Igneous Processes I: Igneous Rock Formation, Compositions, and Textures
|
|
- Benjamin Russell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Igneous Processes I: Igneous Rock Formation, Compositions, and Textures
2 Crustal Abundances of Rock Types
3 Igneous Rocks Form by the cooling and hardening (crystallization/glassification) of magma. There are 2 categories: ( ): Most magma crystallizes before it can reach the surface, producing large rock deposits called. ( ): Some magma (aka lava) reaches the surface at least partially molten, producing eruptions and volcanoes.
4 Classifying Igneous Rocks Classification of igneous rocks is based on the following four factors: 1. : types and abundances of different minerals and non-minerals. A magma evolves and changes composition as it moves and cools. 2. : sizes, shapes, and boundary relationships of the mineral grains and other components (i.e. flow patterns) 3. Method of : Temperature at eruption and/or rate of cooling in a magma chamber. This will mostly affect the texture and types of minerals present. 4. Magmatic : determines final product that on Earth s surface appears
5 1. Composition Pahoehoe flow, Hawaii Magma (or lava if erupted to the surface) is composed of liquid, solid (mineral crystals) and gas. Its composition is largely controlled by its. Glassy Scoria Obsidian flow, Oregon
6 Igneous Composition Various igneous environments will produce magmas which differ in silica content and the abundances of metals such as Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and K. : poor in silica (SiO 2 ) (~50%), rich in Fe, Mg, Ca, poor in Na and K : rich in silica (~70%), poor in Fe, Mg, Ca, rich in Na and K : between mafic and felsic : beyond mafic, even more mafic than mafic (rare at Earth s surface) Mafic Felsic
7 Igneous Composition
8 (Mafic) (Intermediate) (Felsic) Magmas are subdivided largely by content. As silica content increases, iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) content decreases. Lighter elements, such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content follow the silica trends. Chemical compositions are often described in terms of oxides.
9 Recognizing Igneous Composition Common minerals in igneous rocks: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, micas, feldspars, and quartz. Mafic minerals tend to be, whereas felsic minerals tend to be. Exception: volcanic, such as obsidian. The color of the glass is misleading. Obsidian is felsic, but is usually black in color.
10 Silicate Behavior Bowen (1925) recognized that mafic minerals tend to have higher points and less polymerization ( ) between silicate tetrahedra. Bowen s Reaction Series summarizes these trends, along with the effects of dissolution, precipitation, and solid-state diffusion in determining which minerals will be produced for a magma of a given bulk composition.
11 As magma cools, minerals form at different. Along the discontinuous series, there are distinct steps at which minerals will begin crystallizing (and perhaps later dissolving). Along the continuous series, the composition of the plagioclase shifts from Ca-rich to Na-rich.
12
13 The steps described by Bowen s Reaction Series may be interrupted if temperatures fall too quickly. Olivine, for example, may only be partially dissolved before the texture and composition becomes frozen when the reaction rates are too slow. Microscopic vies of an olivine crystal with partially dissolved edges. This indicates that the temperature of the magma at the time this lava was erupted was too low for olivine to be stable. Such features are themselves useful in determining the conditions under which the rock formed.
14 The continuous replacement of high-temperature Ca-spar by lowtemperature Na-spar often is incomplete, since it relies upon very slow diffusion of atoms through already-solid crystals. The result is zoned plagioclase feldspar, with Ca-rich centers and Na-rich rims.
15 Changes in Bulk Chemistry Fractionation: materials are during solidification. This can change the composition of the melts in addition to simple cooling. Several fractionation processes: 1) Gravitational of initial solids 2) Flow as the magma moves 3) Filter pressing of residual fluid 4) Loss of (water, gases) along with readily-dissolved elements which don t fit well in the crystallizing silicate minerals 5) that partially empty the magma chamber
16
17 This makes the remaining melt more, while the settled crystals at the bottom of the chamber are More Felsic More Mafic Differentiation of magma can occur from fractional crystallization involving the more. removal of crystals as they accumulate. The solid phase will have a composition that is relatively more mafic than the remaining melt phase.
