The 14 Nov 2016 M 7.8 Kaikoura, South Island, New Zealand Earthquake: Notes from the Field. Mark Hemphill-Haley - Humboldt State University
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2 The 14 Nov 2016 M 7.8 Kaikoura, South Island, New Zealand Earthquake: Notes from the Field Mark Hemphill-Haley - Humboldt State University
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
4 GEOTECHNICAL EXTREME EVENTS RECONNAISSANCE
5 The Kaikoura Earthquake Surface Fault Rupture Response Team: Photo - Mark Hemphill-Haley Benson, A., Bischoff, A., Hatem, A., Barrier, A., Nicol, A., Wandres, A., Lukovic, B., Hall, B., Gasston, C., Asher, C., Grimshaw, C., Madugo, C., Fenton, C., Hale, D., Barrell, DJA., Heron, DW., Strong, DT., Townsend, DB., Noble, D., Howarth, JD., Pettinga, J., Williams, J., Kearse, J., Manousakis, J., Borella, J., Mountjoy, J., Rowland, J., Clark, KJ., Pedley, K., Sauer, K., Berryman, KR., Hemphill-Haley, M., Stirling, MW., Villeneuve, M., Cockroft, M., Khajavi, N., Litchfield, N. J., Barnes, P., Villamor, P., Carne, R., Langridge, RM., Zinke, R., Van Dissen, R., McColl, S., Cox, SC., Lawson, S., Little, T., Stahl, T., Cochran, UA., Toy, V., Ries, WF., Juniper, Z. (alphabetical order by first name). Blue = GEER Surface Fault Rupture team Photo - Tim Little Indicates slides contributed in whole or part by Russ Van Dissen, Tim Little or Rob Langridge - Thanks! Photo - Mark Hemphill-Haley
6 NEW ZEALAND CONTINENT U D Australian Plate ~47 mm/yr Hikurangi subduction zone ~41 mm/yr Alpine Fault Transition Puyesgur subduction zone ~37 mm/yr Pacific Plate D U 2002
7 South Island N North Island from Matt Herman and Kevin Furlong, Penn State
8 ? Abstract submitted Sept 2016 Earthquake mid Nov 2016 Conference held late Nov 2016
9 Marlborough Fault System Marlborough faults dextral slip rates Wairau, c. 3 mm/yr Awatere, c. 6 mm/yr Clarence, c. 3 mm/yr Hope Fault, c mm/yr Kekerengu, c mm/yr References: Barnes et al., 2008, 2014, 2015, 2016 and pers communication, Ninis et al. 2013; Carne et al. 2011; Van Dissen et al., 2013; Nicol and Van Dissen, 2002; Van Dissen & Nicol, 2009; Eusden et al., 2005; Mason et al., 2006; Pondard and Barnes, 2010; Langridge et al., 2003, 2005, 2011; Cowan, 1990; 1991; Wallace et al., Map courtesy of Tim Little.
10 Earthquake Ground Rupturing Image courtesy of Nicola Litchfield, GNS Science Conway-Charwell FZ Dextral-reverse Stone Jug-Monument Fault Zone Sinistral-reverse Intersects Hundalee F Leader Fault Sinistral-reverse Intersects Conway- Charwell Fault Kekerengu, Fidget, Heaver s Creek, Needles, London Hills faults Dextral - lesser reverse Whites Lineament (~10 km) Papatea F Sinistral-reverse >14 km long Seaward Hope F Humps Fault Zone Dextral-reverse Intersects Leader F. Hundalee F Dextral-reverse H ~ 1 m, V ~1.5 m at coast (up N) > 12 km
11 Parts of or entirety of 21 faults L = 180 km Hypocentre - D ~15 km Rupture T = 120 sec Included 30 sec pause Max D - ~ 12 m Avg D - ~ 6 m Dextral, Dextral Reverse, Sinistral, Sinistral Reverse From Litchfield et al., in review
12 FIELD DOCUMENTATION OF DISPLACEMENT AND FAULT STYLE Classic mapping directly on topo maps or air photos RTK GPS and Total Station Handheld GPS and cameras Phones and Tablets with GIS, GPS and camera Drones and Structure from Motion LiDAR Satellite imagery Issues - often rugged terrain, distributed faulting and a long rupture, need details
13 QUICK PEAK AT RUPTURE TO SOUTH Woodchester Wall Leader Fault Photos: Kate Pedley
14 PAPATEA FAULT From Langridge et al, (GeoSciences 2016) Papatea fault not considered active on national hazards map because no evidence for Holocene or even Quaternary activity Paleogene Ma limestone (white) to W, vs Miocene 23-7 seds (tan) to E
15 Photograph taken by Julian Thomson
16 Pre-2016 LIDAR Post-event Imagery from Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)
17 LIDAR PHOTO Imagery from LINZ
18 1 Imagery from LINZ Photos Mark Hemphill-Haley
19 photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Rob Zink 2 Imagery from LINZ
20 3 photo Rob Zink Imagery from LINZ Paradise House photo Rob Zink
21 photos by Rob Zink
22 4 photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Rob Zink
23 photo Mark Hemphill-Haley c. 5 m ver\cal (reverse) and 5 m le] lateral photo Rob Zink
24 5 This was flat beach seconds before the surface rupture photo Rob Zink
25
26 View to NW Sea View slide Julie Rowland Photo from Newshub Paleogene Ma limestone (white) to W, vs Miocene 23-7 seds (tan) to E photo Mark Hemphill-Haley View to SE
27 c. 2 m LL view to SW Photos Mark Hemphill-Haley
