynamic benefit: reduced cost of movement in pelicans 344 Th e costs of sociality 344 Competition in schooling fish 345 Group size and competition in primates 345 Sociality and disease transmission in guppies Dominance hierarchies within groups reduce aggression 348 Dominance hierarchies and crayfish 348 Stable dominance hierarchies in baboons 349 Social queuing in dominance hierarchies in clownfish Helping behavior, or altruism, is often directed toward close kin 352 Hamilton s rule 352 Belding ground squirrel alarm calls 353 Altruism and helping at the nest in birds 354 Altruism in turkeys Some species exhibit extreme altruism in the form of eusociality 357 Eusociality and haplodiploidy 357 Eusociality in ants 358 Evolution of eusociality and kin selection in Hymenoptera Helping between unrelated individuals requires reciprocity 359 Th e prisoner s dilemma 361 Reciprocal altruism in vampire bats 362 Allogrooming in Japanese macaques 363 Tit-for-tat in red-winged blackbirds 365 Indirect reciprocity 366
14 Contents xxi Reputations and cleaner fish 366 Chimpanzee image scores 367 Chapter Summary and Beyond 370 Questions 370 SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 14.1 Chimpanzee image scoring 368 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 14.1 Group size of social species in captivity 348 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 14.2 Are naked mole rats eusocial? 358 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 14.3 Human altruism and reputations 369 Ap p e ndi xes A p p e nd i x 1 S c ie nt i fi c L it e r a t u r e 37 2 Appendix 2 Writing a Scientific Paper 374 Appendix 3 Animal Care Information 377 G lo s s a r y 37 9 B i bl io g r a phy 391 Answers to Selected Questions 419 Credits 423 I nde x 427
Living in groups 1. What are three costs and three benefits of living in groups?
Study questions Living in groups 1. What are three costs and three benefits of living in groups? 2. What is the dilution effect? What is a key assumption of the dilution effect hypothesis? What is a biological
More informationWhat is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost!
Altruism What is altruism? Benefit another at a cost to yourself. Fitness is lost! Does altruism exist? Best examples come from eusocial insects Bees, termites, ants Suicide in bees, etc. Non-breeding
More information4 Questions relating to Behavior
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior 1. Stimulus & Response 2. Learned Behavior 3. Connecting Behavior to Survival & Reproduction 4 Questions relating to Behavior The Dutch behavioral scientist Niko Tinbergen proposed
More informationQuestions About Social Behavior
April 17: Altruism: Questions Questions About Social Behavior 1. Why live in groups? Costs: disease, competition, cannibalism, visibility to predators Benefits: more efficient foraging; defenses against
More informationCooperation. Main points for today. How can altruism evolve? Group living vs. cooperation. Sociality-nocooperation. and cooperationno-sociality
Cooperation Why is it surprising and how does it evolve Cooperation Main points for today Sociality, cooperation, mutualism, altruism - definitions Kin selection Hamilton s rule, how to calculate r Group
More informationEnvironmental signals
Environmental signals Why are environmental signals rare? Pp 632-635 Resource recruitment signals Costs and benefits Vertebrates and social insects Predator detection signals Types Patterns of usage Intertrophic
More informationWhat is behavior? What questions can we ask? Why study behavior? Evolutionary perspective. Innate behaviors 4/8/2016.
What is behavior? Animal Behavior Behavior everything an animal does & how it does it response to stimuli in its environment Innate (instinct) inherited automatic & consistent learned ability to learn
More informationChapter 13 Opener: Weaver ants form superbly cooperative societies. Chapter 9. The Evolution of Social Behavior
Chapter 13 Opener: Weaver ants form superbly cooperative societies Chapter 9. The Evolution of Social Behavior Social living for gain benefits Social living is not always beneficial 13.1 The energy budget
More informationLocal resource competition. Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS. Local mate competition
Sex allocation Is the differential allocation of investment in sons vs. daughters to increase RS Local resource competition Biased against the competing sex Fisher: Genetic model predicts 1:1 sex ratio
More informationChapter 53 Animal Behavior
Chapter 53 Animal Behavior meerkats What is behavior? Why study it? Behavior everything an animal does & how it does it response to stimuli in its environment innate = inherited or developmentally fixed
More informationChapter 44. Table of Contents. Section 1 Development of Behavior. Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior. Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior Table of Contents Section 1 Development of Behavior Section 2 Types of Animal Behavior Section 1 Development of Behavior Objectives Identify four questions asked by biologists who study
More informationThe Problem of Where to Live
April 5: Habitat Selection: Intro The Problem of Where to Live Physical and biotic environment critically affects fitness An animal's needs may be met only in certain habitats, which should select for
More information9/6/2012. Point #1. Natural selection is purposeless and not acting for the good of anything.
