Calderas. Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera m. 500 m. 5 km. (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003)
|
|
- Eustace Matthews
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Calderas Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera 1400 m 500 m 5 km (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003)
2 Definition Outline Relationships to Eruption Volume and VEI Structural Components Types Caldera Genetic Models and the Caldera Cycle
3 Types of Volcanoes
4 Definitions: Caldera A large volcanic depression, more or less circular or elongate in shape, the diameter of which greatly exceeds that of any included vents. Calderas are formed by the eruption and evacuation of a nearsurface magma chamber (Lipman, 2000).
5 Locations of Famous Caldera Complexes Crater Lake Yellowstone Vandever Mtn. Noranda Wawa Bald Mtn Sturgeon Lake Santorini Krakatau Tambora Myojin Knoll Pinatubo Kuwai Taupo
6 Calderas and Cauldrons Two separate features Calderas are formed by catastrophic collapse associated with large volume (>5 km 3 ) pyroclastic eruptions Cauldrons form from passive foundering of the roof of a static subsurface magma, often due to effusive eruption of magma on flanks of volcano (common on shield volcanoes) Large-volume effusive eruptions may form cauldrons that are on the scale of calderas Noranda Cauldron Sturgeon Lake Caldera Complex
7 Caldera Forming Eruptions Generally large-volume explosive eruptions (e.g. pyroclastic flow forming eruptions), but large-volume effusive eruptions may also form calderas (cauldrons) May occur in both subaerial and submarine environments (water depths are generally shallow, < 1200m water depth) Different explosive eruption styles (effusion rate, volatile content, interaction with external water) will form different types of pyroclastic deposits
8 Caldera-Associated Eruption Volumes
9 Toba Caldera, Indonesia Eruption occurred ~75,000 years ago Eruption volume estimates range from 2500km 3 to 2800km 3 Caldera measures 40km x 105 km Geneticists estimate possibly as few as 5,000 humans survived the eruption
10
11 Caldera Eruptions and the Volcanic Explosivity Index
12 Structural Elements of Calderas (after Lipman, 1997, 2000)
13 Caldera Classification Based on Subsidence Style and Geological Environment Subsidence Styles Include: Plate (Piston) Piecemeal Trapdoor Downsag Funnel Geological Environments Include: Subaerial (e.g. Crater Lake, Yellowstone) Subaerial to Submarine (e.g. Santorini, Krakatau, Kuwae, Sturgeon Lake) Submarine (e.g. Myojin Knoll, Bald Mountain)
14 Subsidence Geometry of Calderas Caldera geometries are related to the: size of the pyroclastic eruption depth of the magma chamber width of the magma chamber
15
16 Models of Caldera Development Williams, 1941 Caldera collapse as the result of rapid eruption from a shallow magma chamber Smith and Bailey, 1968 Caldera cycle in which voluminous eruption occurs prior to caldera collapse Druitt and Sparks, 1984 Caldera formation occurs simultaneously with voluminous eruption
17 Mechanisms of Caldera Collapse Druitt and Sparks (1984) Caldera collapse occurs simultaneously with voluminous explosive eruptions Branney (1995), Kennedy (2000), Kennedy et al. (2000) Caldera collapse-associated faults are outward-dipping; near vertical inward-dipping faults located at the margins of the caldera are developed after caldera collapses as a result of continued sagging space problem solved! (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003)
18 Caldera Subsidence
19 The Caldera Cycle Smith and Bailey, 1968 Calderas go through a systematic series of developmental steps related to intrusion, eruption, and crystallization of the subvolcanic intrusion
20 Stage 1:Regional Tumescence and Ring fractures Doming of the pre-caldera rocks This due to intrusion of a magma into shallow levels of the earth s crust. Extension of crust over the magma chamber leads to formation of ring fractures Minor pyroclastic eruptions or lavas along leaky ring fractures
21 Stage 2: Ignimbrite Eruption Eruption of pyroclastic material lowers the pressure in the magma chamber and sets stage for collapse. Eruptions occur along ring fractures This stage usually occurs with stage 3 In a subaerial setting pyroclastic eruptions may be relatively continuous lead to formation of relatively thick sequences of ash fall, pyroclastic flow and surge deposits. May get welding. Eruptions are magmatic Subaqueous settings pyroclastic eruptions may be episodic and produce relatively thick sequences of bedded pyroclastic flow, mass flow, and ash fall deposits. Welding can occur with high volume eruptions. Eruptions are dominantly magmatic with secondary hydromagmatic activity.
