Urbanization and globalization

Transcription

1 Urbanization and globalization Stuart H. Sweeney Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara Overview P/D/U/E in the news Urbanization processes (R/U) Settlement systems (single country, multicity) Globalization (multicountry, multicity) Winter 24 P/D/U/E interactions Urbanization processes processes (B,D,M) patterns Development processes patterns Trends Types of cities Urbanization processes patterns Environment processesl,h,a,b patterns Two sector model (ruralurban) Balanced urbanization / complex problems Urbanization processes: Trends Urbanization processes: Trends urbanization long run settlement history huntergatherer agricultural revolution villages urban is feature of the settlement system but is not the dominant form modern urbanization 18 to present acceleration in urban / rural balance

2 History of Selected Capitals of Preindustrial Epoch Urbanization processes: Trends Location Rome Alexandria Mexico City Baghdad Urbanization processes: Types of cities Why do cities exist? Trading cities Market cities Industrial cities Other pure functions (government, religion, outpost) Urbanization processes: Twosector model (R U) Period Comment A.D , 5, 4, 35, 17, 33, 35, 19, World's largest city Barbarian invasions , 1, Sixth largest in world After several sieges plundered by Cypriotes , 3, 75, , 1,1, , Pope returned from exile 4, "Heaps of ruins" 9, 3, Spanish conquest begins After destruction by Spaniards Rebuilt Caliphate established in A.D. 75 World's largest city Declining power of Caliphate Tenth largest in world Sacked by Mongols Tamerlane attacks; city sacked in 141 Urbanization processes: Twosector model (R U) Is there a pattern for urbanization trajectories? Is that pattern related to context of urbanization? Yes, logistic growth curve Yes, development context and historical period. (U.S. 1/4 to 1/25) Rapid urbanization can be problematic Urbanization processes: Twosector model (R U) Push factors: (Why leave the rural sector?) Pull factors: (What is the utility of urban areas?) 1. High birth rates & surplus labor 1. Agglomeration safety net, land tenure laws, famines 2. Labor saving technologies 3. Consumer tastes (parity ratio for agricultural sector) 4. Economic viability of small farms low prices, price fluctuations, government intervention, mechanization and credit crunch. internal versus external scale economies 2. City as engine of growth (base multiplier concept) employment is selfreinforcing (positive feedback) 3. Decision context of potential rural to urban migrant choice under uncertainty expected probability of employment in rural versus urban expected wage rate in rural versus urban vagaries of youth and perceived immortality

3 Urbanization processes: Twosector model (R U) Urbanization processes: Twosector model (R U) Economic context: urbanization & sectoral composition 1. Primary sector: agriculture, mining, lumber, livestock 2. Secondary sector: manufacturing 3. Tertiary sector: services 4. Quaternary sector: research & administration Urbanization processes: Balanced urbanization / complexity What types of problems are related to urbanization? Problems with rapid growth (inmigration) Ghettos / shanty towns urban services and infrastructure perception and migration decisions Problems of advanced urban areas urban core (CBD) outmigration decreasing returns to scale crime, congestion, pollution

4 Settlement Systems: size rule Settlement Systems: size rule Settlement chains = rank size distribution size rule 25,, 2,, Hypothetical size Distribution Hypothetical perfect rank size dist. a. P(rank) = P(1)/rank, let rank=r 15,, 1,, b. P(r) = a r b 5,, c. ln(p(r)) = ln(a) b ln(r) Examples 1,, Hypothetical size Distribution 25,, Hypothetical size Distribution Implication: binary and primate distributions 1,, 1,, 2,, y = 2E+7x 1 R 2 = 1 1, 1, 1, 15,, 1,, 1 1 5,,

5 Settlement Systems: size rule Settlement Systems: size rule size Distribution of 199 MAs Oregon: size Distribution of 199 Places Empirical distribution for U.S. metro areas Empirical distribution for Oregon places size Distribution of 199 MAs size Distribution of 199 MAs Oregon: size Distribution of 199 Places Oregon: size Distribution of 199 Places y = 5E+7x R 2 = y = 3E+6x R 2 = Centrality : minimum market size needed to earn profit : max. dist. consumer is willing to travel to purchase product. Delivered Price Demand Demand Distance Price Distance

6 Assumptions: 1. Uniform spatial distribution of population/income 2. Isotropic transport surface 3. Consumers patronize nearest store 4. No excess profits (range=threshold) Given 14, spatial equilibrium yields hexagonal trade areas

7 Central Place Theory (cont.) Relax Assumptions: > /income variation > Transport surface > Consumer behavior > Profits