Sample statements in exams and term papers... territoriality evolved for the good of the species. warning coloration helps to perpetuate the species. without echolocation, the bat species would die out.
More informationCOMMUNITY INTERACTIONS
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Competition Limited resources (food, space, mates, etc) If two organisms want to use the same resource at the same time they must compete between members of the same species between
More informationAnimal Behavior (Ch. 51)
Animal Behavior (Ch. 51) Behavioral Ecology Two types of questions: Proximate questions: Focus on environmental stimuli that trigger behavior and physiology behind response How? Ultimate questions: Focus
More informationChapter 35. Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment. Lecture by Brian R. Shmaefky
Chapter 35 Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,
More informationImprinting and kin recognition
Imprinting and kin recognition Imprinting Konrad Lorenz Filial imprinting Critical period Sensitive period Experimental approaches Hours after hatching precocial altricial Filial imprinting Multiple cues
More informationPopulation Ecology. Study of populations in relation to the environment. Increase population size= endangered species
Population Basics Population Ecology Study of populations in relation to the environment Purpose: Increase population size= endangered species Decrease population size = pests, invasive species Maintain
More informationAnthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 11: Cooperation, Intelligence, Communication, Culture, & Human Behavior. Prof.
Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 11: Cooperation, Intelligence, Communication, Culture, & Human Behavior Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier Reminders Fossil lecture for homework Quiz about material
More informationChapter 14 The Evolution of Social Behavior (1 st lecture)
Chapter 14 The Evolution of Social Behavior (1 st lecture) Society A group of individuals of the same species that is organized in a cooperative manner, extending beyond sexual and parental care Colonial
More informationThursday, September 26, 13
Helpful behaviors Alarm calls (e.g., Belding ground squirrel) Sentinel behavior (e.g., meerkats) Nest helping Eusocial behavior Actor performs some action that benefits another (the recipient). How do
More informationMammalogy Lecture 15 - Social Behavior II: Evolution
Mammalogy Lecture 15 - Social Behavior II: Evolution I. Evolution of Social Behavior In order to understand the evolution & maintenance of social behavior, we need to examine costs & benefits of group
More information1.) The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are selected in natural selection. Natural Selection
1.) The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are selected in natural selection Natural Selection Natural Selection and Species Fitness 2.) Overtime, natural selection results
More informationLecture 2-5 Chapter 51
General Biology II Lecture 2-5 Chapter 51 Animal Behavior hanjia@ntou.edu.tw Before the class Niko Tinbergen identified four questions that should be asked about animal behavior 1. What stimulus elicits
More information5/7/2009. Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
36 1 CHAPTER 36 Animal Behavior Ethology 36 2 Science of Animal Behavior Study of animal behavior as a science had its roots in the 1872 work of Charles Darwin Ethology Science of animal behavior in its
More informationEvolution of Social Behavior: Kin Selection & Sociobiology. Goal: Why does altruism exist in nature?
"One lifetime, nine lifetimes are not long enough for the task of blocking every cranny through which calamity may enter A life spent, however victoriously, in securing the necessities of life is no more
More information28 3 Insects Slide 1 of 44
1 of 44 Class Insecta contains more species than any other group of animals. 2 of 44 What Is an Insect? What Is an Insect? Insects have a body divided into three parts head, thorax, and abdomen. Three
More informationGroup selection, individual selection. Group selection (GS) concept. Can behaviors ever arise that benefit the group and not the individual?
Group selection, individual selection Can behaviors ever arise that benefit the group and not the individual? Group selection (GS) concept GS scenarios can be constructed, but they are not helpful in real
More informationThe Mechanisms of Evolution
The Mechanisms of Evolution Figure.1 Darwin and the Voyage of the Beagle (Part 1) 2/8/2006 Dr. Michod Intro Biology 182 (PP 3) 4 The Mechanisms of Evolution Charles Darwin s Theory of Evolution Genetic
More informationHONORS PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS
HONORS PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS The purpose of these review questions is to help you assess your grasp of the facts and definitions covered in your textbook. Knowing facts and definitions is necessary
More informationTowards Synthesizing Artificial Neural Networks that Exhibit Cooperative Intelligent Behavior: Some Open Issues in Artificial Life Michael G.
