Numeral System In Anal
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1 Research Paper Volume 2 Issue 9 May 2015 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN (Online): Numeral System In Paper ID IJIFR/ V2/ E9/ 088 Page No Research Area Linguistics Key Words Cardinal, Ordinal, Basic, Compound, Multiplicative Angom Surjit Meitei Research Scholar Department of Linguistics Manipur University, Imphal Abstract This paper attempts to highlight the numeral system in. is one of the recognized scheduled tribes of Manipur. It is a term referring to both the language and the people. They are mainly concentrated in the sub - division of Chandel, Chakpikarong and Moreh in Chandel district of Manipur. Originally Chandel is derived from Chamdil, combination of two words 'Cham' means simple, and 'Dil' means pant (men's Wear). The origin of the name is not clear. The total population is 21, 242 and its literacy rate is 73.9% (Census of India, 2001). Cultivation is their main occupation. Linguistic Survey of India, (LSI) Vol. III. part III, (Grierson 1904), grouped the s in the Kuki - Chin sub group of the vast Tibeto-Burman language family. This research work entitled Numeral system in is an attempt to describe the numeral structure of language. Two types - Cardinal numeral number and Ordinal numeral number can be analyzed. Cardinal numeral includes basic and compound numerals. It also discussed distributive, multiplicative, aggregative, approximated, fractional, indefinite and ordinal numeral numbers. 1. Introduction 1.1 Numerals A numeral is a word or phrase denoting a number. In, numeral can be classified into two categories; viz. (a) Cardinal numeral number and (b) Ordinal numeral number. Cardinal numbers have more complex and more formal structures whereas the ordinal numbers are very simple in the formation of their structures. 1.2 Cardinal Numeral Numbers Cardinal numeral numbers are used in counting, showing how many objects are specified as one, two, three, etc. It has two types: (i) Basic numerals and (ii) Compound numerals. 1.3 Basic Numerals Copyright IJIFR
2 There are thirteen basic numerals in language. They are given as: 1. ək h e one 2. ən h ə two 3. ət h um three 4. pəli four 5. pəŋŋa five 6. turu six 7. tək h o seven 8. tiri eight 9. tuku nine 10. som ten 11. əya hundred 12. lisiŋ thousand 13. lak lakh 1.4 Compound Numerals There are three types of compound numerals. They are: (a) additive compound (b) multiplicative compound and (c) multiplicative-cum-additive compound. 1.5 Additive Compound Numerals The numerals from eleven to nineteen are additive compound numerals. They are formed by adding the basic numerals with the word som means, ten i.e , , and etc. Examples: 14. som ək h e eleven 15. som ən h ə twelve 16. som ət h um thirteen 17. som pəli fourteen 18. som pəŋŋa fifteen 19. som turu sixteen 20. som tək h o seventeen 21. som tiri eighteen 22. som tuku nineteen 2. Multiplicative Compound Numerals There are two types of multiplicative compound numerals. They are (i) Lower multiplicative and (ii) Higher multiplicative compound numerals. 2.1 Lower Multiplicative Compound Numerals The lower multiplicative compounds are twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty and ninety. It is formed as 10 X basic numerals (exclusive of first one ək h e ). In these numerals, the word som of additive compound changes to sum by dropping the first vowel of basic numerals. Examples: 23. sum n h ə twenty 24. sum t h um thirty Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3411
3 25. sum pəli forty 26. sum pəŋŋa fifty 27. sum turu sixty 28. sum tək h o seventy 29. sum tiri eighty 30. sum tuku ninety 2.2 Higher Multiplicative Compound Numerals There are two types of higher multiplicative compound numerals. They are: cam or əya hundred and lisiŋ or la thousand. In this type, the basic numerals, i.e.; from 1 to 3 and 4 to 9, can be suffixed to cam or əya hundred to form higher multiplicative compound numeral. From 100, 200, 300 (camma, cəni and cət h um) - can be made respectively. In the case of 500, cabəŋŋa is used instead of capəŋŋa. The consonant phoneme b changes to p in this system. Again for lisiŋ thousand, lisiŋ is prefixed to the basic numerals. In this, the first vowel of 1 to 3 can be dropped to form numerals. Another alternate