INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 425

Transcription

1 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 425 I N D E X Admittance, 75 Air line, 43, 46 Ampere s circuital law, 202, 225 Amperian contour, 203 Angle azimuth, 109, 344 Brewster, 315 critical, 305 incidence, 303 polarizing, 315 reflection, 305 refraction, 305 scan, 381, 384 zenith, 113, 344 Anisotropic medium, 162 Antenna arrays, 342, 371 broadside, 378 endfire, 381 frequency scanned, 383 linear, 373 phased, 381 Antenna properties beam width, 351 directivity, 351 effective area, 360 gain, 354 input impedance, 361 pattern, 341, 348 polarization, 342 radiation efficiency, 354 radiation resistance, 354 Antenna types electric dipole, 342 half-wave dipole, horn, 342 isotropic, 341 linear dipole, 359 loop, 342 multiple beam, 373 parabolic dish, 342 quarter-wave monopole, 358 satellite, 4, 364, 398 short (Hertzian) dipole, 343 Aperture illumination, 367 Approximations, 415 Array factor, 374 multiple-beam array, 380 phased array, 381 two-vertical dipoles, 375 uniform array, 378 Array feeding, 382 Atmospheric opacity, 20 Atom, 8, 161 Attenuation constant, 276 good conductor, 278, 279 lossless line, 47 low-loss dielectric, 278, 279 transmission line, 45 Attenuation factor, 17 Average power density, 284, 346 Axial ratio, 274 Azimuth angle, 109, 344 Azimuth resolution, 402 Band designations, 21 Base vectors Cartesian coordinates, 101 cylindrical coordinates, 109 spherical coordinates, 113 Beamwidth, 351 half-wave dipole, 361 rectangular aperture, 369 short dipole, 347, 351 wavelength-long dipole, 361 Biot-Savart law, 10, 195 Boltzmann s constant, See inside front cover Bounce diagram, 88 Boundary conditions between a dielectric and a perfect conductor, 166 between two dielectric media,

2 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page INDEX Boundary conditions (cont.) current density, 168 electromagnetic fields, electrostatic fields, 164 magnetostatic fields, 213 Breakdown voltage, 163 Brewster angle, 315 Broadcast service, 394 Broadside array, 378 Capacitance, 168 cylindrical capacitor, 171 parallel-plate capacitor, 170 Capacitance per unit length coaxial line, 41, 42, 171 parallel-plate line, 41 two-wire line, 41 Cartesian coordinates, 109 Characteristic impedance, 45 Charge-continuity equation, 248 Charge density line, 140 surface, 140 volume, 140 Charge dissipation, 249 Charge, electric conservation property, 8 electron, 7 Circular polarization, 271 Circulation of a vector field, 127 Circulator, 3, 394, 396 Coaxial cable, 3 capacitance, 41, 42, 171 conductance, 41, 42, 160 electrostatic field, 171 inductance, 41, 42, 218 magnetic field, 218 resistance, 41, 42, 283 Communication satellite, See Satellite. Complex conjugate, 23 Complex feeding coefficient, 373 Complex number, 22 Complex permittivity, 263 Concave lens, 324, 325 Concave mirror, 322 Conductance, 159 Conductance per unit length, 160 coaxial line, 41, 42, 159 parallel-plate line, 41, 42 two-wire line, 41, 42 Conduction current, 142 Conduction current density, 157 Conductivity, 11, 157 materials, 156, 389, 413 Conductors, 156 charges on, 167 good, 278 Conservative (or irrotational) field, 129, 152 Constitutive parameters, 11, 156 Convection current, 142 Converging lens, 324 Convex lens, 324 Convex mirror, 322 Coordinate systems Cartesian, 109, 110 cylindrical, 109, 110 spherical, 110, 113 transformations between, Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, 7 Coulomb s law, 7, 143 Critical angle, 305 Cross product, 105 Curl operator, , See also inside back cover Current conduction, 142 convection, 142 displacement, 244 Current density conduction, 157 convection, 142 surface, 196 volume, 196 Cylindrical coordinates, 109 Decibel scale, 286 Del operator, 120 Depth of penetration, 277 Detection maximum range, 404 probability, 403 threshold level, 404 Diamagnetism, 211 Dielectric breakdown, 163 Dielectric constant, 9, 143

