PHYSICS LECTURES ON. 'ftt/tatt DEFINITIVE EDITION VOLUME II FEYNMAN LEIGHTON SANDS. Addison Wesley PEARSON

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1 'ftt/tatt LECTURES ON PHYSICS DEFINITIVE EDITION FEYNMAN LEIGHTON SANDS PEARSON Addison Wesley San Francisco Boston New York CapeTown Hong Kong London Madrid MexicoCity Montreal Munich Paris Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto VOLUME II

2 Contents CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETISM 1-1 Electrical forces Electric and magnetic fields Characteristics of vector fields The laws of electromagnetism What are the fields? Electromagnetism in science and technology 1-10 CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF VECTOR FIELDS 2-1 Understanding physics Scalar and vector fields T and h Derivatives of fields the gradient The Operator V Operations with V The differential equation of heat flow Second derivatives of vector fields Pitfalls 2-11 CHAPTER 3. VECTOR INTEGRAL CALCULUS 3-1 Vector integrals; the line integral of VSE' The flux of a vector Seid The flux from a cube; Gauss' theorem Heat conduction; the diffusion equation The circulation of a vector field The circulation around a Square; Stokes' theorem Curl-free and divergence-free fields Summary 3-11 CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATICS 4-1 Statics Coulomb's law; superposition Electric potential E = V The flux of E Gauss' law; divergence of E Field of a sphere of charge Field lines; equipotential surfaces 4-11 CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION OF GAUSS' LAW 5-1 Electrostatics is Gauss's law plus Equilibrium in an electrostatic field Equilibrium with conductors Stability of atoms The field of a line charge A sheet of charge; two sheets A sphere of charge; a spherical shell Is the field of a point charge exactly 1/r 2? The fields of a conductor The field in a cavity of a conductor 5-8 CHAPTER 6. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES 6-1 Equations of the electrostatic potential The electric dipole Remarks on vector equations The dipole potential as a gradient The dipole approximation for an arbitrary distribution The fields of charged conductors The method of images A point charge near a conducting plane A point charge near a conducting sphere Condensers; parallel plates High-voltage breakdown The field-emission microscope 6-14 CHAPTER 7. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES (Continued) 7-1 Methods for finding the electrostatic field Two-dimensional fields; functions of the complex variable Plasma oscillations Colloidal particles in an electrolyte The electrostatic field of a grid 7-10 CHAPTER 8. ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY 8-1 The electrostatic energy of charges. A uniform sphere The energy of a condenser. Forces on charged conductors The electrostatic energy of an ionic crystal Electrostatic energy in nuclei Energy in the electrostatic field The energy ofa point charge 8-12 CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE 9-1 The electric potential gradient of the atmosphere Electric currents in the atmosphere Origin of the atmospheric currents Thunderstorms The mechanism of charge Separation Lightning9-10 CHAPTER 10. DIELECTRICS 10-1 The dielectric constant The polarization vector P Polarization charges The electrostatic equations with dielectrics Fields and forces with dielectrics 10-7

3 CHAPTER 11.--JNSIDE DlELECTRICS CHAPTER 17. THE LAWS OF INDUCTION 11-1 Molecular dipoles Electronic polarization Polar molecules; orientation polarization Electric fields in cavities of a dielectric The dielectric constant of liquids; the Clausius- Mossotti equation Solid dielectrics Ferroelectricity; BaTi CHAPTER 12. ELECTROSTATIC ANALOGS 12-1 The same equations have the same Solutions The flow of heat; a point source near an infinite plane boundary The stretched membrane The diffusion of neutrons; a uniform spherical source in a homogeneous medium Irrotational fluid flow; the flow past a sphere Illumination; the uniform lighting of a plane The "underlying unity" of nature CHAPTER 13. MAGNETOSTATICS 13-1 The magnetic field Electric current; the conservation of charge The magnetic force on a current The magnetic field of steady currents; Ampere's law The magnetic field of a straight wire and of solenoid; atomic currents The relativity of magnetic and electric fields The transformation of currents and charges Superposition; the right-hand rule CHAPTER 14. THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS 14-1 The vector potential The vector potential of known currents A straight wire A long solenoid The field of a small loop; the magnetic dipole The vector potential of a circuit The law of Biot and Savart The physics of induction Exceptions to the "flux rule" Particle acceleration by an induced electric field; the betatron A paradox Alternating-current generator Mutual inductance Seif-inductance Inductance and magnetic energy CHAPTER 18. THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS 18-1 Maxwell's equations How the new term works All of classical physics A travelling field The speed of light Solving Maxwell's equations; the potentials and the wave equation 18-9 CHAPTER 19. CHAPTER 20. THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION A special lecture almost verbatim 19-1 A note added after the lecture SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN FREE SPACE 20-1 Waves in free space; plane waves Three-dimensional waves Scientific imagination Spherical waves CHAPTER 21. SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS WITH CURRENTS AND CHARGES 21-1 Light and electromagnetic waves Spherical waves from a point source The general Solution of Maxwell's equations The fields of an oscillating dipole The potentials of a moving charge; the general Solution of Lienard and Wiechert The potentials for a charge moving with constant velocity; the Lorentz formula CHAPTEP. 22. AC CIRCUITS CHAPTER 15. THE VECTOR POTENTIAL 15-1 The forces on a current loop; energy of a dipole Mechanical and electrical energies The energy of steady currents B versus A The vector potential and quantum mechanics What is true for statics is false for dynamics Impedances 22-1 Generators 22-5 Networks of ideal elements; Kirchhoff s rules Equivalent circuits Energy A ladder network Filters Other circuit elements CHAPTER 16. INDUCED CURRENTS 16-1 Motors and generators Transformers and inductances Forces on induced currents Electrical technology CHAPTER CAVITY RESONATORS Real circuit elements 23-1 A capacitor at high frequencies 23-2 A resonant cavity 23-6 Cavity modes 23-9 Cavities and resonant circuits 23-10