Towards Synthesizing Artificial Neural Networks that Exhibit Cooperative Intelligent Behavior: Some Open Issues in Artificial Life Michael G. Dyer Computer Science Department, UCLA Overview Introduction
More information12. Social insects. Is it better to be social? Is it better to be social? What is social? Some costs of being social
Is it better to be social? 12. Social insects Cost and benefit viewpoint Social behavior is not always adaptive (costs exceed benefits) What are some costs of being social? What are some benefits of being
More informationEusocial species. Eusociality. Phylogeny showing only eusociality Eusocial insects. Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme
Eusociality: Cooperation to the extreme Groups form colonies with reproductive and worker castes. Eusociality has evolved most often in insects: Ants Eusocial species Honeybees Termites Wasps Phylogeny
More informationANIMAL COMMUNICATION III. CONTEXT A. PARENT OFFSPRING BEGGING IN CHICKS
I. DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING HOW TO RESPOND. SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION 1) MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL)
More informationStudent Name: Teacher: Date: District: London City. Assessment: 07 Science Science Test 4. Description: Life Science Final 1.
Student Name: Teacher: Date: District: London City Assessment: 07 Science Science Test 4 Description: Life Science Final 1 Form: 301 1. A food chain is shown. Sunlight Grass Rabbit Snake What is the abiotic
More informationLECTURE 08. Today: 3/3/2014
Spring 2014: Mondays 10:15am 12:05pm (Fox Hall, Room 204) Instructor: D. Magdalena Sorger Website: theantlife.com/teaching/bio295-islands-evolution LECTURE 08 Today: Quiz follow up Follow up on minute
More informationZ203/ Unit 7 Ch 36: Animal Behavior
Z203/ Unit 7 Ch 36: Animal Behavior I. Ethology: Science of Animal Behavior A. Overview - science of behavior in the animal s natural habitat - roots in 1872 work of Charles Darwin (1904 Expressions of
More information4/25/12. Mutualism. Mutualism. Dominance Hierarchy. Mutualism. Selfish Behavior Spiteful Behavior
4/25/12 Dominance Hierarchy Shared gain of direct fitness Example: Prey capture by lion pride Despo0c (a.k.a. steep) Linear (a.k.a. shallow or egalitarian) Alpha Beta Gamma Helping Behavior Delayed gain
More informationCooperation Behaviors selected that benefit a recipient. Either altruistic ( -,+) or mutualistic (+,+). Can occur across species.
Selfish restraint and kin selection Directing selfish behaviors to those who are unrelated Ex: salamander tadpoles in two morphs: typical or cannibalistic Cooperation Behaviors selected that benefit a
More informationANIMAL COMMUNICATION
I. DEFINED -PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING HOW TO RESPOND. SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION 1) MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL)
More informationSocial Insects. Social Insects. Subsocial. Social Insects 4/9/15. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Social Insects Insect Ecology Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationSocial Insects. Insect Ecology
Social Insects Insect Ecology Social Insects Sociality evolved multiple times in insects Much of Earth s fauna consists of social insects They play major roles in entire ecosystems Proliferation of ants
More informationAP Biology Evolution Review Slides
AP Biology Evolution Review Slides How would one go about studying the evolution of a tetrapod limb from a fish s fin? Compare limb/fin structure of existing related species of fish to tetrapods Figure
More informationCHAPTER 2: BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Evidence for Evolution
CHAPTER 2: BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Evidence for Evolution Evidence for evolution Evolution: a phenomenon resulting from the interplay of evolutionary processes and evolutionary patterns. Evolutionary processes:
More informationPrinciples of Animal Behavior
Animals and Humans! Lee Alan Dugatkin Principles of Animal Behavior THIRD EDITION Chapter 1 Principles of Animal Behavior We are surrounded by animals and many humans like to know them" Early human art
More informationSOCIAL ANIMALS. -Spectacular -Photographed -Studied -Appreciated. The PINNACLE of evolution???
SOCIAL ANIMALS -Spectacular -Photographed -Studied -Appreciated The PINNACLE of evolution??? QUALITIES Social animals are aggregations of conspecifics that may have enhanced communication abilities some
More informationEvolution. 1. The figure below shows the classification of several types of prairie dogs.