3 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 427 INDEX 427 Dielectric strength, 163 Dielectrics, 156, 163, 413 Dipole electric, 154 half-wave, 355 linear, 359 magnetic, 199 Diffraction, 320 Dipole moment electric, 154 magnetic, 194, 199 Directional derivative, 121 Directivity, 351 aperture antenna, 370 half-wave dipole, 357 Hertzian dipole, 353 Disk of charge, 147 Dispersion, 37 optical fibers, 307 Dispersive medium, 48 Displacement current, 244, 246 Distance vector, Cartesian coordinates, 104, 119 cylindrical coordinates, 119 spherical coordinates, 119 Distortionless line, 93 (Problem 2.6) Divergence, , See also inside back cover Divergence theorem, 123 Divergenceless field, 125 Diverging lens, 329 Domain wall, 211 Doppler frequency shift, 399, 405 Dot product, 104 Downlink, 4, 393, 394 Duplexer, 394 Earth s atmospheric opacity, 20 mass, 392 period, 393 radius, 393 Effective area any antenna, 362 aperture antenna, 371 short dipole, 338, 362 Effective aperture, See Effective area EHF, 21 Electric charge conservation of, 8 electron, 7 Electric dipole, 9, 154 Electric dipole antenna, 342, 359 half-wave dipole, quarter-wave monopole, 358 short (Hertzian) dipole, Electric dipole moment, 154 Electric displacement, 244 Electric field intensity charge distribution, 146 circular disk of charge, 147 electric dipole, 154 infinite line of charge, 150 point charges, 8, 144, 149 ring of charge, 146 Electric flux density, 9 Electric force, 7, 173 Electric permittivity, See permittivity Electric potential, scalar, 151 retarded, 250 Electric susceptibility, 162 Electromagnetic fields, 267 force, 6, 188 generator, 225, 228, 241, 244 induction, 233 potentials, 250 spectrum, wave, 267 Electromotive force, 233 motional, 233 transformer, 233 Electron charge of, 7 drift velocity, 156 mobility, 157 Electronic steering, 380, 384 Electrostatic energy, 172 Electrostatics, 11, 12, 139 ELF, 20, 21 Elliptical polarization, 273 Ellipticity angle, 274 EM, 19 Endfire direction, 382

4 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page INDEX Energy electric, 172 magnetic, 219 Equipotential medium, 157 Euler s identity, 22 Explorer I, 392 False-alarm probability, 403 Far-field (or far-zone) region, 343 aperture antennas, 367 short dipole, 345 Faraday, Michael, 231 Faraday s law, 231 Feeding coefficient, 373 Ferromagnetism, 210 Field, 6 conservative, 129, 152 divergenceless, 125 electrostatic, 11, 139 irrotational, 129, 152 magnetostatic, 11, 187 solenoidal, 125 Flux density, 123 lines, 123 linkage, 218 Focal length mirror, 322 thin lens, 328 Forces centrifugal, 392 electric, 7, 173 electromagnetic, (Lorentz), 188 gravitational, 6, 392 magnetic, 187 Form factor, of radiated field, 367 Free space constants of, See inside front cover intrinsic impedance of, 266 permeability of, 10 permittivity of, 7 velocity of light in, 11 Frequency, 16 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), 394 Frequency scanning, 383 Fresnel reflection coefficient, 312 Fresnel transmission coefficient, 312 Friis transmission formula, 363 Fringing Fields, 170 Gauss s law, 148, 232 Gauss s law for magnetism, 202, 216, 232 Gaussian lens formula, 329 Gaussian surface, 148 Geometric optics, 319 Geostationary orbit, 392 Gradient operator, , See also inside back cover Gravitational field, 6 force, 6, 392 Grazing incidence, 315 Henry, Joseph, 232 Hertzian dipole, 344 directivity, 353 effective area of, 362 electromagnetic fields, 345 radiation pattern, 347 radiation resistance, 355 HF, 20, 21 Hole drift velocity, 157 Hole mobility, 157 Homogeneous, 11, 156, 162 Hysteresis, 210 Image distance, 321 Image method, 173 Impedance characteristic, 45, 49 input, 55 intrinsic, 265 load, 48 matching network, 80 open-circuited line, 60 shorted line, 58 surface (or internal), 282 Incidence angle of, 303 plane of, 309 Index of refraction, 304 Inductance, 214 Inductance per unit length coaxial line, 41, 42, 218

