Engineering Electromagnetics

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1 Nathan Ida Engineering Electromagnetics With 821 Illustrations Springer

2 Contents Preface vu Vector Algebra Introduction Scalars and Vectors Products of Vectors Definition of Fields Systems of Coordinates Position Vectors 47 Vector Calculus Introduction Integration of Scalar and Vector Functions Differentiation of Scalar and Vector Functions Conservative and Nonconservative Fields Null Vector Identities and Classification of Vector Fields 108 Coulomb's Law and the Electric Field Introduction Charge and Charge Density Coulomb's Law The Electric Field Intensity The Electric Flux Density: An Initial Definition Applications Experiments 163 Gauss's Law and the Electric Potential Introduction The Electrostatic Field: Postulates Gauss's Law The Electric Potential 190 xiii

3 XIV CONTENTS 4.5 Materials in the Electric Field Interface Conditions Capacitance Energy in the Electrostatic Field: Point and Distributed Charges Applications Experiments Boundary Value Problems: Analytic Methods of Solution Introduction Poisson's Equation for the Electrostatic Field Laplace's Equation for the Electrostatic Field Solution Methods Experiments: The Method of Images Boundary Value Problems: Numerical (Approximate) Methods Introduction The General Idea of Numerical Solutions The Finite Difference Method: Solution to the Laplace and Poisson Equations The Method of Moments: An Intuitive Approach The Finite-Element Method: Introduction The Steady Electric Current Introduction Conservation of Charge Conductors, Dielectrics, and Lossy Dielectrics Ohm's Law Power Dissipation and Joule's Law The Continuity Equation and Kirchhoffs Current Law Current Density as a Field Interface Conditions for Current Density Applications Experiments The Static Magnetic Field Introduction The Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Intensity, and Magnetic Flux Density The Biot-Savart Law Ampere's Law Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Flux Postulates of the Static Magnetic Field Potential Functions Applications Experiments 512

4 CONTENTS XV 9 Magnetic Materials and Properties Introduction Magnetic Properties of Materials Magnetic Interface Conditions Inductance and Inductors Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field Magnetic Circuits Forces in the Magnetic Field Torque Applications Experiments Faraday's Law and Induction Introduction Faraday's Law Lenz'sLaw Motional Electromotive Force: The dc Generator Induced emf due to Transformer Action Combined Motional and Transformer Action Electromotive Force The Transformer Eddy Currents Applications Experiments Maxwell's Equations Introduction: The Electromagnetic Field Maxwell's Equations Time-Dependent Potential Functions Interface Conditions for the Electromagnetic Field Particular Forms of Maxwell's Equations Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation Introduction The Wave The Electromagnetic Wave Equation and Its Solution The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Poynting Theorem and Electromagnetic Power Density The Complex Poynting Vector Propagation of Waves in Materials Polarization of Plane Waves Applications Experiments Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves Introduction Reflection and Transmission at a General Dielectric Interface: Normal Incidence 809

5 XVI CONTENTS 13.3 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface: Oblique Incidence on a Conductor Oblique Incidence on Dielectric Interfaces Reflection and Transmission for Layered Materials at Normal Incidence Applications Experiments Theory of Transmission Lines Introduction The Transmission Line Transmission Line Parameters The Transmission Line Equations Types of Transmission Lines The Field Approach to Transmission Lines Finite Transmission Lines Power Relations on a General Transmission Line Resonant Transmission Line Circuits Applications Experiment The Smith Chart, Impedance Matching, and Transmission Line Circuits Introduction The Smith Chart The Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart Impedance Matching and the Smith Chart Quarter-Wavelength Transformer Matching Experiments Transients on Transmission Lines Introduction Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Lossless Transmission Lines Propagation of Narrow Pulses on Finite, Distortionless Transmission Lines Transients on Transmission Lines: Long Pulses Transients on Transmission Lines: Finite-Length Pulses Reflections from Discontinuities Transients on Lines with Reactive Loading Initial Condition on Line Experiments Waveguides Introduction The Concept of a Waveguide Transverse Electromagnetic, Transverse Electric, and Transverse Magnetic Waves TE Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides TM Propagation in Parallel Plate Waveguides 1066

6 CONTENTS XVII 17.6 TEM Waves in Parallel Plate Waveguides Rectangular Waveguides Other Waveguides Cavity Resonators Energy Relations in a Cavity Resonator Quality Factor of a Cavity Resonator Applications Antennas and Electromagnetic Radiation Introduction Electromagnetic Radiation and Radiation Safety Antennas The Electric Dipole Properties of Antennas The Magnetic Dipole Practical Antennas Antenna Arrays Reciprocity and Receiving Antennas Effective Aperture The Radar OtherAntennas Applications 1193 Answers 1203 Index 1215

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