18 Magmatic differentiation of magma by fractional crystallization. Note how the composition of the magma changes as more mineral crystals form. Think of the yellow atoms forming to Fe-Mg silicate minerals that crystallize first during the differentiation process. Think of the red atoms comprising the silica-rich melt.
19 Gold ore in a quartz vein Several metals of economic interest, such as gold, silver, and copper, do not fit well in the growing silicate minerals. Instead, they often are carried away from the magma in and become deposited in cracks ( ) as pressures and temperatures decrease towards the surface. Silica also is carried this way, precipitating as.
20 Igneous Rock Classification Ultra- Mafic Mafic Felsic
21 Silica Content and Color silica rocks (felsic) are light in color (pale grey to pink). silica rocks (mafic) are dark (due to more dark minerals containing Mg and Fe) Low Silica Medium Silica High Silica Extrusive Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Intrusive Gabbro Granite Diorite
22 Silica Content and Viscosity Even when molten, the silicate tetrahedra will form. These will become entangled and inhibit. Over the range of silica content, this extent of tangling results in a change of about seven orders of magnitude in viscosity (10,000,000x). Mafic (basaltic) magmas can flow almost like water. Felsic (rhyolitic) magmas are far more sluggish than toothpaste.
23 Silica Content and Viscosity
24 Silica content and Volcano Type High silica volcanoes are, due to build-up of pressure within volcano. Viscous lava won t flow far, so volcanoes are tall and pointy ( ). Low silica volcanoes are non-explosive. Lava is runny, so volcanoes are broad and non-pointy ( shape)
25 Mafic lavas often erupt in a gentle fashion. Their low viscosities make it less likely that will build to the point of explosiveness. Due to their low viscosities, basaltic composition magma (lava) can flow great distances from its vent.
26 Intermediate and felsic lavas often erupt with great violence in large part because gases cannot easily escape them. When they do not explode, they instead ooze slowly and do not travel far.
27 Rhyolite/dacite flows will retain steep slope fronts because of their high viscosity.
28 Summary of Trends with Composition Mafic (Basalt/Gabbro) Density about 3.3 g/cm 3 Felsic (Rhyolite/Granite) Density about 2.7 g/cm 3 Crystallization ~ o C Silica (SiO 2 ) Rock color = dark grey to black viscosity Typically eruptions Volcanoes (low, wide) Crystallization ~ o C Silica Rock color = pale grey/pink viscosity Typically eruptions (tall, pointy)
29
30 2. Igneous Textures Slow cooling produces large grains. Rapid cooling produces small (or no) grains. Terms for Crystal Size: Phaneritic: visible to unaided eye, coarse-grained. Usually. Aphanitic: crystalline, but crystals not visible, finegrained. Usually. Glassy: not crystalline.. Porphyritic: coarse grains (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine grains (groundmass). Began crystallizing underground, then erupted and finished solidifying on surface..
31 Composition: Mafic Intermediate Felsic Rock Name: Gabbro Diorite Granite Phaneritic igneous rocks crystallize slowly (usually underground). The rock name depends on the chemical composition and whether it is intrusive or extrusive.
32 Phaneritic grains are distinguishable to the unaided eye. This rock contains quartz (light gray), plagioclase feldspar (white) and biotite (black) crystals. A pink granite is dominated by potassium feldspar (pink crystals), quartz (gray glassy appearance), plagioclase (porcelain white mineral) and biotite (black sheets). Aphanitic rocks contain mineral grains which are too small to distinguish clearly with the unaided eye. Same magnification as the previous image.
33 Snowflake obsidian Obsidian with conchoidal fracture Obsidian has a glassy texture because it cools to form crystals. It may contain isolated mineral grains (i.e. snowflake obsidian) or even an abundance of submicroscopic crystal seeds (crystallites), but it is mostly amorphous, lacking the long-range of crystal structure. Obsidian usually exhibits conchoidal fracture (Obsidian has often been used to make arrowheads).
