REMOTE SENSING OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR SOURCES AND SINKS
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1 REMOTE SENSING OF GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR SOURCES AND SINKS André Butz Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IMK-ASF, Karlsruhe, Germany Arne Babenhauserheide, Marco Bertleff, Rarmiro Checa-Garcia, Philipp Hahne, Frank Hase, Friedrich Klappenbach, Julian Kostinek, IMK-ASF, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany; Ilse Aben, Otto Hasekamp, Jochen Landgraf, Arno de Lange, Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON),Utrecht, The Netherlands; André Galli, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Sourish Basu, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Data download: ssh KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
2 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] 2 André Butz - RemoteC
3 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] 3 André Butz - RemoteC
4 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] [IPCC, AR5, 2013] 4 André Butz - RemoteC
5 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] 5 André Butz - RemoteC
6 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [Ballantyne, Nature, 2012] [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] 6 André Butz - RemoteC
7 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [Ballantyne, Nature, 2012] ocean [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960] 7 André Butz - RemoteC land
8 Man-made greenhouse gases and climate [Ballantyne, Nature, 2012] ocean [ Keeling, Tellus, 1960]? land 8 André Butz - RemoteC
9 Regional scales without anthropogenic emissions [Schulze et al., Nature Geosci., 2009] 9 André Butz - RemoteC
10 Regional scales without anthropogenic emissions Uncertainties [Schulze et al., Nature Geosci., 2009] 10 André Butz - RemoteC
11 Overall goal Quantify GHG sources and sinks on regional scales (process understanding, management options, mitigation evaluation). Gain understanding in how processes change in a changing climate. Better project climate change. 11 André Butz - RemoteC
12 Overall goal Quantify GHG sources and sinks on regional scales (process understanding, management options, mitigation evaluation). Gain understanding in how processes change in a changing climate. How does the Eurasian How dynamic is the biosphere Better react project on climate seasonal change. C-cylce in extreme temperatures? South-East Asia? [Guerlet et al., GRL, 2013] [Basu et al., GRL, 2014] 12 André Butz - RemoteC
13 Height Remote sensing of GHG: satellite + ground-based CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Height Concentration EARTH Sensitivity 13 André Butz - RemoteC
14 Remote sensing of GHG: satellite + ground-based 14 André Butz - RemoteC
15 Remote sensing of GHG: satellite + ground-based [Updated from Butz et al., GRL, 2011, and Guerlet et al., JGR, 2013] 15 André Butz - RemoteC
16 Global view: RemoTeC - GOSAT GOSAT = Greenhouse Gases Observing satellite RemoTeC GOSAT: northern hemisphere RemoTeC GOSAT: southern hemisphere 16 André Butz - RemoteC
17 Local-regional view: RemoteC - GroundBased (Cape Town) (Bremerhaven) 17 André Butz - RemoteC
18 Local-regional view: RemoteC - GroundBased Small and fast suntracker Feedback timescale: ~20 ms Tracking accuracy (onboard, 1-s): ~1/100 Sun diameter 18 André Butz - RemoteC
19 Local-regional view: RemoteC - GroundBased Small and fast suntracker Onboard performance Feedback timescale: ~20 ms Tracking accuracy (onboard, 1-s): ~1/100 Sun diameter Following Gisi et al., AMT, André Butz - RemoteC
20 Local-regional view: RemoteC - GroundBased (Cape Town) (Bremerhaven) 20 André Butz - RemoteC
21 Reduced northern hemisphere carbon uptake in summer 2010 : RemoTeC - GOSAT Guerlet al., GRL, André Butz - RemoteC
22 Reduced northern hemisphere carbon uptake in summer 2010 : RemoTeC - GOSAT Emission anomaly corresponding to concentration anomaly! Guerlet al., GRL, André Butz - RemoteC
23 Reduced northern hemisphere carbon uptake in summer 2010 : RemoTeC - GOSAT Emission anomaly corresponding to concentration anomaly! Impact of Eurasian heat wave on carbon cycle source/sink difference 2009-vs-2010: Guerlet al., GRL, 2013 RemoTeC + in-situ data: ± 0.20 PgC (Eurasia, Apr-Sep) in-situ data alone: ± 0.38 PgC (Eurasia, Apr-Sep) 23 André Butz - RemoteC
24 More dynamic C-Cycle in tropical South-east Asia: RemoTeC - GOSAT GOSAT observed! Expected from C-cycle model and surface observations! Basu et al., GRL, André Butz - RemoteC
25 More dynamic C-Cycle in tropical South-east Asia: RemoTeC - GOSAT GOSAT observed! Expected from C-cycle model and surface observations! Basu et al., GRL, 2014 C-cycle 50% more dynamic than in biosphere model. 25 André Butz - RemoteC
26 More dynamic C-Cycle in tropical South-east Asia: RemoTeC - GOSAT GOSAT observed! Expected from C-cycle model and surface observations! ocean Basu et al., GRL, 2014 C-cycle 50% more dynamic than in biosphere model. land? 26 André Butz - RemoteC
27 Remote sensing of GHG: satellite + ground-based 27 André Butz - RemoteC Accurate spectroscopic parameters is at the heart of any remote sensing method.