22 Columnar Jointed Welded Tuffs, Valles Caldera, NM Welded Tuff Deposits
23 Welded Tuffs, Valles Caldera
24 Thick Non-welded Tuffs, Valles Caldera, NM
25 Rhyolite Tuffs, Golden Gate
26 Rhyolite Tuff Ash Pyroclasts
27 Partially Welded Rhyolite Tuffs
28 Welded Rhyolite Tuff Fiamme Fiamme are flattened pumice
29
30 Stage 3: Caldera Collapse The most dynamic event in development of caldera complex Accompanied by formation of coarse, heterolithic breccias called meso-and megabreccias Mesobreccias-fragments less than 1m in diameter Megabreccias- > 1m in diameter (some individual fragments are 500m to >1km in size) Products of mass wasting during collapse. May represent substantial part of caldera fill In places get interlayering of meso- and megabreccias and pyroclastic flows: eruption and collapse
31 Stage 3 Simultaneous Eruption and Caldera Collapse Note interlayering of ignimbrite and calderacollapse breccias Mesobreccias chaotic, unsorted caldera collapse-associated breccias with clasts that have an average diameter less than one meter Megabreccias chaotic, unsorted, generally polymict caldera collapse-associated breccias with clasts that have an average diameter greater than one meter (Lipman, 1988)
32
33
34 Stage 4: Pre-Resurgent Volcanism / Sedimentation Eruption of lava flows and domes along ring fractures or fissures that bound the caldera. Associated with formation of lots of sedimentary/debris flow material as the walls are extensively eroded. Stage 4 to 6- continuous with no Stage 5 Dome-Moat Complexes; Epithermal Gold
35 Valles Caldera, New Mexico
36 Valles Caldera, New Mexico
37 Lava Domes Air Photo, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Caldera Margin
38 Small Lava Dome, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Lava Domes
39
40
41
42 Low- and High Sulfidation Mineral Deposits Associated with Caldera Complexes
43 Stage 5: Resurgent Doming This is uplift and doming of the caldera floor due to an influx of new magma into the subvolcanic pluton (magma chamber). May not happen This will lead to resettling of the caldera floor (uplift of center, down faulting of edges) and thus development of new basins; these fault bounded basins then become traps for sediments and lavas. Intrusion of extensive sill/dyke complexes within intracaldera strata may also occur at this time- ring dikes
44 Creede Caldera, Colorado
45 Yellowstone Caldera - Resurgence
46 Lava Domes Air Photo, Valles Caldera, New Mexico Resurgent Dome
47 Stage 6: Major Ring Fracture Volcanism Eruption of lava flows and domes along ring fractures or fissures that bound the caldera. Associated with formation of lots of sedimentary/debris flow material as the walls are extensively eroded. Stage 4 to 6- continuous with no Stage 5 Dome-Moat Complexes; Epithermal Gold
48 Ring-Fracture Large Volume Rhyolite Lava Flows (Yellowstone)
49 Stage 7: Terminal Fumerolic and Hot Spring activity Centered on ring faults or basin faults Across caldera floor but dome-most complexes often centers Subaqueous- iron formations, epithermal vein deposits, limestone-skarn, Subaerial- epithermal vein, native sulfur mercury, etc.
50
51 Yellowstone Thermal Features
52 Yellowstone Geothermal Features
53
The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana Robert L. Christenson, USGS PP 729-G
The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana Robert L. Christenson, USGS PP 729-G Three Volcanic Cycles of Yellowstone Three extraordinarily large explosive
More informationCalc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks. Calc-alkali Volcanics. Fabric. Petrography. Compositional Classification. Petrography. Processes.
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks Calc-alkali Volcanics Winter Chapters 16 & 17 Petrography Processes Field relations Volcanic arcs Petrogenesis Petrography Fabric Classification Alteration Fabric Aphanitic
More informationWET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS. Hawaii Photograph: Dorian Weisel
WET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS Hawaii Photograph: Dorian Weisel WET EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS mechanisms hot magma/ hot rock + water pyroclasts + steam rapid expansion of gas fragmentation of magma + wall rock external
More informationSubaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes
Subaerial Felsic Lava Flows and Domes Occurrence Alone or in linear and arcuate chains up to 20 km long Margins of calderas or volcanic depressions. Feeder occupies synvolcanic fault (ring fracture). Extrusion
More informationFrom Punchbowl to Panum: Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain
From Punchbowl to Panum: Leslie Schaffer E105 2002 Final Paper Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain Figure 1. After a sequence of earthquakes during the late 1970 s to the early 1980 s
More informationStructural Geology tectonics, volcanology and geothermal activity. Kristján Saemundsson ÍSOR Iceland GeoSurvey
Structural Geology tectonics, volcanology and geothermal activity Kristján Saemundsson ÍSOR Iceland GeoSurvey Discussion will be limited to rift zone geothermal systems with sidelook on hot spot environment.