34 Porphyritic rock is partially coarse and partially fine. The large (crystals within the fine-grained matrix) formed first, slowly, in the magma chamber. Then the rock was erupted before it fully crystallized, so the matrix (groundmass) is very fine-grained. This is often referred to a cooling. process
35 Sample Igneous Textures and Where they Form.
36 Other Igneous Textures Pyroclastic Broken by Fire : Violent volcanic eruptions produce an explosive spray of lava which hardens (at least partially) while in. The resulting fragments may or may not to one another upon landing, but usually retain the outlines of their initial crusts. Individual particles range from dust-sized, called, to building-sized, called, and are typically a mixture of minerals and glass.
37 The ash and other volcanic derived clasts can become welded together by heat to form fine-grained tuff or coarse-grained volcanic breccia. Volcanic ash (tephra) derived from the Mount Mazama (Crater Lake, Oregon) eruption 6800 years ago. thin section of a welded tuff (ash)
38 Volcanic Bombs: molten rock aerodynamically shaped due lava while in flight. Can be any size Volcanic Breccia Hand Sample of a breccia
39 Other Igneous Textures Vesicular: As a magma approaches the surface, it undergoes decompression and cooling. This its ability to hold various gases (H 2 O, CO, CO 2, etc.) in solution. These gases will separate as which will either escape or remain trapped as the magma hardens around them. Trapped bubbles are called vesicles. If the frozen bubbles are large enough, they can later contain, which can crystallize and form geodes.
40 Pumice or scoria (darker) form when gas bubbles are in rapidly cooling pyroclastic materials. The rocks are glassy and frothy. often forms in basaltic magmas where gases are escaping often near the tops of flows. Bubble size can get quite large, since the lower viscosity lavas allow gases to coalesce into larger bubbles compared to a felsic lava (which will form pumice). Scorias can be a deep red when the iron in the mafic lava is oxidized by the escaping volatiles.
41 Other Igneous Textures Aa Flow (Think about what you would say if you had to walk on this aa flow (ah, ah). Pahoehoe (ropey textured) basalt flows have a viscosity than aa (blocky textured) flows, which have degassed and. Pahoehoe Flow (Smooth word, smooth flow). Pele's is abundant around Halema'uma'u Crater, and originates from the active, spattering lava lake. When the lava spatters into the air, some of it stretches into thin fibers, which quickly cool into amber strands of glass, and can be carried off by the wind. (USGS/Hawaiian Volcano Observatory)
42 Other Igneous Textures Pillow Basalts: when basaltic lava erupts underwater or flows into water, it will form into pillow-like shapes, often with a rind, since the exterior of the pillow is in contact with cold water and rapidly.
43 Other Igneous Textures Columnar Jointing: fracture pattern into the shape of hexagonal columns that happens when lava (usually basaltic) cools and. The columns will be to the cooling surfaces, such as the air and ground.
44 Interaction with continental material is required for the production of magmas. 4. Typical Magmatic Sources The mantle is ultramafic. Extensive melting can produce ultramafic magmas, but this is fairly rare. Routine melting produces magmas. Partial melting of subducting oceanic crust (mafic) and its associated sediments produces mafic and magmas.
45 Typical Magmatic Sources
46 Sources of Magma In nearly all of the crust and mantle, temperatures are too for melting to occur at the surrounding. Magma production occurs when: Warm rock travels (decompression melting), as at divergent zones and hotspots, or Cold rock is forced downwards and absorbs from its new surroundings, as at subduction zones
47 in the melt will lower the melting temperature of the rock. Mafic Magma Formation Mafic magma forms from a partial melt of the ultra-mafic asthenosphere, which occurs at a depth ( km). Melting temperature is dependent upon pressure ( ) and of the rock involved. Only a small fraction ( ) of the rock actually melts the portion with the lowest melting point. The melt is a -density mafic magma from an ultramafic starting material. This magma will tend to rise due to buoyancy.
48 Mafic magma forms at four different tectonic settings. Mafic (basaltic) magma is always derived from a partial melt of the ultramafic asthenosphere.
49 Felsic Magma Formation Felsic (granitic) magma forms from a partial melt of crust, which contains dissolved water. Dissolved water content in a magma reduces its melting temperature with increasing pressure (water molecules will inhibit the silicate tetrahedra from forming ). Melting occurs at a depth of km within continental crust.