28 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT O 2 A - band 28 André Butz - RemoteC
29 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT O 2 A - band LM+CIA acknowledgement: J-M. Hartmann, Ha Tran, J. Lamouroux Line-mixing model required. 29 André Butz - RemoteC
30 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT O 2 A - band Butz et al., AMT, 2013 Retrieved [O 2 ] is ~3% too high and time variable: - temporal variability: satellite calibration - ~3% scaling factor: spectroscopy 30 André Butz - RemoteC
31 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT W2 SWIR CO 2 bands W3 W4 W5 W6 31 André Butz - RemoteC
32 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT W2 SWIR CO 2 bands W3 to 0.33% consistent with W2 W4 to 1.57% consistent with W2 W5 to 2.22% consistent with W2 W6 to 0.17% consistent with W2 32 André Butz - RemoteC Butz et al., AMT, 2013
33 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT W2 SWIR CO 2 bands W3 W4 OCO-2 to 0.33% consistent with W2 to 1.57% consistent with W2 W5 W6 CarbonSat (?) to 2.22% consistent with W2 to 0.17% consistent with W2 33 André Butz - RemoteC Butz et al., AMT, 2013
34 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT SWIR + TIR CH 4 34 André Butz - RemoteC
35 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT SWIR + TIR CH 4 Combining SWIR and TIR height sensitivities yields CH 4 profile information (separate surface layer from rest!) 35 André Butz - RemoteC
36 Spectroscopy: lessons learned from GOSAT SWIR + TIR CH 4 36 André Butz - RemoteC TIR-CH 4 biased (~4.7%) while SWIR-CH 4 almost unbiased (<0.5%) wrt. to validation. First need to make TIR and SWIR spectroscopy consistent.
37 Time Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 Jan ~ 2014 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) ~ 2016 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? ~ 2020 ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) 37 André Butz - RemoteC
38 Time Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 Jan ~ 2014 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) SWIR CH 4 ~ 2016 ~ 2020 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) 38 André Butz - RemoteC
39 Time Spectral resolution Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) Jan JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] How many degrees of freedom ~ 2014 NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) for CH 4 profile retrieval? DFS SWIR CH 4 ~ 2016 ~ 2020 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) DFS (CH 4 ) KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) 39 André Butz - RemoteC
40 Time Spectral resolution Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) Jan JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] True profile: blue Retrieved profile: red How many degrees of freedom ~ 2014 NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) Apriori for CH profile: 4 profile green retrieval? DFS SWIR CH 4 ~ 2016 Perfect spectroscopy SNR = 950 FWHM = 0.1 cm -1 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? DFS (CH 4 ) ~ 2020 ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) 40 André Butz - RemoteC
41 Time Spectral resolution Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) Jan JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] True profile: blue Retrieved profile: red How many degrees of freedom ~ 2014 NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) Apriori for CH profile: 4 profile green retrieval? DFS ~ 2016 Perfect spectroscopy SNR = 950 FWHM = 0.1 cm -1 ~ 2020 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? Dg air = 1% ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) SNR = 1000 FWHM = 0.05 cm -1 KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) DFS (CH 4 ) 41 André Butz - RemoteC
42 Time Spectral resolution Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions 2002 ESA - SCIAMACHY (CH 4 + CO 2 ) Jan JAXA - GOSAT (CO 2 + CH 4 ) [NASA - OCO (CO 2 ), launch failure] True profile: blue Retrieved profile: red How many degrees of freedom ~ 2014 NASA - OCO-2 (CO 2 ) Apriori for CH profile: 4 profile green retrieval? DFS ~ 2016 Perfect spectroscopy SNR = 950 FWHM = 0.1 cm -1 ~ 2020 ESA - Precursor Sentinel-5 (CH 4 ) JAXA - GOSAT-2? CAS - TanSat? ESA - CarbonSat? NASA - OCO-3? ESA/CNES - MicroCarb? DLR/CNES Merlin? Dg air = 3% ESA - Sentinel-5 (CH 4 + CO 2?) SNR = 1000 FWHM = 0.05 cm -1 KIT/DLR Geostationary Emission Explorer for Europe (G3E) DFS (CH 4 ) 42 André Butz - RemoteC