Name: Date: 1. The figure below shows the classification of several types of prairie dogs. 3. Which statement describes the best evidence that two species share a recent common ancestor? A. The species
More informationAdaptations and Biomes
Adaptations and Biomes What are Adaptations? Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions An adaptation is a trait that an organism has inherited that helps
More informationParasites and Animal Behaviour. Karen Loxton Department of Zoology
Parasites and Animal Behaviour Karen Loxton Department of Zoology loxtonk@tcd.ie Lecture Outline 1. Life Cycles of parasites 2. Behaviours that enhance transmission 3. Behaviours that reduce infection
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603)
NCEA Level 3 Biology (91603) 2016 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of the responses of plants and animals to their external environment (91603) Evidence Statement
More information1. The picture below shows a paramecium. 2. Anya is observing an organism in the laboratory. The table below shows her observations.
Name: Period: Date: Life Science MCAS Review Packet Directions: Answer each of the following questions under the standards. The question may be multiple choice or open response, if needed please use a
More informationLIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 14 FLASHCARDS
LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 14 FLASHCARDS What are sperm and eggs? A. vertebrates B. sex cells s D. tissues What is an organism at an early stage of development called? B. vertebrate D. consumer What is a collection
More informationTesting adaptive hypotheses What is (an) adaptation? Testing adaptive hypotheses What is (an) adaptation?
What is (an) adaptation? 1 A trait, or integrated set of traits, that increases the fitness of an organism. The process of improving the fit of phenotype to environment through natural selection What is
More information9.916 Ingroups and Outgroups
9.916 Ingroups and Outgroups Today s Lecture One mind thinking about another: - stable - universal Social relationships: - dynamic - co-dependent - context-bound Social relationships depend on a continuous
More informationDoes altruism exist? If so, why?
Does altruism exist? If so, why? I. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SOCIAL EVOLUTION A. SOCIAL INTERACTIONS 1. COOPERATE 2. SELFISH 3. ALTRUISTIC 4. SPITEFUL RECIPEINT + RECIPIENT - ACTOR + COOPERATIVE SELFISH ACTOR -
More informationRegents Review Assignment #8-A08 Living Environment: Comet Part A Questions
Part A Questions 1. A student notices that fruit flies with the curlywing trait develop straight wings if kept at a temperature of 16 C, but develop curly wings if kept at 25 C. The best explanation for
More informationAlternatives to competition. Lecture 13. Facilitation. Functional types of consumers. Stress Gradient Hypothesis
Lecture 13 Finishing Competition and Facilitation Consumer-Resource interactions Predator-prey population dynamics Do predators regulate prey? Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model Predator behavior matters:
More informationForaging. This week in Animal Behaviour. How do animals choose? Do animals choose their food?
This week in Animal Behaviour Lecture 22: Cooperation Lecture 23: Foraging Lecture 24: TBA Text chapters 10-11 LAB: Project 2 proposal seminars Midterm 2 on Tuesday Nov. 8 Foraging 1. Models of foraging
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 18 The evolution of cooperation: Altruism and kin selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 It was not
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 18 The evolution of cooperation: Altruism and kin selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2011 It was not difficult to understand how selection can affect mating and
More informationSociobiological Approaches. What We Will Cover in This Section. Overview. Overview Evolutionary Theory Sociobiology Summary
Sociobiological Approaches What We Will Cover in This Section Overview Evolutionary Theory Sociobiology Summary 7/22/2007 Sociobiological Approaches.ppt 2 Overview Total focus on internal aspects of personality
More informationDefinition Types of Competition. Theory. Animal How Many Fruit Loops? Green: Red: Orange: Blue: Yellow: Purple: Competition. Let the Games Begin!
Competition Definition Types of Competition Theory The between organisms or species, in which the (health) of one is lowered by the presences of another. Interspecific competition (over between species)
More informationContents PART 1. 1 Speciation, Adaptive Radiation, and Evolution 3. 2 Daphne Finches: A Question of Size Heritable Variation 41
Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables List of Boxes Preface xvii xxiii xxv xxvii PART 1 ear ly problems, ea r ly solutions 1 1 Speciation, Adaptive Radiation, and Evolution 3 Introduction 3 Adaptive
More informationGrade
www.abubakrshalaby.com 5 Grade Ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings. Ecology includes the study of plant and animal populations, plant
More informationName Date Class. In the space at the left, write the letter of the phrase or sentence that best answers each question.
Chapter Test A CHAPTER 15 Evolution Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the phrase or sentence that best answers each question. Part B: Matching 1. Which did Charles Darwin
More informationPolyphenic Insects. genotype X environment = phenotype POLYPHENISM. genetic polymorphism vs polyphenism. the peppered moth.