5 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 429 INDEX 429 parallel-plate line, 41 two-wire line, 41 Insulator, 156 Internal impedance, 282 International system of units, 4 Interpulse period, 400 Intrinsic impedance free space, 266 good conductor, low-loss dielectric, lossless medium, 265 lossy medium, 277 Irrotational (or conservation) field, 129, 152 Isotropic, 156, 162 Joule s law, 160 Kirchhoff s current law, 248 Kirchhoff s voltage law, 152 Laplace s equation, 155 Laplacian operator, , See also inside back cover Lateral magnification spherical mirror, 322 thin lens, 329 Left-hand circular (LHC) polarization, 271 Lenses, Lensmaker s formulae, 328 Lenz s law, 234, 236 LF, 20, 21 Lidar, 399 Line of charge, 140, 150 Linear medium, 162 Linear polarization, 269 Load impedance, 48 Lorentz force, 188 Lossless medium, 14, 262 Lossless transmission line, 47 Lossy medium, 17, 262 Magnet, bar, 10, 200 Magnetic dipole, 199 Magnetic dipole moment, 194, 199 Magnetic energy, 219 Magnetic field intensity, 11, 195 circular loop, 198 current distributions, 196 current element, 195 infinite current sheet, 205 linear conductor, 196, 204 magnetic dipole, 199 pie-shaped loop, 198 solenoid, 215 toroidal coil, 205 Magnetic flux, 208, 216 Magnetic flux density, 10, 187 Magnetic flux linkage, 216 Magnetic force, 187 between conductors, 200 conductor, 189 relation of torque to, 192 semicircular conductor, 191 Magnetic hysteresis, 210 Magnetic materials, 209 Magnetic permeability, See permeability Magnetic potential, vector, 206 Magnetic susceptibility, 210 Magnetic torque, 192 Magnetite, 9 Magnetization curve, 211 hard ferromagnetics, 212 soft ferromagnetics, 212 Magnetization vector, 209 Magnetized domains, 211 Magnetostatics, 11, 12, 139, 185 Main lobe of antenna pattern, 350 Maxwell, James Clerk, 139 Maxwell s equations differential form, 139, 232 integral form, 232 source-free, 263 time-harmonic, 263 Medium anisotropic, 162 guided, 261 homogeneous, 11, 156, 162 isotropic, 156, 162 linear, 156 lossless, 14, 262 lossy, 17, 262 unbounded, 261, 294 MF, 20, 21

6 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page INDEX Microstrip lines, 38 Microwave band, 21, 22 Mirror plane, 321 concave, 322 convex, 322 equation, 322 focal length, 322 spherical, 322 Mixer, 3 Mobile service, 394 Mobility electrons, 157 holes, 157 Monopulse radar, 406 Motional emf, 233, 238 Multiple-beam antenna, 3, 380 Multiplexer, 395 Mutual inductance, 218 Negative lens, 325 Neper, 17 Noise temperature, 364 Nonmagnetic, 11 Nonpolar materials, 161 Nuclear force, 5 Object distance, 321 Oersted, Hans, 10 Ohm s law, 157 Open-circuited line, 60 Optical fibers, 3, 38, 306 acceptance angle, 306 cladding, 306 dispersion in, 307 fiber core, 306 modes in, 307 Orbital magnetic moment, 209 Orthogonal coordinate systems, 108 Parallel polarization, 309, Paramagnetism, 211 Paraxial rays, 325 Pattern multiplication principle, 375 Pattern solid angle, 351 Perfect conductor, 11, 42 Perfect dielectric, 11, 42 Period, 14 Periscope, 335 Permeability, 11, 12, 209 common materials, 414 free space, 10, 12 relative, 210 Permittivity, 9, 12, 143 air, 9 common materials, 163, 389, 413 complex, 263 free space, 7, 12, 143 relative, 9, 143 Perpendicular polarization, Phase, 14 lag, 16 lead, 16 Phase constant, 16, 276 good conductor, lossless line, 47 low-loss dielectric, transmission line, 45 Phase delay, 381 Phase matching condition, 311 Phase velocity, 15, 16, 34, 36, 49 good conductor, 279 lossless line, lossless medium, 264 low-loss dielectric, 277 Phased array, 381 Phasor representation, 5, 25 Physical optics, 319 Plane mirror, 321 Plane of incidence, 309 Plane wave, 262 polarization of, 269 propagation, 264 Point charges, 8, 143, 149 Poisson s equation for electric potential, 155 Poisson s equation for magnetic potential, 207 Polar materials, 162 Polarization field, 161, 162 Polarization of materials, 9 Polarization state, 269, 275 circular, diversity, 396 elliptical, 273 left-hand circular, 271

