Chapter 9 - Key Issues 1 & 2: Why does development vary among countries? Why does development vary by gender? p

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1 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 1 & 2: Why does development vary among countries? Why does development vary by gender? p Enduring Understanding B. Measures of development are used to understand patterns of social and economic differences at a variety of scales. Learning Objective 1. Explain social and economic measures of development. Social Measures of Development Economic Measures of Development Measures of social and economic development include Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, sectoral structure of an economy, income distribution, fertility rates, infant mortality rates, access to health care, and literacy rates. Sectoral Structure of the Economy & Development LDC NIC MDC Essential Knowledge Measures of gender equality include reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation. Reproductive Health Indices of Empowerment Labor-Market Participation Economy Health Education The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure used to show spatial variation in levels of development. Variations in HDI within Regions Variations in HDI within Countries 1

2 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 1 & 2: Why does development vary among countries? Why does development vary by gender? p Questions for Review 1. Explain the statement: Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution. 2. How is the percentage of workers in agricultural different in LDCs and MDCs? 3. Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors of the economy? 4. Discuss TWO examples of regions where there are variations in levels of development within the region. Explain why the variation exists. 5. Discuss TWO examples of countries with varying levels of development within the country. Explain why the variation exists. 6. Where is gender inequality the highest in the world? Where is gender inequality the lowest in the world? Why? 7. How has gender inequality changed since the 1990s? What regions have shown the greatest improvement? 2

3 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 3: Why are energy resources important for development? p Resource Where is it? Which countries lead the world in production? Which countries lead the world in proven reserves? Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Renewable Energy Key Details Hydroelectric Biomass Fuel Wind Power Geothermal Nuclear Fusion Passive Solar Energy Active Solar Energy 3

4 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 3: Why are energy resources important for development? p Questions for Review 1. Explain the three ways that potential reserves can become proven reserves. 2. Describe the role of OPEC and changes in the price and availability of petroleum. 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source. 4

5 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 4: Why do countries face obstacles to development? p Enduring Understanding B. Measures of development are used to understand patterns of social and economic differences at a variety of scales. Learning Objective 2. Analyze spatial patterns of economic and social development Essential Knowledge Models like Rostow s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein s World System Theory help explain spatial variations in development. Rostow s Stages of Economic Growth Model Elements of Rostow s Model Problems & Criticisms 5

6 Chapter 9 - Key Issues 4: Why do countries face obstacles to development? p Enduring Understanding B. Measures of development are used to understand patterns of social and economic differences at a variety of scales. Learning Objective 2. Analyze spatial patterns of economic and social development Essential Knowledge Models like Rostow s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein s World System Theory help explain spatial variations in development. Wallerstein s World System Theory Elements of Wallerstein s Theory Problems & Criticisms 6

7 Chapter 11 Key Issue 1: Where is industry distributed? p Directions: Shade and label the locations of the principal industrial regions. 7

8 Chapter 11 Key Issue 2: Why are situation and site factors important? p Bulk-Gaining vs. Bulk-Reducing Industry Label which of the following are bulk-gaining industries and which are bulk-reducing industries. 1. Fabrication of parts and machinery 2. Copper mine 3. Machine shops that transform metal into useful products, such as structural metal for buildings and bridges 4. Paper mill 5. Factory that makes motor vehicle parts 6. Auto assembly plants 7. Making TVs, refrigerators, and air conditioners 8. Coca-Cola bottling factory 9. Smelter removes impurities from copper Transportation Explain why industries use different types of transportation. How do expenses differ for each mode of transportation? TRUCKS TRAINS SHIPS AIR List three examples of break-of-bulk points

9 Chapter 11 Key Issues 2: Why are situation and site factors important? p Questions for Review 1. What are the three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry? 2. What is the difference between labor-intensive and high-wage industries? Give an example of each. 3. Why do high-tech firms cluster in California s Silicon Valley? 4. How has land use changed for factories over time? Learning Objective Use Weber s model to explain industrial location. Essential Knowledge Alfred Weber s model of industrial location emphasized the owner s desire to minimize transportation and labor costs and maximize agglomeration economies. 9

10 Chapter 11 Key Issues 4: Why are situation and site factors changing? p Questions for Review 1. Describe both how and why the distribution of industry is changing within the United States. 2. Discuss the factors contributing to the emergence of new industrial regions. Include the following terms in your answer: new international division of labor outsourcing vertical integration 3. Where is most of the world s future growth in manufacturing expected to take place? 4. What is just-in-time delivery? How can labor unrest, traffic, and natural hazards disrupt reliance on just-in-time delivery? 10