More information"Dynamics and structural evolution of collapse calderas: A comparison between field evidence, analogue and mathematical models"
Tesi doctoral presentada per En/Na Adelina GEYER TRAVER amb el títol "Dynamics and structural evolution of collapse calderas: A comparison between field evidence, analogue and mathematical models" per
More informationGLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann
17.04.2010 Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on Iceland Phreatomagmatic eruption 1 Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on Iceland Phreatomagmatic eruption Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on
More informationThe Bishop Tuff. Leah French COAS E105: Volcanoes of the Sierra Nevada
The Bishop Tuff Leah French COAS E105: Volcanoes of the Sierra Nevada Photo by Leah French (Michael Hamburger and Adam Schau walk through the Bishop Tuff in the Owens River Gorge) Location: 37.6N, 118.8W
More informationOverview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5
Overview of Ch. 4 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5 I. Nature of Volcanic Eruptions II. Materials Extruded from a Volcano III.Types of Volcanoes IV.Volcanic Landforms V. Plutonic (intrusive)
More informationThe Nature of Igneous Rocks
The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in
More informationMagma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.
Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form
More informationVisualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other
Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes Volcanoes types and effects of eruption Chapter Overview Melting and cooling of rocks Geological
More informationMagma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.
Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form
More informationHistory of the Long Valley Caldera Abstract The history of the Long Valley Caldera is an active one that began 280 ma years before
Alicia Pardoski 1 History of the Long Valley Caldera Abstract The history of the Long Valley Caldera is an active one that began 280 ma years before present with the building and eruption of Glass Mountain.
More informationDynamic Planet PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) low temperature d) high volatile content
School Name: Team #: Students Names: Dynamic Planet 2016 Science Olympiad Invitational University of Texas at Austin PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET 1) Low viscosity magmas have: a) high silica
More informationIntroduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark
Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea) Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau) Factors Governing
More informationIgneous Rocks. Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members:
Igneous Rocks Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members: Types of Magma Basaltic, Basic or Mafic very hot (900-1200 C) very fluid
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Intrusive and Effusive Rocks Effusive rocks: rapid cooling small crystalls or glas Lava & ash Magmatic
More informationA bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.
Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Magma Magic What is a volcano? A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Many volcanoes are dormant, meaning an eruption has not occurred in a long period of time. What
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures
More informationImagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.
A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
More informationEpithermal Deposits Related to Caldera Development in Newly- Identified Graben, Oaxaca, Mexico
Rocky Mountain Section 68th Annual Meeting Epithermal Deposits Related to Caldera Development in Newly- Identified Graben, Oaxaca, Mexico BARRY D. DEVLIN Vice President, Exploration May 18, 2016 1 Mexico
More informationSection 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics
More informationVolcanic Eruptions and Hydrovolcanism
Find the Face Volcanic Eruptions and Hydrovolcanism Ocean Ridges Continental Rifts Subduction Zones: Continental Oceanic Back Arc Basins Hot Spots Plumes Cinder Cones Composite Volcanoes Shield VolcanoesCinder
More informationChapter 18. Volcanism
Chapter 18 Volcanism Ring of fire contains 66% of world s active volcanoes Convergent : Divergent: Icelandic Eruption Mount Etna Different Kinds of eruptions: Volcanic activity is controlled by plate tectonics,
More informationHawaiian Submarine Volcanism. Stages of Hawaiian Volcanoes:
Hawaiian Submarine Volcanism November 1, 2011 Mary Tardona GG 711 Stages of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Typically, three main stages: Pre shield Shield Post shield Sometimes followed by: Rejuvenation Stage GG
More informationVolcanic Strata-Hosted Gold Deposits in Quaternary Volcanoes: The Sandwich-Style Model
Volcanic Strata-Hosted Gold Deposits in Quaternary Volcanoes: The Sandwich-Style Model Alberto Lobo-Guerrero S. Geologist, M.Sc. MinEx Economic Geology Research Institute University of the Witwatersrand
More informationLecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma
More informationThe Bishop Tuff : An Overview of the World s Roughest and Toughest Volcanic Landform
The Bishop Tuff : An Overview of the World s Roughest and Toughest Volcanic Landform Charity J. Southworth Indiana University, 2012 Abstract The Bishop Tuff is a welded tuff that was created 760,000 years
More informationL wave Lahar Lava Magma
Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and
More informationVolcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb.
