Theory of Continental Drift
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1 Plate Tectonics
2 Theory of Continental Drift Alfred Wegener suggested that continents had once been part of a supercontinent named Pangaea, that later broke up. The pieces moved apart over millions of years and formed the separate continents we know today. These ideas are known as the Theory of Continental Drift
3 Evidence of continental drift includes: Rocks in mountain ranges of eastern North American and western Europe are similar Fossils found in South America and South Africa suggest these continents were once joined Plants and animals living only in South America, Africa, and Australia suggest that these continents were once linked but moved apart.
4 Tectonic Plates The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle; It is solid and brittle, and can fracture during earthquakes;
5 Tectonic Plates The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates; These plates float on the hot, plastic asthenosphere (lower region of the mantle), which is too hot to ever fracture (although it can be stretched);
6 Tectonic Plates Tectonic plates can either contain both continental and oceanic crust, or only oceanic crust; There are a dozen large plates and many smaller plates.
7 Plate Movement Tectonic plates move because of convection currents in the mantle; Magma is heated up near the core and becomes less dense and rises;
8 Plate Movement Rising magma pushes plates apart at spreading centres in oceans, called divergent boundaries;
9 Plate Movement Where oceanic plates collide with continental plates, the oceanic plate will slide under the continental plate and be pushed down into the mantle; Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust and never subducts;
10 Plate Movement Continental crust is forever pushed around the surface of the earth, and consequently contains the oldest rocks on earth; Oceanic crust is continually being recycled and is much younger.
11 Plate Boundaries Plate boundaries are marked by earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, and ocean trenches.
12 Plate Boundaries There are three main types of plate boundaries: 1) Divergent Boundaries 2) Convergent Boundaries 3) Transform Boundaries
13 Divergent Boundaries Where plates are spreading apart Huge mountain ranges found beneath the Earth s oceans known as midocean ridges; Basaltic lava pours out from the ridges and spreads out to form new oceanic crust.
14 Convergent Boundaries Where two plates collide; When continental plates collide, neither plate is dense enough to be pushed down, so the land buckles like a car hood in a car crash ( uplifting ), forming mountain ranges;
15 Convergent Boundaries When continental plates collide with oceanic plates, subduction occurs the oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate; Trenches are found beneath the ocean where the oceanic crust subducts; When two oceanic plates collide, usually one plate subducts beneath the other.
16 Transform Boundaries Where two plates slide by each other instead of subducting or uplifting; Results in frequent earthquakes.
17 Continental Growth The ancient core of a continent is called the CRATON. The cratons are much smaller than the continents we see today.
18 Continental Growth Growth material for the continents comes from: 1) deep sea sediments (scraped off subducting plates) 2) volcanic rock; 3) sediments deposited by rivers that flow across the continent.
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