50 Felsic Magma Formation at Continent- Continent Boundaries Granitic composition magma is produced at continental collision margins. As the continental crust thickens it begins to partially melt at depth. Granite intrusions (felsic ) form below the mountain belts. As collisional tectonic mountain ranges are uplifted, the overlying marine sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are eroded exposing the underlying granitic plutons.
51 Granitic composition magma reaches the surface in Yellowstone Park because the continental crust is being melted closer to the surface by upwelling magma generated from a in the asthenosphere.
52 Intermediate Magma Formation Intermediate ( ) composition magma can crystallize below the surface beneath subduction zones and create large coarse-grained plutonic bodies. Compositions can range from granite to diorite. El Capitan shown on the left is part of the Sierra Nevada intrusive complex that formed over 90 million years ago when a subduction zone existed along the margin of California. The plutonic bodies comprising the Sierra Nevada are similar in origin to the plutonic bodies forming under the modern Cascades. Grano-diorite rock from the Sierra Nevada
53 Andesitic magma is produced from a partial melt of crust along zones. Introduction of forced out of the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the upper mantle, which rises and partially melts the overlying crust. In an ocean-continental convergent margin it may mix with partially melted continental crust, increasing the magma s silica content (becomes more felsic). Mount St. Helens dacites are more silica rich than Mt. Rainier andesite, likely due to continental source.
Rocks. 1) igneous = fiery 2) sedimentary = settled 3) metamorphic = changed form
Rocks Identified on the basis of composition and texture (arrangement of features). Classification depends on description and interpretation of these features. Three major categories: 1) igneous = fiery
More informationThe Nature of Igneous Rocks
The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter (3) Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
More informationImagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.
A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation
More informationEPS 50 Lab 2: Igneous Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 4
Name: EPS 50 Lab 2: Igneous Rocks Grotzinger and Jordan, Chapter 4 Introduction In the previous lab, we learned about mineral characteristics, properties and identities as well as the three basic rock
More informationLecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma
More informationRocks. Types of Rocks
Rocks Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. 1 Igneous rocks, Types of Rocks Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. 2 1 3 4 2 IGNEOUS
More informationEssentials of Geology, 11e
Essentials of Geology, 11e Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity Chapter 3 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Characteristics
More informationGLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts 1 About Igneous Rocks Igneous
More informationPlate tectonics, rock cycle
Dikes, Antarctica Rock Cycle Plate tectonics, rock cycle The Rock Cycle A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationLab 4 - Identification of Igneous Rocks
Lab 4 - Identification of Igneous Rocks Page - Introduction A rock is a substance made up of one or more different minerals. Thus an essential part of rock identification is the ability to correctly recognize
More informationEarth Science 11: Earth Materials: Rock Cycle
Name: Date: Earth Science 11: Earth Materials: Rock Cycle Chapter 2, pages 44 to 46 2.1: Rock Cycle What is a Rock? A solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More informationIgneous Rock. Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere
Igneous Rock Magma Molten rock under the surface Temperature = 600 o 1400 o C Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere Magma chamber - most all magma consists of silicon and oxygen (silicate)
More informationBlock: Igneous Rocks. From this list, select the terms which answer the following questions.
Geology 12 Name: Mix and Match: Igneous Rocks Refer to the following list. Block: porphyritic volatiles mafic glassy magma mixing concordant discontinuous reaction series igneous vesicular partial melting
More informationLab 3 - Identification of Igneous Rocks
Lab 3 - Identification of Igneous Rocks Page - 1 Introduction A rock is a substance made up of one or more different minerals. Thus an essential part of rock identification is the ability to correctly
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 5 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 3 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More informationThursday, October 4 th
Thursday, October 4 th Objective: We will use and define the different ways to classify igneous rocks. Warm-up: 1. Which type of lava is most viscous? 2. Which type of lava has the least amount of silicate?
More informationThe 3 types of rocks:
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity The 3 types of rocks:! Sedimentary! Igneous! Metamorphic Marble 1 10/7/15 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Come from rocks sediments (rock fragments, sand, silt, etc.) Fossils
More informationThe Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Igneous rocks form as molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. Magma is completely or partly molten
More informationChapter 4 8/27/2013. Igneous Rocks. and Intrusive Igneous Activity. Introduction. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava
Introduction Chapter 4 Igneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (or lava). Large parts of the continents and all the oceanic crust are composed of. and Intrusive Igneous Activity The Properties and Behavior
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011
More informationA Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals.