Ch. 13 Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Many of these eruptions are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Volcanism Volcanism-any activity
More informationGEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: SiO 2 silicon dioxide. This is quartz when it crystallizes.
More informationChapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea:
Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # A. Viscosity Group # B. Dissolved Gases Group # II. Volcanic Material
More informationEAS 116 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
EAS 116 Earthquakes and Volcanoes J. Haase Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions Assessment of Volcanic Hazard Is that volcano active? Mount Lassen: 12000 BP and 1915 Santorini, IT: 180,000 BP, 70,000 BP, 21000
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. Some volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than a(n) a. hand grenade. b. earthquake. c. geyser. d. atomic bomb. 2. The cause
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 2017-2016 Chapter (4) Volcanoes Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity cataclysmic relating to or denoting a violent natural even Eventually the entire
More informationA Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through
Volcanoes A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. Also, the landform that develops around this opening. Kinds of Eruptions Geologists classify volcanic
More informationName Date Class. Answer the following questions. Use your textbook and the ideas above. 1. If a volcano collapses, it leaves a huge hole called a(an).
Volcanic Landforms (pages 217 223) Landforms From Lava and Ash (pages 218 220) Key Concept: Volcanic eruptions create landforms made of lava, ash, and other materials. These landforms include shield volcanoes,
More informationUGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College
More informationCATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS
CATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS The really big ones! This figure compares the size of some recent, well-known eruptions. Note how small the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and even Vesuvius are compared to Katmai,
More information3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts
3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts Think about What happens when a volcano erupts? Volcanoes erupt many types of material Earth s thin outer layer is, but most of Earth is extremely hot rock
More informationWHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
UNIT - 8 VOLCANOES WHAT IS A MAGMA Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. In some instances, it solidifies within the crust to form plutonic
More informationChapter 5 9/10/2011. Introduction. Volcanoes and Volcanism. Volcanism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction
Introduction Chapter 5 Volcanism is the eruption of magma, and associated gases at the surface. Some magma erupts explosively as pyroclastic (fire-broken) rock and other erupts as lava flows. Volcanoes
More informationChapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City
Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity Aka Volcano Under the City 18.1 Magma Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Temperature and pressure increase
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures
More informationChapter 5 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
Chapter 5 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions Updated by: Rick Oches, Professor of Geology & Environmental Sciences Bentley University Waltham, Massachusetts
More informationVolcanic Landforms, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Page 1 of 12 EENS 3050 Tulane University Natural Disasters Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Volcanic Landforms, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics This page last updated on 26-Aug-2017 Volcanic Landforms Volcanic landforms
More informationLab 3: Igneous Rocks
Lab 3: Igneous Rocks The Geology in YOUR life initiative Mount Shinmoedake erupts in Japan (Jan 26, 2010) Volcanic smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake on 1 February, 2011. Smoke rises from Mount Shinmoedake
More informationEXPLORATION GEOLOGY OF CLUSTERED CALDERAS IN THE HAKKODA VOLCANIC FIELD, JAPAN
101 Roc. 1lth New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 1989 EXPLORATION GEOLOGY OF CLUSTERED CALDERAS IN THE HAKKODA VOLCANIC FIELD, JAPAN Hirof u mi Muraoka Geothermal Research Dept., Geological Survey of Japan,
More informationMt St Helens was know to have entered into active periods that lasted from years once every years over the last 500 years, (Figure 5).
Lecture #8 notes; Geology 3950, Spring 2006; CR Stern May 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens volcano (text pages 183-192 in the 4 th edition and 206-222 in the 5 th edition) Mt St Helens in southwest Washington
More informationChapter 16. Mountain Building. Mountain Building. Mountains and Plate Tectonics. what s the connection?