form of thousand la is also used as prefixed before the basic numerals. In this case the two thousand is represented as lisiŋ n h a and la n h a in lisiŋ and la respectively. Examples of ca : 31. camma one hundred 32. cəni two hundred 33. cət h um three hundred 34. capəli four hundred 35. cabəŋŋa five hundred 36. caturu six hundred 37. catək h o seven hundred 38. catiri eight hundred 39. catuku nine hundred Examples of əya : 40. əya k h e one hundred 41. əya n h ə two hundred 42. əya t h um three hundred 43. əya pəli four hundred 44. əya bəŋŋa five hundred 45. əya turu six hundred 46. əya tək h o seven hundred 47. əya tiri eight hundred 48. əya tuku nine hundred This above rule is also happened in case of thousand lisiŋ and la as below. Examples of lisiŋ : 49. lisiŋ k h e one thousand Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3412
4 50. lisiŋ n h ə two thousand 51. lisiŋ t h um three thousand 52. lisiŋ pəli four thousand 53. lisiŋ bəŋŋa five thousand 54. lisiŋ turu six thousand 55. lisiŋ tək h o seven thousand 56. lisiŋ tiri eight thousand 57. lisiŋ tuku nine thousand 58. lisiŋ som ten thousand Examples of la : 59. la k h e one thousand 60. la n h ə two thousand 61. la t h um three thousand 62. la pəli four thousand 63. la bəŋŋa five thousand 64. la turu six thousand 65. la tək h o seven thousand 66. la tiri eight thousand 67. la tuku nine thousand 68. la som ten thousand 3.Multiplicative-Cum-Additive Compound Numerals The numerals from 21 to 29, 31 to 39, 41 to 49, 51 to 59, 61 to 69, 71 to 79, 81 to 89, 91 to 99, 101 to 110, 201 to 210, 301 to 310, 401 to 410, 501 to 510, 601 to 610, 701 to 710, 801 to 810, 901 to 910, 1001 to 1010, 2001 to 2010, 3001 to 3010, 4001 to 4010, etc. are all multiplicative-cumadditive compound numerals. There are three forms of multiplicative - cum-additive numerals. They are given as: I. Decade X basic numerals + basic numerals II. Century X basic numerals + basic numerals and III. Thousand X basic numerals + basic numerals I. Decade X Basic Numerals + Basic Numerals This decade X basic numerals plus basic numerals can be made by multiplying basic numerals to the decade and plus (suffixed) the basic numeral again to those numerals. From the word som means ten is used and from 20 onwards the word som changes to sum means twenty. Examples are: 69. sumhna k h e twenty one 70. sumhna n h ə twenty two 71. sumhna t h um twenty three 72. sumhna pəli twenty four 73. sumhna pəŋŋa twenty five 74. sumhna turu twenty six 75. sumhna tək h o twenty seven Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3413
5 76. sumhna tiri twenty eight 77. sumhna tuku twenty nine II. Century X Basic Numerals +Basic Numerals This type of numeral that is, century X basic numerals plus basic numerals can be made by multiplying basic numerals to the century ( cam means hundred ) and plus (suffixed) the basic numeral again to those numerals. Examples: 78. camma k h e one hundred and one 79. camma n h ə one hundred and two 80. camma t h um one hundred and three 81. camma pəli one hundred and four 82. camma pəŋŋa one hundred and five 83. camma turu one hundred and six 84. camma tək h o one hundred and seven 85. camma tiri one hundred and eight 86. camma tuku one hundred and nine 87. camma som one hundred and ten Examples of əya : 88. əya k h e one hundred and one 89. əya n h ə one hundred and two 90. əya t h um one hundred and three 91. əya pəli one hundred and four 92. əya pəŋŋa one hundred and five 93. əya turu one hundred and six 94. əya tək h o one hundred and seven 95. əya tiri one hundred and eight 96. əya tuku one hundred and nine 97. əya som one hundred and ten III. Thousand In this type, the numeral is given as lising (thousand) X basic numerals + basic numerals. Examples: 98. lisiŋ k h e k h e one thousand and one 99. lisiŋ k h e h ə one thousand and two 100. lisiŋ k h e t h um one thousand and three 101. lisiŋ k h e pəli one thousand and four 102. lisiŋ k h e pəŋŋa one thousand and five 103. lisiŋ k h e turu one thousand and six 105. lisiŋ t h um tək h o three thousand and seven 106. lisiŋ t h um tiri three thousand and eight 107 lisiŋ t h um tuku three thousand and nine Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3414