4 CHAPTER 24. WAVEGUIDES CHAPTER 30. THE INTERNAL GEOMETRY OF CRYSTALS 24-1 The transmission line The rectangular waveguide The cutoff frequency The speed of the guided waves Observing guided waves Waveguide plumbing Waveguide modes Another way of looking at the guided waves The internal geometry of crystals Chemical bonds in crystals The growth of crystals Crystal lattices Symmetries in two dimensions Symmetries in three dimensions The strength of metals Dislocations and crystal growth The Bragg-Nye crystal model CHAPTER 25. ELECTRODYNAMICS IN RELATIVISTIC NOTATION 25-1 Four-vectors The scalar product The four-dimensional gradient Electrodynamics in four-dimensional notation The four-potential of a moving charge The invariance of the equations of electrodynamics CHAPTER 26. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FIELDS 26-1 The four-potential of a moving charge The fields of a point charge with a constant velocity Relativistic transformation of the fields The equations of motion in relativistic notation CHAPTER 27. FIELD ENERGY AND FIELD MOMENTUM 27-1 Local conservation Energy conservation and electromagnetism Energy density and energy flow in the electromagnetic field The ambiguity of the field energy Examples of energy flow Field momentum 27-9 CHAPTER 28. ELECTROMAGNETIC MASS 28-1 The field energy of a point charge The field momentum of a moving charge Electromagnetic mass The force of an electron on itself Attempts to modify the Maxwell theory The nuclear force field CHAPTER 29. THE MOTION OF CHARGES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 29-1 Motion in a uniform electric or magnetic field Momentum analysis An electrostatic lens A magnetic lens The electron microscope Accelerator guide fields Alternating-gradient focusing Motion in crossed electric and magnetic fields 29-8 CHAPTER 31. TENSORS 31-1 The tensor of polarizability Transforming the tensor components The energy ellipsoid Other tensors; the tensor of inertia The cross product The tensor of stress Tensors of higher rank The four-tensor of electromagnetic momentum CHAPTER 32. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DENSE, MATERIALS 32-1 Polarization of matter Maxwell's equations in a dielectric Waves in a dielectric The complex index of refraction The index of a mixture Waves in metals Low-frequency and high-frequency approximations; the skin depth and the plasma frequency CHAPTER 33. REFLECTION FROM SURFACES 33-1 Reflection and refraction of light Waves in dense materials The boundary conditions The reflected and transmitted waves Reflection from metals Total internal reflection CHAPTER 34. THE MAGNETISM OF MATTER 34-1 Diamagnetism and paramagnetism Magnetic moments and angular momentum The precession of atomic magnets Diamagnetism Larmor's theorem Classical physics gives neither diamagnetism nor paramagnetism Angular momentum in quantum mechanics The magnetic energy of atoms CHAPTER 35. PARAMAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE 35-1 Quantized magnetic states The Stern-Gerlach experiment The Rabi molecular-beam method The paramagnetism of bulk materials Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization Nuclear magnetic resonance

5 CHAPTER 36. FERROMAGNETISM CHAPTER 40. THE FLOW OF DRY WATER 36-1 Magnetization currents The fieldh The magnetization curve Iron-core inductances Electromagnets Spontaneous magnetization CHAPTER 37. MAGNETIC MATERIALS 37-1 Understanding ferromagnetism Thermodynamic properties The hysteresis curve Ferromagnetic materials Extraordinary magnetic materials CHAPTER 38. ELASTICITY 38-1 Hooke's law Uniform strains The torsion bar; shear waves The bent beam Bückling CHAPTER 39. ELASTIC MATERIALS 39-1 The tensor of strain The tensor of elasticity The motions in an elastic body Nonelastic behavior Calculating the elastic constants Hydrostatics The equations of motion Steady flow Bernoulli's theorem Circulation Vortex lines CHAPTER 41. THE FLOW OF WET WATER 41-1 Viscosity Viscous flow The Reynolds number Flow past a circular cylinder The limit of zero viscosity Couette flow CHAPTER 42. CURVED SPACE 42-1 Curved Spaces with two dimensions Curvature in three-dimensional space Our space is curved Geometry in space-time Gravity and the principle of equivalence The speed of clocks in a gravitational field The curvature of space-time Motion in curved space-time Einstein's theory of gravitation INDEX 12