Name Test Date Hour. the interior of the Earth to the surface. younger less dense plate.

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1 Name Test Date Hour Earth Processes#2 - Notebook Plate Tectonics LEARNING TARGETS I can identify and describe the three main layers of Earth. I can explain the difference between an oceanic and a continental plate. I can explain the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. I can explain role of convection currents in moving Earth s crustal plates. I can provide the evidence used to support the Theory of Continental Drift. I can explain the difference between the three types of plate boundaries. I can describe what each type of plate boundary can cause. I can identify which plate will subduct at a convergent plate boundary. I can describe a hot spot and what will form as a result. Scientific Language 1. Crust Rocky outermost layer of Earth. 2. Mantle Middle layer of the Earth, made of mostly solid rock. 3. Core The center of Earth composed of outer liquid layer and inner solid layer. 4. Lithosphere Rigid layer of the Earth made of crust and part of the upper mantle. 5. Asthenosphere Layer in Earth's mantle between the lithosphere (above) and the upper mantle (below). 6. Convection Currents Slow movement of Earth's solid mantle caused by transferring heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface. 7. Plate Boundary Area where tectonic plates meet and volcanoes and earthquakes tend to occur. 8. Divergent Boundary Two plates are moving away from each other. 9. Convergent Boundary Two plates are moving towards each other. 10. Subduction Zones An area where an older more dense oceanic plate goes down under a younger less dense plate. 11. Transform (strike/slip) Boundary Two plates are moving past or alongside each other. 12. Hot Spot Intensely hot region just underneath the surface sometimes producing volcanoes.

2 Earth s Layers The main focus for this next section of skills focuses mostly on Plate Tectonics however, to understand the evidence and reasons for plate tectonic movement you must first understand a bit about the Earth s layers. The Earth is divided into three main layers. The, and. Each of these layers can be broken down into smaller sections with different characteristics. The CRUST - is the outermost layer made of solid rock. This layer is broken into two types of crustal plates; crustal plates and crustal plates. The continental crustal plates are made mostly of, have a lower density than oceanic crustal plates and are thicker. Oceanic crust is composed mostly of, is dense and thinner. The Mantle - is the layer just below the crust and is divided into smaller sections: the and mantle. The rigid, uppermost part of the mantle carries the crustal plates and is known as the. Just below this is the putty-like layer called the. Further down

3 is the mantle which is composed of solid rock. The Core is the center of the Earth. The core is divided into two sections: the and core. Both are composed of metal, mostly iron, and are very hot. The outer core however, is and the inner core is iron. Large convection currents in the transfer to the surface. The current process moves hot material to the surface where it and then only to repeat the cycle. Think of a lamp. Each of Earth s layers have provided to support an idea that was once thought to be crazy, but is now accepted worldwide as the Theory. This theory then helped to support the Theory of. Plate Tectonics Theory of Continental Drift In 1910, Alfred Wegener (Vay guh nur) hypothesized that all the continents had once been joined together in a landmass and have since drifted. Wegener named this super continent. Wegener s idea that the continents slowly over the Earth s surface became known as. Evidence used to support this claim: -like fit of the continents similar structures and ages on different continents plant and animal deposits

4 Your Turn --> Label the arrows with the evidence that they are showing. Plate Boundaries Earth s CRUST and upper mantle are broken into sections. These sections are called. They move on the plastic-like layer of the due to the current process. There are major plates and approximately smaller plates. The area where two plates interact is called a. Moving plates can interact in 3 ways: Move away from each other = boundary Move towards each other = boundary Move alongside each other = boundary

5 Major Plates of the Lithosphere Create a key, and color code the boundaries on the map above. Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform (strike/slip) Boundary Divergent Boundary As two crustal plates or separate, magma rises toward the surface. The magma will cool and create new forcing the two crustal plates apart. New crust is continually being formed at what are known as the. This action is also known as.,, RIFTS, and RIDGES

6 Convergent Boundaries Oceanic - Continental When an Oceanic Plate and a Continental Plate, the dense oceanic crust under (slides under) the less dense continental crust. As the oceanic crust subducts toward the it breaks into smaller pieces and will eventually melt into.,,, and TRENCHES Oceanic - Oceanic When an Oceanic Plate collides with another Oceanic Plate, the of the two oceanic plates will subduct (older = cooler = more dense) under the oceanic plate. The subducting crust will eventually into magma.,, and TRENCHES Continental- Continental When two CONTINENTAL plates collide, they both resist downward motion causing them to BUCKLE up. When this occurs, are created. and

7 Transform (strike/slip) Boundary Boundaries where two plates past one another are known as boundaries sometimes called boundaries. These plates can move in directions or in the direction at different SPEEDS. The Pacific plate is sliding past the North American Plate creating the famous San Andreas Fault. and CRUST SPLINTERING ***ONLY boundary contact WITHOUT activity Summary of Geological Results from the Three Types of Plate Boundaries Types of Boundaries New Crust Recycles Crust Volcanoes Earthquakes Mountains Ridge Rifts Trench Convergent Divergent Transform Earthquake Hazards Most earthquakes in the world occur along. Why does California and parts of Alaska fall into the highest risk categories on the map? Does Michigan fall into a high risk category? Why or Why not?

8 How a Volcanoes Forms Any time breaks through the crust we have activity. At divergent boundaries magma breaks through the surface allowing new to form as it cools. At oceanic-continental plate boundaries or oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries, the older and colder crustal plate and is back into magma. The molten magma can then to the surface and form a. A- B- C- D- E- F- G- Hot Spots A HOT SPOT is an area of EXTREME under the Earth s CRUST. Hot spots in one place and the Earth's crustal plates over them. Hot spots under oceanic crust create that sometimes rise above the ocean surface to form. is a classic hot spot. The volcanoes are only active when the hot spot. The crust below the island of Hawaii has already begun to drift of the hot spot. The Hawaiian Islands Based on the illustration, in what direction is the Pacific Plate moving? The Kilauea volcano on Hawaii is still very active. Why would this be? There is an undersea volcano called Loihi whose erupting lava will eventually pile up above the ocean surface. Based on what you know about hot spots, where will Loihi appear as an island in the future?