28 c. 2 m reverse Photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
29 SEA VIEW - PAPATEA
30 Kekerengu fault Image courtesy of Nicola Litchfield, GNS Science \
31 Kekerengu Fault Photo GNS View to W
32 SH 1 RR 2016 EQ rupture (highly simplified) Red lines = 2016 rupture Blue lines = mapped faults that did not rupture DSM is derived from aerial imagery and gridded at 1 m. Courtesy of Matt Hill, GNS Science rupture map courtesy of Tim Little
33 Photo: Dougal Townsend Photo: Tim Little Photo: Tim Little Photo: Tim Little
34 Arrows indicate fault face dip direction and angle Red traces rupture Black traces - mapped but did not rupture DSM is derived from aerial imagery and gridded at 1 m. Courtesy of Matt Hill, GNS Science. Fault mapping courtesy of Tim Little
35 February, 2016 Photo: Kevin Norton
36 Nov 20, 2016 (looking NE) Drone Photo Courtesy Julian Thomson, GNS Trench 1 post EQ
37 Photo: Tim Little Trench 3 Trench 2 Trench 2, as of Nov 20, 2016 (looking NW)
38 KEKERENGU FAULT AT BEN MORE STREAM Pre-2016 photo GNS
39 JOHN MANASOUKAS
40 Kekerengu fault near Ben More - Drone image - c. 5 million data points Trench 3 Trench 2 40
41 Dimitrios Zakkos (Structure from Motion) John Manasoukas (Drone Pilot Extraordinaire) 41
42 Photo Mark Hemphill-Haley Photo Mark Hemphill-Haley 42
43 ~ 9m dextral displacement photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
44 BEN MORE STREAM Last photo
45 DRONE AT BEN MORE STREAM DONEC QUIS NUNC 45
46 Bluff Station Cottage Photo: Tim Little
47
48 Photo: Tim Little Bluff Station Cottage Photo: Tim Little
49 D photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
50 CLOSING ITEMS/OBSERVATIONS
51 Curved slickenlines record changes in coseismic slip direction young Looking SE onto NW dipping plane Pattern:Early oblique-reverse slip typically became more horizontal with time old Record of slip direction evolution during the EQ as a result, possibly, of evolving dynamic stresses during the EQ sequence.. old young Photos: Tim Little
52 T photo Mark Hemphill-Haley Two discrete slickenline orientations photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
53 Could this record surface wave propagation during rupture? photo Kate Clark 12 m right lateral slip at this site
54 Strong Ground Motion variability photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Rob Zink photo Mark Hemphill-Haley photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
55 photo Mark Hemphill-Haley
56 Maximum Slip vs Rupture Length M 7.8 Kekerengu F. (2016) M 8.2 Wairarapa F. (1855) Rodgers & Little, 2006 Wells and Coppersmith, 1994
57 ?? Mw Balochistan (Pakistan) m The 1855 and 2016 (Kekerengu) earthquake ruptures share some characteris=cs: 1. Face each other along strike on opposite sides of Cook Strait 2. Both have unusually large slips (two of the top 3 known single event displacements globally) 3. Both also have large slip/length racos 4. Both are nonverccal, dipping, dextral-reverse fault planes R. Zinke et al., 2014
58 Geodetic Coseismic Displacement field V and H From Hamling et al. 2017
59 coastal uplift
60
61 SS FAULTS - STEPS AND GAPS From Biasi and Wesnousky, 2016
62 Kekerengu fault c m Heavers Creek fault c cm
63 Jordan Thrust Imagine trying to identify this event even 10 yrs from now
64 HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO OUR OWN SUBDUCTION TO TRANSFORM TRANSITION?. Similarities - plate rates - subduction to transform transition - evidence for large subduction zone and transform earthquakes Differences too - MTJ has lower seismicity in upper plate - NZ isn t a triple junction - different subducting materials 64
65 Faults 1 Grogan fault 2 Bald Mountain fault 3 Big Lagoon fault 4 Trinidad fault 5 Blue Lake fault 6 McKinleyville fault 7 Mad River fault 8 Fickle Hill fault 9 Freshwater fault 10 Elk River fault? 11 Little Salmon fault 12 Table Bluff fault 13 Russ fault 14 Capetown fault 7 a Folds a Blue Lake syncline b Fickle Hill anticline c Freshwater syncline d Humboldt Hill anticline e South Bay syncline f Table Bluff anticline g Thompkins Hill anticline h Eel River syncline i Grizzly Bluffs anticline j Alton anticline e f 12 h h d 11 g i 10 j b 9 25mm/yr 0 20 km Geodetic data and base map: and Google Faults and folds modified from Kelsey, Harvey M., 2001, Active faulting associated with the Southern Cascadia subduction zone in Northern California, in Ferriz, H. and Anderson, R. (eds), Engineering Geology Practice in Northern California, Assoiciation of Engineering Geologists, Special Publication 12, p
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