Quartz A Rock is a solid aggregate of minerals. Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Biotite Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite. The average automobile contains: Minerals
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Presentation modified from: Instructor Resource Center on CD-ROM, Foundations of Earth Science,, 4 th Edition, Lutgens/Tarbuck, Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Today 2 Rock
More informationStudent Name: College: Grade:
Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology Laboratory IGNEOUS MINERALS AND ROCKS IDENTIFICATION - INTRODUCTION & PURPOSE: In this lab you will learn to identify igneous rocks in hand samples from their
More informationLab 3: Igneous Rocks
Lab 3: Igneous Rocks The Geology in YOUR life initiative Mount Shinmoedake erupts in Japan (Jan 26, 2010) Volcanic smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake on 1 February, 2011. Smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake
More informationIgneous Rocks. Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members:
Igneous Rocks Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members: Types of Magma Basaltic, Basic or Mafic very hot (900-1200 C) very fluid
More informationIgneous Rocks. Definition of Igneous Rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling and crystallization of molten rock- magma
Igneous Rocks Definition of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from cooling and crystallization of molten rock- magma Magma molten rock within the Earth Lava molten rock on the Earth s s surface Igneous
More informationChapter 3: Igneous Rocks 3.2 IGNEOUS ROCK ORIGIN
Chapter 3: Igneous Rocks Adapted by Lyndsay R. Hauber & Michael B. Cuggy (2018) University of Saskatchewan from Deline B, Harris R & Tefend K. (2015) "Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology". First
More informationWhat Do You See? Learning Outcomes Goals Learning Outcomes Think About It Identify classify In what kinds of environments do igneous rocks form?
Section 2 Igneous Rocks and the Geologic History of Your Community What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Goals Text Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Identify and classify
More informationHow 2 nd half labs will work
How 2 nd half labs will work Continue to use your mineral identification skills Learn to describe, classify, interpret rock hand samples: Igneous sedimentary metamorphic volcanic plutonic (1 week) (1 wk)
More informationStructure of the Earth
And the ROCK CYCLE Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High
More informationIntroduction. Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth
Introduction Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth Example: Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Hot (~1,200 o C) lava pools around the volcanic vent. Hot, syrupy lava runs downhill as a lava flow. The
More informationA Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways.
A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways. Depending on how they are put together, rocks are classified as: 1. Sedimentary 2. Igneous 3. Metamorphic Sedimentary
More informationEarth Science 11: Minerals
lname: Date: Earth Science 11: Minerals Purpose: Text Pages: I can identify and classify minerals using their physical and chemical properties 90-111 *This is recommended reading! Matter and Atoms (5.1)
More information10/20/2015. How is magma different from lava? Magma is molten rock below the Earth s surface. Lava is magma that flows out onto Earth s surface.
Chapter 5 What are igneous rocks? How do they form? Igneous rocks are rocks that form when molten material cools and crystallizes. Molten material can be either magma or lava. How is magma different from
More informationTo get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle
To get you thinking What natural process is responsible for the appearance of these rocks? Rocks and the Rock Cycle Bell Ringer Name the 3 types of rock. Is one type of rock able to change into a different
More informationName. GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks
Name GEOL.3250 Geology for Engineers Igneous Rocks I. Introduction The bulk of the earth's crust is composed of relatively few minerals. These can be mixed together, however, to give an endless variety
More informationIGNEOUS ROCKS. SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks?
Date Period Name IGNEOUS ROCKS SECTION.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationEARTH SCIENCE. Geology, the Environment and the Universe. Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks
EARTH SCIENCE Geology, the Environment and the Universe Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks Section 5.1 What are igneous rocks? Section 5.2 Classification of Igneous Rocks Click a hyperlink
More informationName Class Date STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Igneous Rocks What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. extrusive igneous rock intrusive
More informationPLATE TECTONICS, VOLCANISM AND IGNEOUS ROCKS
PLATE TECTONICS, VOLCANISM AND IGNEOUS ROCKS PLATE TECTONICS TO IGNEOUS ROCKS Internal Heat Seafloor Spreading/Plate Tectonics Volcanism Plate Boundary Intra-plate (hot spot) Divergent Convergent Igneous
More informationRocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way.
Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. All rocks fit into one of three categories: Igneous- formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock Sedimentary- formed
More informationINTRODUCTION ROCK COLOR
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: 6. IGNEOUS ROCKS Instructions: Some rocks that you would be working with may have sharp edges and corners, therefore, be careful when working with them! When you are
More informationEngineering Geology. Igneous rocks. Hussien Al - deeky
Igneous rocks Hussien Al - deeky 1 The Geology Definition of Rocks In Geology Rock is defined as the solid material forming the outer rocky shell or crust of the earth. There are three major groups of
More informationGeology 101. Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5
Geology 101 Name Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5 The purpose of the Reading Guides is to help you sort out the most important ideas in the text. I recommend answering the questions as you read the
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 2017-2016 Chapter (4) Volcanoes Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity cataclysmic relating to or denoting a violent natural even Eventually the entire
More informationEESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION LAB 2 HANDOUT
EESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION LAB 2 HANDOUT Sources: University of Washington, Texas A&M University, University of Southern Alabama What is an igneous rock (a
More informationCompositional (Chemical) Layers
Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in and : Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in and Core: High in Heat Flow in the Earth Heat sources: heat from
More informationRock Cart for High School Students
Rock Cart for High School Students Goals and Objectives for high school students (9 th 12 th grade): 1) Define igneous rocks 2) Discuss chemical composition of rocks 3) Understand the plate tectonics and
More informationName Class Date STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Igneous Rocks What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. extrusive igneous rock intrusive
More informationOverview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5
Overview of Ch. 4 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5 I. Nature of Volcanic Eruptions II. Materials Extruded from a Volcano III.Types of Volcanoes IV.Volcanic Landforms V. Plutonic (intrusive)
More informationName Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationIgneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity
Summary IGNEOUS ROCKS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS DERIVED FROM IGNEOUS parents make up about 95 percent of Earth s crust. Furthermore, the mantle, which accounts for more than 82 percent of Earth s volume, is
More informationGY 111: Physical Geology
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 9: Extrusive Igneous Rocks Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick Last Time 1) The chemical composition of the crust 2) Crystallization of molten
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page
More informationGEOL FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION
GEOL.2150 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION Name I. Introduction There are three basic types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic: Igneous. Igneous rocks have solidified from molten matter
More informationMinerals Give Clues To Their Environment Of Formation. Also. Rocks: Mixtures of Minerals
Minerals Give Clues To Their Environment Of Formation!!Can be a unique set of conditions to form a particular mineral or rock!!temperature and pressure determine conditions to form diamond or graphite
More informationIgneous Rocks and the Geologic History of Your Community
Ch 1 Bedrock Geology 9/17/04 12:48 PM Page 14 Activity 2 Igneous Rocks and the Geologic History of Your Community Goals In this activity you will: Identify several igneous rocks using a rock chart. Describe
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationHappy Tuesday. Pull out a ½ sheet of paper
Happy Tuesday Pull out a ½ sheet of paper 1. Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to 1. the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth.