6 4. Distributive Numerals The basic numerals are used as distributive numerals when they are suffixed with the last syllable of basic numerals. The first syllable of the basic numeral is dropped and suffixed the last syllable is suffixed again to form distributive numeral. It is used only upto the fourth numeral. The other remaining numerals are made by suffixing na to the numerals as below ək h ek h e one each 109. ən h əhə two each 110. ət h umt h um three each 111. pəlili four each 112. pəŋŋaŋa five each 113. turuna six each 114. tək h ona seven each 115. tirina eight each 116. tukuna nine each 5. Multiplicative Numerals The multiplicative numerals can be denoted by prefixing marker truŋ to the numerals. In this type the first vowel of the basic numeral is dropped and pəŋ is suffixed to the numerals as last syllable. For once, twice and, thrice the word truŋ is suffixed to the numerals only. For the other remaining numerals both the trum and pəŋ is prefixed and suffixed respectively. Examples: 117. truŋk h e once 118. truŋk h epəŋ one time 119. trumn h ə twice 120. trumn h əpəŋ two times 121. trumt h um thrice 122. trumt h umpəŋ three times 123. trumpəlipəŋ four times 124. trumpəŋŋapəŋ five times 125. trumturupəŋ six times 126. trumtək h opəŋ seven times 127. trumtiripəŋ eight times 128. trumtukupəŋ nine times 129. trumsompəŋ ten times 130. trumsomək h epəŋ eleven times 131. trumsomən h əpəŋ twelve times 5.1 Aggregative Numerals In, the prefix punnə is used to derive aggregative numerals. It is prefixed to the desired number. It expresses the meaning two together or both, three together or all the three, etc. Examples are as below: 132. punnə ən h ə two together or both 133. punnə pəli four together Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3415
7 134. punnə pəŋŋa five together 135. punnə som pəŋŋa fifteen together 136. punnə sum bəŋŋa fifty together 5.2 Approximative Numerals Approximative numerals can express approximate number in numeral system. It gives an approximate in counting. They can be divided into two as; a) Successive approximate numerals and b) Non-successive approximate numerals a) Successive approximate numerals-in these type two successive numerals are used to indicate approximate numeral. Examples below: 137. ək h e mənite ən h ə one or two 138. ən h ə mənite ət h um two or three 139. pəli mənite pəŋŋə four or five 140. pəŋŋa mənite turu five or six 141. turu mənite tək h o six or seven 142. tiri mənite tuku eight or nine b) Non-successive approximate numerals - Non-successive approximate numeral can be made by suffixing wəl to the particular numeral number. Examples are as below: 143. ək h e wəl about one 144. ən h ə wəl about two 145. ət h um wəl about three 146. pəli wəl about four 147. pəŋŋa wəl about five 148. turu wəl about six 149. tək h o wəl about seven 150. tiri wəl about eight 151. tuku wəl about nine 5.3 Fractional Numerals Fractional numeral denotes the fraction of the wholes, as quarter, three quarters, etc. Examples: 152. wətrim half 153. wəlhe one-twelfth 154. səru t h um ki k h e one-third 155. səru pəli ki (ə)k h e one-fourth 156. səru ət h um ki ət h um three-fourth 157. səru t h um ki ən h ə two-third 158. səru pəli ki ən h ə two-fourth 159. səru som ki pəŋŋa five-tenth Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3416
8 160. səru sumn h ə ki turu six-twelfth 5.4 Indefinite Numeral The indefinite numerals in can be given as in the examples cəri some 162. wəcəre few 163. inhim many 164. wahəl several 165. ənnado ək h e any one 5.5 Ordinal Numbers Ordinal numbers are made by suffixing war to the basic numerals from 2 nd to 8 th ordinal numbers. The first one is exceptional from other cardinal numbers it is fixed as rorsa. And other remaining numerals are made by prefixing wa to the numerals and suffixing na to the numerals. In the case of the numeral number 500 wa:cabəŋŋana is used instead of wa:capəŋŋana. The phoneme b is used instead of phoneme p. Examples: 166. rorsa first 167. warən h a second 168. wart h umn h a third 169. warpəlina fourth 170. warpəŋŋana fifth 171. warturuna sixth 172. wartək h ona seventh 173. wartirina eighth 174. wa:tukuna ninth 175. wa:somna tenth 176. wa:somwak h ena eleventh 177. wa:somwarən h a twelfth 178. wa:somwa:t h umna thirteenth 179. wa:som wa:pəlina fourteenth 180. wa:som wa:pəŋŋana fifteenth 181. wa:som wa:turuna sixteenth 182. wa:som wa:tək h ona seventeenth 183. wa:som wa:tirina eighteenth 184. wa:som wa:tukuna nineteenth 185. wa:sum ənhana twentieth 186. wa:camməna one hundredth 187. wa:canina two hundredth 188. wa:cahumna three hundredth 189. wa:capəlina four hundredth 190. wa:cabəŋŋana five hundredth 191. wa:caturuna six hundredth Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3417