What makes for differences between individuals? Polyphenic Insects genes environment genotype X environment = phenotype POLYPHENISM poly many (more than one anyway) phen - form genetic polymorphism vs
More informationUnit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)
AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total) Chapter 51 Animal
More information1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c.
1. What is the definition of Evolution? a. Descent with modification b. Changes in the heritable traits present in a population over time c. Changes in allele frequencies in a population across generations
More informationIntroduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 The evolution of cooperation: Altruism and kin selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 It was not
Introduction to Biological Anthropology: Notes 17 The evolution of cooperation: Altruism and kin selection Copyright Bruce Owen 2010 It was not difficult to understand how selection can affect mating and
More informationSocial interaction. Kin and Group selection. Social interaction. Social interaction. Social interaction. Social interaction
Kin and Group selection Social interaction Social interactions between organisms present the opportunity for conflict and cooperation Interaction between individuals can have 4 possible outcomes on the
More informationSPRING SEMESTER 2017 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE NAME: HR:
SPRING SEMESTER 2017 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE NAME: HR: Parent signature for 10% bonus points on final: Chapter 5.1: Cell Cycle Notes 1. A cycle of growth, development, and division that most cells in an
More information2/3/2017. Behavioral Ecology. Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior
Behavioral Ecology Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior 1 Behavioral Ecology Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. Usually in a beneficial way. Examples?
More information2015 Environmental Science Unit #4 Quiz 2 EQs 1-5 Week of December 2015
Name: Class: Date: 2015 Environmental Science Unit #4 Quiz 2 EQs 1-5 Week of 14-18 December 2015 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Use the
More informationCHAPTER. Population Ecology
CHAPTER 4 Population Ecology Chapter 4 TOPIC POPULATION ECOLOGY Indicator Species Serve as Biological Smoke Alarms Indicator species Provide early warning of damage to a community Can monitor environmental
More informationEnvironmental Influences on Adaptation
Have you ever noticed how the way you feel sometimes mirrors the emotions of the people with whom you spend a lot of time? For example, when you re around happy people, do you tend to become happy? Since
More informationA population subjected to only density-independent factors can not persist over a long period of time eventually go to extinction
A population subjected to only density-independent factors can not persist over a long period of time eventually go to extinction K is constant over time does not vary year to year etc. dn / Ndt declines
More informationBehavior of the Day! Macroevolutionary Patterns of Behavior. Adaptive and Non-adaptive behavior. Adaptation vs Exaptation. Historical Hypotheses
Macroevolutionary Patterns of Behavior Outline Adaptive versus Non-adaptive hypotheses Using phylogenetics to test hypotheses in behavioral ecology Meet Snowball the cockatoo! Behavior of the Day! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hf7xttvu2sm
More informationI. Multiple choice. Select the best answer from the choices given and circle the appropriate letter of that answer.
NOTE: I ve eliminated several questions that come from material we ll cover after next week, but this should give you a good feel for the types of questions I ll ask. I. Multiple choice. Select the best
More informationReview Quizzes Chapters 45-50
Review Quizzes Chapters 45-50 1) Which of the following is a non-density-dependent factor that affects a population? a. spread of disease b. space c. earthquake d. food e. mating and reproduction 1) Which
More informationHOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS FOR: Grade
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS FOR: Date 4/25/18 Wednesday Teacher Ms. Weger Subject/Grade Science 7 th Grade In-Class: REVIEW FOR CH. 22 TEST Go over the 22-3 Think Questions Look at the data from the Oh Deer!
