WEDNESDAY, 27 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM. Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number

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1 FOR OFFICIAL USE Total X043/12/01 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 2015 WEDNESDAY, 27 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM GEOLOGY HIGHER Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s) Surname Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat 1 This paper consists of three sections, A, B and C. You are advised to spend about 1 hour on Section A, half an hour on Section B and 1 hour on Section C. 2 You should attempt all of the questions in Sections A and C and only one question in Section B. 3 All answers should be written in the spaces provided in this answer book and should be written clearly and legibly in ink. 4 The marks allocated to each question or part of a question are shown at the end of each question or part of a question. 5 Additional space for answers or rough work will be found at the end of this book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this booklet. You should draw a line through anything which you do not wish the examiner to mark. 6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper. PB *X043/12/01*

2 SECTION A All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section. 1. The field sketch below shows the rocks and structures exposed in a road cutting. Conglomerate Siltstone Coarse sandstone Rock P Limestone Rock Q Rock R Shale Breccia Schist Page two

3 1. (continued) The thin sections shown below were made from three of the rocks found in the road cutting. Rock P Rock Q Rock R Plagioclase Microcline Orthoclase Pyroxene Plagioclase Microcline Quartz Cement Quartz 0 5 mm Biotite 2 mm 2 mm (a) Name rocks P, Q and R and give a reason for your choice. Rock P Reason Rock Q Reason Rock R Reason 3 [Turn over Page three

4 1. (continued) (b) Which three statements are correct? A Rock Q is older than Rock P. B There are three unconformities shown. C The conglomerate and the coarse sandstone show overlap. D There are two normal faults and one thrust fault. E Two unconformities are shown. F Rock P is older than Rock Q. G The conglomerate and coarse sandstone show offlap. H There are two reverse faults and one normal fault. Give only the letters, and 3 Large numbers of fossil bivalves of the one species were found in the shale. Measurements of bivalve length were made. Field sketch of bivalves found in loose shale block. Bivalves of the same species Layering in shale Graph of length of bivalves in sample. Number short Length long Page four

5 1. (continued) (c) Do the bivalves form a life or death assemblage? Give two reasons for your answer. Reason 1 Reason 2 2 [Turn over Page five

6 2. Study the sketch of a graveyard below. Granite Limestone (a) Choose the correct two statements. A The date on the granite gravestone is still clear because granite is usually composed of minerals which weather rapidly. B The solution of the limestone gravestone by weak acids has led to the lettering being difficult to read. C Solution is a major process of physical weathering. D Hydration and hydrolysis are major processes of physical weathering. E F Water is essential in all weathering. Spheroidal weathering of basaltic rock is a result of carbonation. Give only the letters and 2 Page six

7 2. (continued) (b) With the aid of a labelled diagram(s) explain the process of frost shattering and the formation of scree slopes. Space for diagram(s) 3 (c) Give two reasons why olivine, pyroxene and amphibole are rarely found in clastic sedimentary rocks. 2 [Turn over Page seven

8 3. The table below shows information about the pressures and the temperatures at which a basic rock begins to melt. Pressure megapascals (MPa) Temperature (degrees Celsius) (a) (i) Plot the information from the table onto the graph below. (Information about the pressures and temperatures at which melting is complete has already been plotted on the graph) Temperature ºC Pressure (MPa) Page eight

9 3. (a) (continued) (ii) Describe the relationship shown for the data you have plotted. 1 (iii) Label the three areas on the graph to show the following. A Solid and liquid B Solid only C Liquid only 1 (b) Explain what causes partial melting of a mid ocean ridge. 2 [Turn over Page nine

10 4. Complete the table below which shows the chemical names of ore minerals. Choose the correct term from the word bank. Iron and chromium oxide, bauxite, native copper, copper and iron sulphide, iron oxide, galena, cassiterite, magnetite, siderite, hydrated copper carbonate Ore mineral Chemical name Chalcopyrite Malachite Lead sulphide Iron carbonate Tin oxide Chromite 3 Page ten

11 5. Study the diagram of a plate boundary below. MAGNETIC STRIPES OF NORMAL AND REVERSE POLARITY SEA LEVEL sediments sediments ocean crust UPPER MANTLE (a) If the ocean has widened by 1200 km over the last 75 million years, calculate the mean rate of sea-floor spreading in centimetres per year. Space for working Answer cm/year 2 (b) Oceanic surveys in the 1950s revealed a surprising pattern of positive and negative magnetic anomalies as indicated on the diagram above. Explain how this pattern is produced. 2 (c) Explain two possible mechanisms for plate movement. 2 Page eleven [Turn over

12 6. Study the section through a constructive and destructive plate margin below A Continent F B D E C Upper mantle Earthquake focus (a) Identify features A F. Choose from: lithospheric mantle, basic magma, ridge, regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, intermediate/acidic magma, oceanic crust, Wadati-Benioff zone. A B C D E F 3 Page twelve