43 Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions SWIR CH 4 Fitting residual of ground-based high-resolution FTS Karlsruhe) 43 André Butz - RemoteC Interpolate in geometry and H 2 O load, convolve by satellite ILS and add to simulated satellite measurement
44 Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions SWIR CH 4 Fitting residual of ground-based high-resolution FTS Karlsruhe) FWHM = 0.25 nm 44 André Butz - RemoteC Interpolate in geometry and H 2 O load, convolve by satellite ILS and add to simulated satellite measurement
45 Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions SWIR CH 4 Fitting residual of ground-based high-resolution FTS Karlsruhe) FWHM = 0.25 nm FWHM = nm Interpolate in geometry and H 2 O load, convolve by satellite ILS and add to simulated satellite measurement 45 André Butz - RemoteC
46 Spectroscopy: requirements for future missions SWIR CH 4 Activities already ongoing to improve SWIR CH 4 related spectroscopic parameters Fitting residual of ground-based high-resolution FTS Karlsruhe) FWHM = 0.25 nm FWHM = nm Interpolate in geometry and H 2 O load, convolve by satellite ILS and add to simulated satellite measurement 46 André Butz - RemoteC
47 Summary Better understanding of sources and sinks of CO 2 and CH 4 on regional scales: Tool: remote sensing from satellite and ground Prototype case studies: Eurasian heatwave, C-cylce amplitude in tropical South-East Asia GOSAT, OCO-2 and future missions: accurate spectroscopy required - line mixing, line strengths, line broadening - consistency among various spectral bands (SWIR, TIR) - interference between overlapping absorption at low spectral resolution Looking forward to OCO-2 47 André Butz - RemoteC
48 This is an empty slide. 48 André Butz - RemoteC
49 So far: in-situ ground-based observations Atmospheric in-situ sampling sites (Globalview) [Location data from 49 André Butz - RemoteC
50 Height Upcoming: Remote sensing of XCO 2 and XCH 4 Atmospheric in-situ sampling sites (Globalview) [Location data from Sensitivity + Takahashi et al., pco 2 in surface water. 50 André Butz - RemoteC
51 Height Remote sensing of GHG: satellite + ground-based CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Height Concentration EARTH Sensitivity 51 André Butz - RemoteC
52 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration EARTH Sensitivity 52 André Butz - RemoteC
53 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration EARTH Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 53 André Butz - RemoteC
54 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration [Butz et al., AMT, 2013] EARTH Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 54 André Butz - RemoteC
55 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration [Butz et al., AMT, 2013] Ocean Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 55 André Butz - RemoteC
56 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration [Butz et al., AMT, 2013] Ocean Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 56 André Butz - RemoteC
57 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration Ocean Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 57 André Butz - RemoteC
58 Height Remote sensing of GHG: solar backscatter CH 4 CO 2 O 2 Lightpath shortening ( screening the lower atmosphere ) Height Concentration Ocean Lightpath enhancement ( multiple transects of the lower atmosphere ) Sensitivity 58 André Butz - RemoteC
59 RemoTeC Need to calculate the backscattered radiance I for wavelengths, ie. solve the radiative transfer equation: Change in radiance along path s extinction = - absorption + emission - due to + scatttering volume scattering into beam direction di I I I Linear-k RT speed-up: line-by-line: 5x10 4 RT runs linear-k : 4x10 2 RT runs (O 2 A ~ 20, wco 2 ~ 50, CH 4 ~ 50, sco 2 ~ 300) [Hasekamp et al., JQSRT, 2002; JGR, 2005, Hasekamp and Butz, JGR, 2008] 59 André Butz - RemoteC
60 RemoTeC - GOSAT Scattering info (O 2 fixed), fluorescence Offline cirrus info CO 2 info CH 4 info 60 André Butz - RemoteC RemoTeC retrieves: CO 2 + scattering info XCO 2, XCH 4, particle amount N s, particle size a s, particle height z s, surface parameters, instrument parameters, plant fluorescence (PhD P. Hahne).