More information6 TH. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources. Species Interact in Five Major Ways. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources
Endangered species: Southern Sea Otter MILLER/SPOOLMAN ESSENTIALS OF ECOLOGY 6 TH Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control Fig. 5-1a, p. 104 Species Interact in Five Major Ways
More informationBIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 8: Predator foraging & prey defense. 2. Predation: 3. Predator diet breadth and preference:
BIOS 3010: Ecology Lecture 8: Predator foraging & prey defense 1. Lecture Summary: What is predation? Predator diet breadth. Preference & switching. Optimal foraging. Marginal value theorem. Functional
More informationFish Conservation and Management
Fish Conservation and Management CONS 486 Life history: Reproduction Ross Chapter 3 Reproduction topics Reproduction Fecundity Life history strategies Reproductive Schedules Semelparity vs iteroparity
More informationMCDB 1111 corebio 2017 Midterm I
MCDB 1111 corebio 2017 Midterm I Name: There are 18 questions, each worth a maximum of 6 points. Multiple choice questions are worth 3 points, while explanations are worth 3 points. If you need to, use
More informationEvolution & Natural Selection
Evolution & Natural Selection Chapter 8 Ideas about the earth & its inhabitants were slowly changing In the 1700 & 1800 s, scientists began to overturn long held beliefs and ideas Buffon suggested the
More informationFoundations of animal behaviour. Niaux caves, France. Roz Dakin. roslyndakin.com/biol321. Lecture notes posted here
Foundations of animal behaviour Niaux caves, France Roz Dakin 2rd@queensu.ca Montgomerie Lab Room 4325 Biosciences (moving to 3520) 10-15,000 years ago people travelled 5 km deep into tunnels... We ve
More informationDarwin s theory of evolution by natural selection
Percorso interdisciplinare di avviamento al CLIL Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection CLASSE 5^B Prof. A. Le Piane Prof. F. Minissale Theory of Evolution Evolution: the process of change over
More informationEcology Notes CHANGING POPULATIONS
Ecology Notes TEK 8.11 (B) Investigate how organisms and populations in an ecosystem depend on and may compete for biotic and abiotic factors such as quantity of light, water, range of temperatures, or
More informationPlant hormones: a. produced in many parts of the plant b. have many functions
Plant hormones: a. produced in many parts of the plant b. have many functions Illustrated with 4 plant hormones: Gibberellins Auxin Cytokinins Ethylene Gibberellins Gibberellins illustrate how plant hormones
More informationEducation Transformation Office (ETO) 8 th Grade Unit # 6 Assessment
Education Transformation Office (ETO) 8 th Grade Unit # 6 Assessment 1. Which of the following types of organisms mostly likely occupies the location marked X in the food web below? A. Primary consumer
More informationEcology Animal Behavior
Ecology Animal Behavior Responding to a Changing Environment 1. Physiological Responses - changing the functioning of the body - acclimation (dilating capillaries to release heat) 2. Morphological Responses
More informationNatural Selection Study Guide Answer Key
Natural Selection Study Guide Answer Key 1. This evidence comes out of the Earth's crust. It is the timeline of past life, organized by estimated ages and classified by similarities in form. What is it?
More informationEnvironments and Organisms Test Review
Environments and Organisms Test Review Environments Key Concept 1: Environments have specific physical characteristics that provide food, water, air, or protection to populations and communities in an
More informationMechanisms of Evolution Darwinian Evolution
Mechanisms of Evolution Darwinian Evolution Descent with modification by means of natural selection All life has descended from a common ancestor The mechanism of modification is natural selection Concept
More informationBIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences
BIOS 6150: Ecology Dr. Stephen Malcolm, Department of Biological Sciences Week 6: Predation and predatory behavior: Lecture summary: Nature of predation. Diet breadth & choice. Optimal foraging. Functional
More information4. Identify one bird that would most likely compete for food with the large tree finch. Support your answer. [1]
Name: Topic 5B 1. A hawk has a genetic trait that gives it much better eyesight than other hawks of the same species in the same area. Explain how this could lead to evolutionary change within this species
More informationEcology - Defined. Introduction. scientific study. interaction of plants and animals and their interrelationships with the physical environment
Ecology - Defined Introduction scientific study interaction of plants and animals and their interrelationships with the physical environment Ecology - Levels of Organization Abiotic factors (non-living
More informationPredator behavior influences predator-prey population dynamics. Predator behavior influences predator-prey population dynamics
Predator behavior influences predator-prey population dynamics There are two types of predator behavior (responses to prey) that add stability to these predator-prey population dynamics: 1. Numerical response
More informationEvolution: change in the hereditary
Mechanisms of Evolution Evolution: change in the hereditary features of species over time. Species: a group of organisms that successfully reproduce among themselves. There are two kinds of evolution:
More informationIV. Natural Selection
IV. Natural Selection A. Important points (1) Natural selection does not cause genetic changes in individuals (2) Change in allele frequency occurs in populations (3) Fitness!" Reproductive Success = survival
More informationAppendix A from G. Wild and S. A. West, Genomic Imprinting and Sex Allocation
009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.doi: 0.086/593305 Appendix A from G. Wild and S. A. West, Genomic Imprinting and Sex Allocation (Am. Nat., vol. 73, no., p. E) Kin selection analysis
More information