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely
More informationGeology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT
1. What is the role of a geologist? Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 2016-2017 2. Earth is subdivided into three main layers based on what? 3. What features do you find at divergent boundaries? 4. Rock
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationWHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
UNIT - 8 VOLCANOES WHAT IS A MAGMA Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. In some instances, it solidifies within the crust to form plutonic
More information6. IGNEOUS ROCKS AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS
LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: 6. IGNEOUS ROCKS AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS Instructions: Refer to Laboratory 5 in your lab book on pages 129-152 to answer the questions in this work sheet. Your work will
More informationGEOLOGY. Subject : GEOLOGY (For under graduate student.) Paper No. : Paper 02 Introduction to Geology 02
GEOLOGY Subject : GEOLOGY (For under graduate student.) Paper No. : Paper 02 Introduction to Geology 02 Topic No. & Title : 37 Magma Bowen Series (Part 01) Academic Script What is Igneous Petrology? Igneous
More informationQuiz Five (9:30-9:35 AM)
Quiz Five (9:30-9:35 AM) UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 10: Intrusive Igneous Rocks Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick Last Time 1) Pyro-what? (air fall volcanic rocks) 2)
More informationChapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 2 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More informationRock Identification. invisible rhyolite andesite basalt komatiite. visible granite diorite gabbro peridotite
Rock Identification The samples in this lab are arranged into four groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and unknown. Study the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic collections to get an idea of
More informationIgneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Section 5.1 What are Igneous Rocks? Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Describe the composition of magma Discuss the factors
More informationTopics that will be discussed
Topics that will be discussed The Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock The Rock Cycle -Rocks The parent material for all rocks is MAGMA. What is MAGMA? -Rock forming Minerals Are:
More informationPart A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name
GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES Name Part A 1. The rough, jumbled blocky or jagged surface of a lava flow is called a. pahoehoe b. lahar c. aa d. phreatic 2. The Cascade volcanoes like Mt. St.
More informationStructure of the Earth
Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) Core: High in Nickel
More informationIgneous Rocks. Igneous Rocks. Genetic Classification of
Igneous Rocks Fig. 5.1 Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks Intrusive: crystallized from slowly cooling magma intruded within the Earth s crust; e.g. granite, gabbro 1 Fig. 5.2 Genetic Classification
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
More informationIgneous Rocks. Igneous Rocks - 1. Environment of Formation - Magma - Plutonic - rock that formed within the Earth. Intrusive - Earth s crust.
Name: Date: Period: Minerals and Rocks The Physical Setting: Earth Science CLASS NOTES - Methods to classify igneous rocks: 1. Environment of Formation - Magma - Plutonic - rock that formed within the
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle
TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts Rocks in the Earth s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form
More informationES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks
ES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks Objectives 1. Identify and explain characteristics of igneous rocks. This means that if I am given an igneous rock I: a. Can use grain size to identify a rock as intrusive, extrusive,
More informationUGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College
More informationTHE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle
THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS Subtitle 3. Three rocks that do not have minerals or are composed of nonmineral matter. Coal Pumuce Obsidian THE ROCK CYCLE Why do scientists study rocks? Rocks contain clues about
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics
More informationMagma Formation and Behavior
Magma Formation and Behavior Introduction: The study of body waves as they pass through Earth's interior provides strong evidence that the Earth's mantle is composed almost entirely of solid ultramafic
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. Some volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than a(n) a. hand grenade. b. earthquake. c. geyser. d. atomic bomb. 2. The cause
More informationA Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through
Volcanoes A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. Also, the landform that develops around this opening. Kinds of Eruptions Geologists classify volcanic
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 6.1 g/cm 3 C) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 2) In which two Earth
More informationRock Program Elementary School
Mount St Helens National Volcanic Monument Gifford Pinchot National Forest USDA Forest Service Time Commitment: Location: Materials: Rock Program Elementary School 45 minutes Johnston Ridge Observatory
More informationVolcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface
Chapter 7 Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and H 2 O from the mantle Volcanic Belts: Form
More informationWHAT ARE ROCKS? ROCKS are a naturally occurring SOLID MIXTURE of one or more minerals and organic matter. Rocks are ALWAYS changing.
WHAT ARE ROCKS? ROCKS are a naturally occurring SOLID MIXTURE of one or more minerals and organic matter. Rocks are ALWAYS changing. How do we classify Rocks? Formation (where and how the rock was formed)
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationlava magma pyroclastic materials lava flow igneous rock volcanic (extrusive igneous) rock plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock felsic magma mafic magma
magma lava lava flow pyroclastic materials igneous rock volcanic (extrusive igneous) rock plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock felsic magma mafic magma intermediate magma viscosity magma chamber Bowen s reaction
More informationREMINDER. MOVIE: Rocks that Originate Underground 5:41 to 12:40
REMINDER 2 chapters covered next week Sedimentary Rocks Soils and Weathering (first half) Learn vocabulary for both! Turn to Neighbor: Without using your book or notes, try to remember which te mineral
More information