Chapter 16 Mountains and Plate Tectonics what s the connection? Mountain Building Most crustal deformation occurs along plate margins. S.2 Active Margin Passive Margin Mountain Building Factors Affecting
More informationVolcano Vocabulary ROCK CYCLE. Igneous REMELTED REMELTED BURIED BURIED HEAT ERODED DEPOSITED. Metamorphic Sedimentary ERODED, TRANSPORTED DEPOSITED
Volcano Vocabulary VOLCANISM VENT CRATER CALDERA QUIET ERUPTION EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION PYROCLASTIC DEBRIS CINDER CONE SHIELD VOLCANO COMPOSITE VOLCANO STRATO VOLCANO ACTIVE DORMANT EXTINCT INTRUSION DIKE SILL
More informationCritical Thinking 1. Contrast How could you tell the difference between a mafic rock and a felsic rock by looking at them?
CHAPTER 13 2 SECTION Volcanoes Volcanic Eruptions KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How does the composition of magma affect volcanic eruptions and lava flow? What are the
More informationObjectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth
Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth s moving plates. Inside of Old Smokey, All covered
More informationIgneous Rocks. Igneous Rocks. Genetic Classification of
Igneous Rocks Fig. 5.1 Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks Intrusive: crystallized from slowly cooling magma intruded within the Earth s crust; e.g. granite, gabbro 1 Fig. 5.2 Genetic Classification
More informationNC Earth Science Essential Standards
NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.
More informationGoal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere. Volcanic Activity
Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere Volcanic Activity Lesson 3 Volcanoes, Part 1 Think About It What happens when you shake a can of soda and then open it? Focus Question How does the composition of magma
More informationVolcano Unit Pre Assessment. Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two.
Volcano Unit Pre Assessment Name Matching Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two. Composite Volcano Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Volcano Multiple Choice Select
More informationEffects of Eruptions. Most active in the world Kilauea, Hawaii.
Inside of Old Smokey, All covered with snow, Lurk tons of hot magma, Getting ready to blow, Objectives: From deep in the chamber, Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Up a vent to the top, Describe
More informationChapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Focus Question 7.1 How were the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Hawaii s Kilauea volcano different? Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980)
More informationVolcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms
Volcanoes Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms What is a volcano? cone Conduit Or Pipe vent Side vent Central vent Crater A volcano is a vent or 'chimney'
More informationThe Bishop Tuff Eruption. This paper provides a general overview of the Bishop Tuff eruption, one of
Max Price G190 Final The Bishop Tuff Eruption Abstract This paper provides a general overview of the Bishop Tuff eruption, one of the most prominent volcanic eruptions in recent history. Introduced with
More informationLiving in the shadow of Italy's volcanoes
Living in the shadow of Italy's volcanoes Where is Mount Etna? Mount Etna is located on the east coast of Sicily roughly midway between Messina and Catania (Figure 1). It is the largest and tallest volcano
More informationWhat mainly controls eruptive style?
Introduction to volcanoes, volcanic eruptions, and volcanic landforms Previous: Magmatic differentiation, Bowens Reaction series (mineral melting points), mafic vs. felsic (fluid vs. sticky) Video: Lava
More information! Profile of Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is one of five huge shield volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii.
- Shield Volcanoes - Low, rounded profiles; slope angles 2-10 ; composed of numerous flows of mafic composition and little explosive activity - Largest of all volcanoes! Shield volcanoes consist of numerous
More informationWhen Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.
When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. A volcano is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the
More informationNew Mexico Geological Society
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/25 Outline of the igneous geology of the Jemez Mountain volcanic field A. M. Kudo, 1974, pp. 287-289 in: Ghost
More informationChapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980) Largest historic eruption in North America Lowered peak by more than 400 m Destroyed all trees in
More informationPart A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name
GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES Name Part A 1. The rough, jumbled blocky or jagged surface of a lava flow is called a. pahoehoe b. lahar c. aa d. phreatic 2. The Cascade volcanoes like Mt. St.
More informationLECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types Date: 13 February 2018 I. Exam I grades are posted on the class website (link at the bottom
More informationVolcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface
Chapter 7 Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and H 2 O from the mantle Volcanic Belts: Form
More informationStudy Guide: Unit 1. 1) Take careful notes in class during the lectures as well as the information given in the slides presented during class
Geology 101 Study Guide: Unit 1 The purpose of this study guide is to help you prepare for the first unit exam by focusing your studying and providing example essay questions. You will not be asked to
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationGLG Ch 6: Volcanoes & Volcanic Hazards. 3. Name, describe (DSC) and draw the three types of volcanoes from smallest to largest.
GLG 101 - Ch 6: Volcanoes & Volcanic Hazards Name 6.1 What Is and and Is Not a Volcano? 1. Three common characteristics of a volcano include A B C 2. How did the Hopi Buttes (figure 06 01.b1) form? 3.
