Microbiology - Problem Drill 04: Prokayotic & Eukaryotic Cells - Structures and Functions

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1 Microbiology - Problem Drill 04: Prokayotic & Eukaryotic Cells - Structures and Functions No. 1 of Eukaryote is a word that describes one of two living cell classifications. The word comes from Greek word meaning and. (A) Before, nucleus (B) Before, cell (C) True, nucleus (D) True, cell Remember that the prefix Pro = before, Karyote does refer to nucleus so this is half right. Remember that the prefix Pro = before. Since we are looking for the meaning of Eu this is not correct. Also karyote does not refer to the word cell. C. Correct! Remember that the prefix Eu = true or good, Karyote does refer to nucleus so this is right. The prefix Eu means true or good, Karyote does refer to nucleus not the word cell. The word karyote is derived from the Greek work Karyose which means kernel, like a grain kernel. In this case however it refers to the nucleus of a cell. The prefix Pro means before and the prefix eu means true or good. When you add these prefixes to karyote you get either prokaryote or eukaryote. Prokaryote meaning Before+nucleus (bacteria have not yet evolved to having a nucleus). Eukaryote meaning true+nucleus.

2 No. 2 of Which of the following is not a criterion for classification as prokaryote or eukaryote? (A) Membrane bound organelles. (B) Replication: mitosis, mitosis, fission (C) Can cause disease e.g. bacteria. (D) Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. The presence of membranes around organelles is one of the criteria for determining if a cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. The type of cell division is one of the criteria for determining if a cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Remember that eukaryotes do not undergo cell fission. C. Correct! Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can cause disease. Example would be a bacterium such as streptococcus being prokaryotic. Fungus called candidiasis which causes thrush. Only bacteria have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan. This would indicate that the cell is a prokaryote. This is a list of those characteristics. We will go into more depth for each in the following slides. 1. Nuclear body: does the cell have a defined nucleus? 2. Cell Division is it mitosis and meiosis or is it usually by binary fission no mitosis or meiosis/ 3. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: is the entire cell bounded by a membrane? 4. Cytoplasmic structures: does the cell contain membrane bound organelles such as ribosomes? 5. Respiratory Enzymes and Electron Transport chains: does respiration and electron transport take place in the mitochondria or is it located in the cytoplasmic membrane? 6. Cell Wall: do the cells posses a cell wall and if so what is it composed of? 7. Locomotor Organelles: does the cell posses flagella or cilia?

3 No. 3 of 10 3 The DNA of a prokaryote is usually characterized by the following: (A) Circular DNA and histone-like proteins. (B) Double stranded DNA and histones. (C) Circular DNA and histones. (D) DNA complexed with nucleosomes. A. Correct! Prokaryote DNA is characterized by a single strand mostly circular. Double stranded DNA is characteristic of eukaryotes. C. Incorrect! While it is true that prokaryotic DNA is typically circular it is not complexed with histones. It is however complexed with another protein. What is that protein? Prokaryotic DNA is complexed with a protein so this is partially correct. Remember the definition of a nucleosome. The basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes consists of histones complexed with the DNA creating a histone octamer with one molecule of linker histone and creation of the nucleosome. Prokaryotic cells have their chromosome as a circular stand of DNA. Typically the entire genome is a single circle. Sometimes there are small extra circles that are called plasmids (the plasmids carry extra genetic information such as antibiotic resistance). The DNA is packaged by DNA binding proteins that are similar to histones, often called histone-like proteins.

4 No. 4 of Another term for nucleoid:. (A) Nucleus (B) Nuclear envelope (C) Nuclear body (D) Nucleolus The nucleus is a membrane enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Nuclear envelope is a double membrane that encloses the nucleus. C. Correct! The nucleoid is also known as the nuclear body, nuclear region or chromatin body. The nucleolus is a round area within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The nucleoid is mostly made of DNA with some RNA and protein. The proteins that help maintain the super coiled structure of the nucleic acid are known as nucleoid proteins and are different from the functionally similar histones present in eukaryotic nuclei.