7 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 431 INDEX 431 linear, 270 parallel, 309 perpendicular, , right-hand circular, 272 Polarizing angle, 315 Position vector, 103 Cartesian coordinates, 103 cylindrical coordinates, 110 spherical coordinates, 110, 113 Positive lens, 324 Potential retarded, 250 scalar electric, 151 vector magnetic, 206 Power density, 284, 346 Power on transmission line, instantaneous, 64 time average, 65 Power transfer, maximum, 362 Power transfer ratio, 364 Poynting vector, 283 Prefixes, multiple and submultiple, 5, See also inside of front cover Principal axis, 322 Principal planes, 349 Principle of superposition, 8 Prism, 334 Propagation constant, 264 good conductor, low-loss dielectric, transmission line, distortionless, 93 (Problem 2.6) lossless, 45, 47 Propagation velocity, See Phase velocity Proton, charge of, 7 Pulse length, 400 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 400 Quarter-wave monopole, 358 Quarter-wave transformer, 62 Radar, 399 azimuth resolution, 402 bistatic, 403 cross section, 403 Doppler, 404 false-alarm and detection probabilities, 403 monopulse, 406 monostatic, 403 PRF, 400 range resolution, 401 target detection, 402 unambiguous range, 400 Radar cross section, 403 Radar equation, 404 Radial distance, 109 Radiation efficiency, 354 intensity, 347 lobes, 349 pattern, 343, 350 resistance, 354 half-wave dipole, 357 Hertzian dipole, 354 quarter-wave monopole, 359 Radius of curvature, 322 Radome, 299 Range coordinate, 113, 344 Range resolution, 401 Ray, 294 Ray optics, 319 Real image, 321 Receiving antenna, 360 Rectangular aperture, 368 Rectangular coordinates, 109 Reflection angle of, 303 Snell s law of, 303 Reflection coefficient normal incidence, 294 parallel polarization, 313, 318 perpendicular polarization, 309, 318 voltage, 50 Reflectivity (reflectance), 316 Refraction angle of, 303 index of, 304 Snell s law of, 304 Refractive index, 304 Relaxation time constant, 249 Resistance, 158 Resistance per unit length coaxial line, 41 42, 283 parallel-plate line, 41 two-wire line, 41