More informationTypes of volcanoes. Christoph Breitkreuz, TU Bergakademie Freiberg. Monogenetic and complex volcanoes
Types of volcanoes Christoph Breitkreuz, TU Bergakademie Freiberg Monogenetic and complex volcanoes Fig. 3.1 Types of volcanic landforms. Vertical exaggeration 2 to 1 (polygenetic) and 4 to 1 (monogenetic).
More informationGeology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT
1. What is the role of a geologist? Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 2016-2017 2. Earth is subdivided into three main layers based on what? 3. What features do you find at divergent boundaries? 4. Rock
More informationGeography. Key facts. Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions
Geography Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive (compressional) and constructive (tensional)
More informationGeology of the Hawaiian Islands
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 4 22 January 2004 Turn in Homework #1 Any Questions? IMPORTANT Big Island Field Trip We need a $162 payment for airfare BEFORE January 29 th Description of logistics,
More informationStudy guide chapter 9
Study guide chapter 9 1. What are the three ways solid mantle material can change phase to a liquid? Associate a boundary/hot spot to each way mantle material changes phase. 1. A decrease in pressure which
More informationVOLCANOES. Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage
VOLCANOES Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage Bowen s Reaction Series Oceanic basin tectonics http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html Icelandic
More information1/31/2013 BASALTIC BASALTIC ANDESITIC RHYOLITIC
Can you predict the location of volcanoes? What is causing this eruption? What factors influence its character? A volcano is any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes, escape from underground or have
More informationPhysical Geography. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism. Chapter 12 GEOGRAPHY Earthquakes and Volcanoes. What are Earthquakes?
Physical Geography GEOGRAPHY 1710 DAVID R. SALLEE Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated
More informationVolcanoes. Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman
Volcanoes Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman EMPACTS Project, Spring 2017 Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
More informationIgneous Rock. Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere
Igneous Rock Magma Molten rock under the surface Temperature = 600 o 1400 o C Magma Chamber Large pool of magma in the lithosphere Magma chamber - most all magma consists of silicon and oxygen (silicate)
More informationVulcanicity. Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form.
Vulcanicity Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form. Some key terms to start.. Viscosity how well a substance (lava) flows. Acid lavas have a high viscosity,
More informationGeology 101. Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5
Geology 101 Name Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5 The purpose of the Reading Guides is to help you sort out the most important ideas in the text. I recommend answering the questions as you read the
More informationGLY July Ms. Nelda Breedt. Plates move slowly and eventually.
GLY 162 Tectonic Processes: Volcanism Ms. Nelda Breedt GLY 162 Environmental Geology Plate Tectonics Plates move slowly and eventually. 2 Spread apart (divergent plates) Dive beneath one another (converging
More informationEarth Systems, Structures and Processes
Earth Systems, Structures and Processes Date: 6.E.2 Understand the structure of the earth and how interactions of constructive and destructive forces have resulted in changes in the surface of the Earth
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More informationChapter 7: Volcanoes 8/18/2014. Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) 8 th Grade. Ring of Fire
Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) Chapter 7: Volcanoes 8 th Grade Ring of Fire a major belt of es that rims the Pacific Ocean Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earth s plates as they
More informationInternet Interactive Rock Cycle
Internet Interactive Rock Cycle Directions: Go to the website http://www.uky.edu/as/geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module05swf.swf and answer the questions below. Part I: Igneous Rocks (click on Igneous
More informationChapter Twelve: Earthquakes
The Changing Earth Chapter Twelve: Earthquakes 12.1 Earthquakes 12.2 Volcanoes Investigation 12B Volcanoes How are volcanoes and plate boundaries related? 12.2 Looking inside a volcano A volcano is where
More informationGeneral Geology Lab #7: Geologic Time & Relative Dating
General Geology 89.101 Name: General Geology Lab #7: Geologic Time & Relative Dating Purpose: To use relative dating techniques to interpret geological cross sections. Procedure: Today we will be interpreting
More informationIntroduction. Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth
Introduction Volcano a vent where molten rock comes out of Earth Example: Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Hot (~1,200 o C) lava pools around the volcanic vent. Hot, syrupy lava runs downhill as a lava flow. The
More informationGeomorphology Final Exam Study Guide
Geomorphology Final Exam Study Guide Geologic Structures STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY concerned with shapes, arrangement, interrelationships of bedrock units & endogenic (within) forces that cause them. Tectonic
More information