2/3/2017. Behavioral Ecology. Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior

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1 Behavioral Ecology Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior 1

Plant bends toward light Pufferfish inflates when threatened Cat comes when you use a can opener Toad releases poison when

2 Behavioral Ecology Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. Usually in a beneficial way. Examples? Plant bends toward light Pufferfish inflates when threatened Cat comes when you use a can opener Toad releases poison when grabbed Behavioral Ecology Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information. information is transferred to the nervous system nervous system may activate other systems in response Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis. 2

3 Behavioral Ecology Ethology 3

4 Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior Proximate vs. Ultimate Causes 4

5 Proximate and Ultimate Questions Proximate and Ultimate Questions 5

6 Ethology basic concepts Fixed Action Patterns 6

7 Fixed Action Patterns Fixed Action Patterns 7

8 Fixed Action Patterns Fixed Action Patterns 8

9 Fixed Action Patterns Fixed Action Patterns 9

10 Control of Behavior Genetic and Environmental Components of Behavior 10

11 Mechanisms of Behavioral Interaction Animal Communication 11

12 Animal Communication Chemical Communication 12

13 Communication by Displays Animal Cognition 13

14 Animal Cognition Mechanisms of Behavioral Interaction 14

15 Habituation Imprinting 15

16 Imprinting Imprinting 16

17 Imprinting Imprinting 17

18 Imprinting Imprinting 18

19 C. Conditioning - laboratory setting 1. classical conditioning animals make associations - Pavlov's dog associates bell with food, begins to salivate, can be extinguished and later followed by recovery (unconditioned stimulus - meat, unconditioned response - salivation, conditioned stimulus - bell, conditioned response - salivation) a. animal learns to perform an "old" response to a new stimulus b. Pavlov's dog - place dried meat powder in dog mouth - salivation - associate with bell - salivation to bell c. Stimulus first, behavior second (but of course there is an expectation of reward second) 19

20 Operant conditioning. This is called trial-and-error learning - an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or a punishment. 20

21 21

22 Mechanisms of Behavioral Interaction Territoriality 22

23 Mechanisms of Behavioral Interaction Territoriality 23

24 Territoriality Home Range 24

25 Social Systems Social Behavior 25

Some behaviors benefit other group members at a

26 Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them. reciprocity altruism Competitive social behaviors often represent contests for resources Sometimes cooperation occurs. Fig Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26

27 Altruism In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group. inclusive fitness: total # of genes contributed by relatives to next generation kin selection: natural selection acts on survival of close relatives 27

28 Fig Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism. Queen Minor worker Major worker diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection. 28

29 Social Systems Collective Names of Animals 29

30 Collective Names of Animals Collective Names of Animals 30

31 Collective Names of Animals Collective Names of Animals 31

32 Collective Names of Animals Social Systems 32

33 Social Systems References: Krohne, David T General Ecology, 2 nd Edition. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd: Singapore. Fernandez, Elsha Vienna M Biological Science: A Reviewer for the Licensure Examination for Teachers. PNU University Press : Taft Avenue, Manila. Melchor, Marciano B., et al Laboratory Manual in Biology. Rex Book Store: Manila, Philippines. Ricklefs, R.E The Economy of Nature, 5th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 33

34 Lakô hãsalamát! 34

Adaptation and Evolution

Adaptation and Evolution By Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr. Instructor I, Natural Sciences The Interaction of Ecology and Evolution Ecology study of interaction between an organism and its environment Evolution