61 Performance simulations: RemoTeC GOSAT Global simulations: - AOT from MODIS - Aerosol type, size, height from ECHAM5-HAM - Cirrus optical thickness, height from CALIPSO - Albedo from MODIS and SCIAMACHY - CO 2 concentration profile from CARBONTRACKER - CH 4 concentration profile from TM4 standard deviation [Butz et al., JGR, 2010] median 61 André Butz - RemoteC
62 Performance simulations: RemoTeC GOSAT CH 4 retrieval error if particle scattering is neglected [Butz et al., JGR, 2010; RSE, 2012] 62 André Butz - RemoteC
63 Performance simulations: RemoTeC GOSAT CH 4 retrieval error if RemoTeC-GOSAT is used [Butz et al., JGR, 2010 ; RSE, 2012] 63 André Butz - RemoteC
64 Performance simulations: RemoTeC GOSAT CH 4 retrieval error if RemoTeC-GOSAT is used Performance evaluation conducted for a range of satellites: SCIAMACHY GOSAT OCO(-2) Sentinel-5 Precursor Sentinel 5 (R. Checa-Garcia, C. Fischerkeller) [Butz et al., JGR, 2010 ; RSE, 2012] 64 André Butz - RemoteC
65 Global routine processing: RemoTeC - GOSAT RemoTeC GOSAT: northern hemisphere RemoTeC GOSAT: northern hemisphere RemoTeC GOSAT: southern hemisphere 65 [Graven et al., Science, 2013] André Butz - RemoteC
![A, 2011] BC: bias correction (corrects for 1ppm CO](/docs-images/77/76633628/images/66-5.jpg "2 bias between ocean and land) [Basu et al.")
66 Performance validation: right place? [Wunch et al., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 2011] BC: bias correction (corrects for 1ppm CO 2 bias between ocean and land) [Basu et al., ACP, 2013] 66 André Butz - RemoteC
67 Mobile ground-based remote sensing Conventional grating setup: to be deployed on Polarstern (March 2014) Spec Grating Focallength Value 950l/mm (conventional) 508 mm F-Number 17 Slit 10 µm Resolution 0.08 nm (FWHM) 67 André Butz - RemoteC Detector NIR 2D Array (Goldeye)
![150 200 250 300 68 Spectral Pix André Butz - RemoteC Spectral dimension (~1610 ~1630 nm) / pixel Intensity [AU] Spec Grating](/docs-images/77/76633628/images/68-5.jpg "Focallength F-Number 17 Value 950l/mm (conventional) 508 mm Slit 10 µm Resolution Detector 0.")
68 Spatial dimension (slit height) / pixel Mobile ground-based remote sensing Conventional grating setup: to be deployed on Polarstern (March 2014) LVL0 Product Spaital Pix (slit hight) Spectral Pix André Butz - RemoteC Spectral dimension (~1610 ~1630 nm) / pixel Intensity [AU] Spec Grating Focallength F-Number 17 Value 950l/mm (conventional) 508 mm Slit 10 µm Resolution Detector 0.08 nm (FWHM) NIR 2D Array (Goldeye)
69 Mobile ground-based remote sensing April 1, 2014, 28.1 N, 15.1 W Quick look analysis by ground-based version of RemoTeC O 1270 nm CO 1585 nm 69 André Butz - RemoteC
70 Mobile ground-based remote sensing April 1, 2014, 28.1 N, 15.1 W Quick look analysis by ground-based version of RemoTeC O 1270 nm - Oversampling (via 2D detector) - Baseline issues (Etalon?, ILS?) - So far: ad-hoc Gaussian ILS CO 1585 nm 70 André Butz - RemoteC
71 Mobile ground-based remote sensing Small and fast suntracker Feedback timescale: ~20 ms Tracking accuracy (onboard, 1-s): ~1/100 Sun diameter 71 André Butz - RemoteC
72 Mobile ground-based remote sensing Small and fast suntracker Onboard performance Feedback timescale: ~20 ms Tracking accuracy (onboard, 1-s): ~1/100 Sun diameter Following Gisi et al., AMT, André Butz - RemoteC
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