5 No. 5 of The cell membrane in eukaryotes is and prokaryotes. (A) Phospholipid bilayer, polysaccharide (B) Chitin, Carbohydrates (C) Carbohydrates, hopanoids (D) Phospholipid bilayer, Phospholipid bilayer The cell membrane in eukaryotes is in fact phospholipid bilayer however polysaccharide is a sugar moiety and a component. Chitin is a component in cell walls (and some insect exoskeleton). C. Incorrect! These are components in cell membranes and cell walls not the entire structural make up. D. Correct! The cell membrane surrounds the cells cytoplasm for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It is composed of lipids (some embedded proteins and or carbohydrates) and forms a bilayer configuration. It is important to remember the distinction between the cell membrane and the cell wall. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes the membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. Cell walls are in all prokaryotes and many(but not all) eukaryotes. The cell wall is also diverse in structure between different organisms. Cell walls can be composed of polysaccharides, protein and lipids. Depending or the organisms it can be a peptidoglycan, pseudomurein, chitin or cellulose.

6 No. 6 of Eukaryote and prokaryote ribosomes are characterized by: (A) 5 or 3 kinds of rrna (B) Eukaryote subunits 60S and 40S (C) Prokaryote subunits 50S and 30S (D) All of the above. This answer is correct but not complete. This answer is correct but not complete. C. Incorrect! This answer is correct but not complete. D. Correct! Yes there are several differences in the ribosomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes even though they function to produce proteins from DNA and mrna. Prokaryote characteristics: 3 Kinds of rrna. About 50 kinds of specialized proteins, Subunit size: 50S and 30S. Eukaryote characteristics: 5 Kinds of rrna, about 80 kinds of specialized proteins, subunit size: 60S and 40S.

7 No. 7 of The mitochondria are. (A) Responsible for energy generation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (B) An organelle found in all living metabolizing cells. (C) For eukaryotes the way ATP, cell energy is generated. (D) Responsible for protein assembly. Mitochondria are responsible for energy generation in the eukaryote. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotic cells. C. Correct! In eukaryotes mitochondria is a cell organelle found only in eukaryotes and is responsible for energy generation. Ribosomes are responsible for assembling proteins from DNA via a message carried on the rrna. Mitochondria are a membrane bounded organelle found in eukaryotes. They are the main source of a cell s energy. Energy is generated by oxidizing products of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism.

8 No. 8 of Which statement is TRUE of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (A) Prokaryotic cells have plasma membranes and eukaryotic cells do not. (B) DNA is the primary genetic material in both. (C) Generally speaking prokaryotic cells are generally much bigger than eukaryotic cells. (D) All eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both have a cell wall. Both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have plasma membranes. Not all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell walls. B. Correct! DNA is the primary source of genetic information for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. C. Incorrect! Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells. Cells walls are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However NOT ALL eukaryotes have a cell wall. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both use DNA as the primary carrier of their genetic information. They do have different ways of packaging their DNA s e.g. histones vs. histone-like proteins, and containing their DNA s such as the nucleus.

9 No. 9 of Bacteria, Protozoans, Fungi, Plants, and Animals are the 5. (A) Species (B) Classes (C) Phylum (D) Kingdoms A grouping of plants, animals, or microorganisms that can interbreed only among themselves to produce viable offspring. Class is a taxonomic grouping that has one or more orders within it. C. Incorrect! Division of the animal and plant kingdoms. D. Correct! Kingdom is the highest taxonomic group into which an organism can be grouped. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are divided into Kingdoms based on certain taxonomic characteristics. There is some debate as to weather the eukaryotic has 4 or 6 kingdoms. The debate has in part arisen by additional genetic information that has shown a genetic dissimilarity within what was formally considered to be a single kingdom.

10 No. 10 of Molds are an example of this type of kingdom. (A) Animals (B) Bacteria (C) Fungi (D) Plants Molds have cell walls (in most cases) and animals do not. Molds are eukaryotes, bacteria are prokaryotes. C. Correct! Fungi are a kingdom that contains molds, yeast, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, mushrooms etc. Plants have a number of differences from molds. Consider the plant roots system vs. the fungi filaments system. Fungi are a kingdom that contains molds, yeast, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, mushrooms etc.

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