8 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page INDEX Retarded potential scalar, 251 vector, 251 Right-hand circular (RHC) polarization, 272 Right-hand rule, Ampere s law, 203 magnetic torque, 194 relation between E and H, 268 vector (cross) product, 106 Ring of charge, 146 Rotation angle, 273 Satellite communication, 3, 364, 391 antenna beams, 398 Explorer I, 392 Score, 392 Sputnik I, 392 geostationary, 392 telemetry and tracking, 394 transponder, 393 Scalar, 101 gradient of, 120 product, 104 triple product, 107 Scalar formulation, 366 Scan angle, 381, 384 Score, 390 Seawater, 278, 413 Self inductance, 216 Semiconductors, 156 SHF, 21 Short-circuited line, 58 SI units, 4 Sidelobes of antenna pattern, 350 Sidereal day, 393 Sign convention spherical mirrors, 323 thin lenses, 325 Signal-to-noise ratio, 364, 397, 404 Single-stub matching, 80 Skin depth, 277 Slotted line, 54 Smith chart, 66 angle of reflection coefficient, 70 SWR circle on, 71 unit circle, 67 wavelengths toward generator (WTG), 71 wavelengths toward load (WTL), 71 Snell s law reflection, 303, 311 refraction, 303, 311 Solenoid, 214 Solid angle, 348 Spectrum of electromagnetic waves, 20 Spherical coordinates, 113 Spherical mirror, 322 Spherical propagation factor, 344 Spin magnetic moment, 209 Sputnik I, 390 Standing-wave, 46, 51 pattern, 52 ratio circle on Smith chart, 71 ratio (SWR), 54, 71, 297 Stokes s theorem, 129 Striplines, 38 Stub tuner, 80 Superconductors, 156 Surface impedance, 282 Susceptance, 75 Susceptibility, magnetic, 210 System noise temperature, 364, 397 Tai, C.T., 126 Telegraphers equations, 38, 44 Tesla, Nikola, 10 Thévenin circuit, 361 Thin-lens equation, 328 Time-harmonic electromagnetics, 251 Toroid (or torus), 205 Torque, magnetic, 192 Total internal reflection, 305 Transformer emf, 233 Transformers, ideal, 237 quarter-wave, 62 Transmission coefficient normal incidence, 297 parallel polarization, 314, 318 perpendicular polarization, 292, 298, 312, 318 Transmission line, 3, 38, 40 attenuation constant of, 45, 49 characteristic impedance of, 45, 49 circuit elements, 59

9 INDEX rev..qxd 7/22/04 3:42 PM Page 433 INDEX 433 coaxial, 3, 38, 41, 49 distortionless, 93 (Problem 2.6) half-wave sections of, 62 impedance matching of, 62, 80 infinite, 97 (Problem 2.33) input impedance of, 55 microstrip line, 38 open-circuited, 60 parallel-plate, 38, 41, 49 phase constant of, 45, 49 power flow on, 64 propagation constant of, 45, 49 short-circuited, 58 strip line, 38 transient response on, 84 two-wire, 38, 41, 49 voltage maximum on, 53 voltage minimum on, 54 Transmission-line parameters, Transmissivity (transmittance), 317 Transponder, 393 Transverse electric (TE) wave, 309 Transverse electromagnetic (TEM), 37, 266 Transverse magnetic (TM) wave, 309 Trigonometric relations, 415 UHF, 21 Unambiguous range, 401 Uniform aperture distribution, 368 Uniform plane wave, 265 Unit vector, 101 Units, derived quantities, 411, 412 fundamental, 5 SI system, 4 Universal constants, See inside front cover Uplink, 4, 393, 394 Vector, 101 addition and subtraction, 103 multiplication, 104 product, 105 Vector formulation, 367 Vector identities, See inside back cover Vector potential, magnetic, 206 retarded, 250 Velocity light in free space, 11 phase, 15, 16, 46, 49 VHF, 20, 21 Virtual image, 321 Visible light, 19, 334 (Problem 8.18) VLF, 20, 21 Voltage breakdown, 163 electrostatic, 151 induced, 233 maximum, 53 minimum, 52, 54 reflection coefficient, 50 Wave circularly polarized, continuous harmonic, 12 cylindrical, 12, 13 electromagnetic, 264 elliptically polarized, 273 lossless media, 264 lossy media, 276 interference, 30 (Problem 1.4) linearly polarized, 270 one-dimensional, 12 sound, 18 spherical, 12, 13, 262 standing, 46, 51 three-dimensional, 12, 13 transient, 12 transverse electric (TE), 309 transverse electromagnetic (TEM), 37, 266 transverse magnetic (TM), 309 two-dimensional, 12, 13 uniform plane, 262 Wave equation, 43, 264 Wave optics, 319 Wavefront, 294 Wavelength, 14 Wavenumber, 16, 264 Weak interaction force, 5 WTG (wavelengths toward generator), 71 WTL (wavelengths toward load), 69, 71 Zenith angle, 113, 344

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