9 192. wa:catək h ona seven hundredth 193. wa: catirina eight hundredth 194. wa:catukuna nine hundredth 195. wa:lisiŋk h ena one thousandth 196. wa:lisiŋhəna two thousandth 6. Numerals In Sentence Level Cardinal Numeral Number The numeral number comes after the noun. Their sentence structure is Subject object and verb. Examples: 197. əmə -nə vi ək h e əmkə 3PP POSS dog one BE He has one dog əmə -nə vi ən h ə əmkə 3PP POSS dog two BE He has two dogs. Cardinal Numeral Number With Adjectives the adjectives comes after the nouns in the sentence nəŋ -nə kəl isin ət h um əmka 2PP POSS car red three BE You have three red cars ənihin -nə səl -nu pəŋŋa əmka we POSS cow FEM five BE We have two black beautiful dogs. Ordinal Numeral Number In this system the ordinal number comes after the noun and 201. əmə sinnu klas -t h oŋ rorsə təkə she FEM class DAT first COP She comes first in the class wan h ənə sinpə k h əŋ t h ət h rə -kə second boy very good COP The second boy is very good. 7. Conclusion In conclusion, there are thirteen basic numerals in, they are: - ək h e one, ən h ə two, ət h um three, pəli four, pəŋŋə six, turu six, tək h o seven, tiri eight, tuku nine, som ten, əya hundred, lisiŋ thousand and lak h lakh respectively. In compound numerals, three types can be analysed as: - (a) additive compound (b) multiplicative compound and (c) multiplicative-cum-additive compound. Again multiplicative compound numerals can be divided into two as: - (i) Lower multiplicative and (ii) Higher multiplicative compound numerals. For higher multiplicative compound numerals, cam or əya hundred and lisiŋ or la thousand is used. In this case the two thousand is represented as lisiŋ n h a or la n h a. In the case of 500, cabəŋŋa is used instead of capəŋŋa. In multiplicative numerals, for once, twice and, thrice the word truŋ is suffixed to the numerals only and for the other remaining numerals both the trum and pəŋ is prefixed and suffixed to the Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3418
10 numeral number respectively. The prefix punnə is used to derive aggregative numerals. It is prefixed to the desired number. Approximative numerals can express approximate number in numeral system. It gives an approximate in counting. They can be divided into two as: - a) Successive approximate numerals and b) Non-successive approximate numerals. In ordinal numbers are made by suffixing war to the basic numerals from 2 nd to 8 th ordinal numbers. The first one is exceptional from other cardinal numbers it is fixed as rorsa. There is no availability of enough records and texts except oral tradition of language. Besides it, none has marked on grammar of the language. The language is now influenced by both English and Meiteilon. So it is the right time for preservation and protection of the language. And it is believed that this work will be helpful to the people as well as the second language learners. Abbreviations and symbols BE - be verb 1PP - first person singular pronouns POSS - possessive case FEM - feminine gender DAT - dative case References Bhat, D.N.S. (1986) : An Introduction to Linguistics. Teacher s Forum Canchipur, Imphal. Bhat, D.N.S. & M.S. Ningomba (1995) : Manipuri Grammar. CIIL, Mysore. Bhat, D.N.S. & M.S. (1997) : Manipuri Grammar. Lincon Europa; Munchen, Ningomba. Newcastle, Germany. Devi, P. Madhubala (1979) : Manipuri Grammar, Unpublished Thesis, Manipur University Greenberg, J.H. (ed.) (1964) : Universals of Language, 2 nd Edition. Cambridge Mass, MIT Press. Grierson, G.A. (1904) : Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part III, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi Kamei, Gangmumei (1988) : Trans- Border Tribe of Manipur, Delhi: Mittal Publication Singh, Yashawanta Ch. (2000) : Manipuri Grammar, New Delhi: Rajesh Publication Thumdal, B.D. (1988) : The of Manipur, Souvenir Centenary Celebration Angom Surjit Meitei :: Numeral System In 3419
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