Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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- Derrick Glenn
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1 A prokaryotic cell Basic unit of living organisms is the cell; the smallest unit capable of life. Features found in all cells: Ribosomes Cell Membrane Genetic Material Cytoplasm ATP Energy External Stimuli Regulate Flow Reproduce Locations of macromolecules in the cell All over 2 types mostly Cell Wall mostly Cell Wall Cell Mem 1
2 The size range of cells Size relationship among prokaryotes A Million times bigger than E. coli! Titanospirillum velox Up to 40 μm long 2
3 The machine/coding functions of the cell Thiomargarita namibiensis Up to 500 μm wide Central Dogma Rem: 70-85% Water Basic chemical components/elements of a cell CHOPKNS CaFe (its) Mg (ood) Protein ~50% Lipid ~10% RNA ~20% DNA ~ 3-4% Cell Wall 10 20% Take Home Message: Proteins are #1 by weight Lipids are #1 by number Peptidoglycan is 1 jumbo molecule Classification of prokaryotic cellular features: Invariant (or common to all) Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis aka the grand translators Cell Membranes: The barrier between order and chaos Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information 3
4 Ribosome Structure S= Svedberg; a sedimentation coefficient that is NOT ADDITIVE!!! Protein Synthesis Importance of a Molecular Biological Approach Traditional culturing techniques isolate ~1% of the total bacteria in marine ecosystems, thereby severely underestimating diversity and community structure. Because nutrient-rich culture media have been historically used during enrichment procedures, bacteria which may be dominant in natural communities are selected against in favor of copiotrophic (weedy) bacteria. SSU rrnas and their respective genes are excellent descriptors of microbial taxa based on phylogeny. 4
5 Regarding Molecular Phylogeny The Root of the Problem: Unlike zoology and botany, microbiology developed without the knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among the organisms studied. Milestone #1: Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1965) Semantides (i.e., molecules as documents of evolutionary history). Milestone #2: Pace (1986) Applied phylogeny concept to microbial ecology's need to take a census. Milestone #3: Woese (1987) Applied phylogeny concept to redefine microbial systematics or the need to understand microbial genealogy. Some Lessons from the BIG TREE: Map of the Biological Record Single origin for all life on Earth... Central Dogma intact ATP and PMF are universal themes Uniformity among chiral carbon compounds (sugars & AAs) Hot start origin General topology implies: Three primary lines of evolutionary descent The Eucarya nuclear lineage almost as old as the prokaryote lines Prokaryotes split between Bacteria and Archaea Shown for only a limited number of representative org s Mitochondria and chloroplasts proven to be of bacterial origin 5
6 Origin of Life??? Classification of prokaryotic cellular features: Invariant (or common to all) Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis aka the grand translators Cell Membranes: The barrier between order and chaos Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information The cytoplasmic membrane Rem: Fluid Mosaic Model Amphipathic Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane Sterol Cholesterol Hopanoid (e.g., Diploptene) Few Bacteria Many Bacteria O 2 - All rigid planar molecules 6
7 Ester Linkage Ether Linkage Isoprene Unit Fatty Acid Major lipids of Archaea and the structure of archaeal membranes Major lipids of Archaea and the structure of archaeal membranes Archaeal cell membrane structure Classification of prokaryotic cellular features: Invariant (or common to all) Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis aka the grand translators Cell Membranes: The barrier between order and chaos Nucleoid Region: Curator of the Information 7
8 Appearance of DNA by EM DNA strands released from cell 8
9 Overview of DNA replication Gemmata obscuriglobus Membrane encompassed nucleoid Theta Structure Bacterial Morphologies 9
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