13 6. (continued) (b) Describe two processes which could lead to the composition of Magma F changing as it rises through the continental crust. (You may wish to use diagrams.) Process 1 Process 2 2 [Turn over Page thirteen

14 7. Samples of sandstone, shale and siltstone were collected, dried and cut into cubes of side 5 cm. Each cube was immersed in water until their pore spaces were completely filled The table below shows the total volume of water absorbed with time for each sample. Time (minutes) Total volume of water absorbed cm Sample A Sample B Sample C (a) (i) Draw a line graph to show the total volume of water absorbed against time for rock sample A. 30 Total volume of water (cm 3 ) Time (minutes) 2 Page fourteen

15 7. (a) (continued) (ii) Find the porosity of rock B using the relationship: porosity = volume of water absorbed volume of rock cube 100. Space for working Answer % 1 (b) (i) Which one of the three rocks (sandstone, shale, siltstone) matches with sample B? Give a reason for your answer. (You may wish to use diagrams.) Space for diagrams (if used). Answer Reason 2 (ii) Which sample has the lowest permeability? Give a reason for your answer. Sample Reason 1 Section A: Total (40) marks Page fifteen [Turn over

16 SECTION B This section consists of three questions. Only ONE question should be attempted. Fifteen marks are allocated to this section. Candidates should write their answer on pages 17, 18, 19 and 20. Additional space for answers may be found at the end of this book. 8. Write an essay on earthquakes and the internal structure of the Earth. Credit will be given for the use of diagrams. Give details as follows. (a) (b) (c) Causes of earthquakes and types of earthquake waves How earthquake waves are used to determine the internal structure of the Earth Other evidence that is used to determine the composition of the internal layers of the Earth 9. Give an account of the geology of an area you have studied. Maps and diagrams must be used. Give details as follows. Name and location of the area Rock types present Geological features and structures, eg folds, faults and sedimentary structures Methods of establishing the relative ages of the rocks, eg cross cutting relationships, way up criteria, unconformity, etc Any other relevant information 10. Write an essay on metamorphism. Credit will be given for the use of maps and diagrams. Give details as follows. (a) (b) (c) Regional metamorphism mentioning processes, tectonic setting, rock types, structures, metamorphic grades and metamorphic zones Contact metamorphism on country rocks around large igneous intrusions Dynamic metamorphism (15) (15) (15) Section B: Total (15) marks NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE TWENTY-ONE Page sixteen

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21 SECTION C All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section. 11. Examine the photograph below of vesicular andesite. Pink mineral White mineral The white crystalline mineral scratched a steel blade and had no reaction with acid. Identify the mineral, and explain how the vesicles can form in lava. 3 Page twenty-one [Turn over

22 12. Examine the photograph below. Acidic micro dyke Grey layer Grey layer Suggest why the grey layer is displaced either side of the dyke. 2 Page twenty-two

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24 13. Study the map (on the separate worksheet) and answer the questions based on it. (a) How many unconformities are shown? Answer 1 (b) On which side of the fault have the rocks moved up? Give a reason for your answer. Answer Reason 2 (c) Place the letter M on the map where ore minerals may have been formed by metasomatism. Explain why you chose this area 2 (d) On the topographic profile on the separate worksheet, draw a geological section between points X and Y on the map. 6 (e) Which two statements are correct? Give letters only. A The folded rocks form an overfold. B The dolerite forms a sill. C Fault F is a tear fault. D The granite has metamorphosed the dolerite. E The granite may contain xenoliths of the siltstone. F The gneiss has been folded. Give only the letters and 2 (f) Suggest why the width of the metamorphic aureole varies around the granite. 2 Page twenty-four

25 13. (continued) (g) Which of the following statements best describes the isolated outcrop of arkose sandstone? A Inlier B Overlier C Outlier D Isolier Give only the letter 1 (h) Place the geological events of this map in the correct order by inserting the correct letters from the list below. The events in this table are not in the correct order. A B C D E F G H I Deposition of arkose Intrusion of dolerite and basalt Folding Intrusion of granite Formation of gneiss Tilting Faulting Deposition of limestone, mudstone and conglomerate Deposition of siltstone (Give only the letters) YOUNGEST F G C OLDEST 6 Page twenty-five [Turn over

26 14. Part of the outcrop of a bed of sandstone is shown on the map below. F A200m B200m C D E Key Borehole Outcrop of coal seam F Fault Surface contours with height in metres Sandstone metres N Page twenty-six

27 14. (continued) North of the Fault (a) Complete the outcrop of the sandstone on the north side of the fault. 1 (b) North of the fault, a constantly dipping coal seam has been found in boreholes A and B at depths shown and at the surface at C. (i) Draw structure contours across the whole of the map for the coal seam and number them North of the fault. (ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam North of the fault. 3 3 (iii) What is the angle and direction of dip of the coal seam? Angle of dip Direction of dip Space for working 2 South of the Fault (c) (i) Number the structure contours South of the fault. (ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam south of the fault. 1 1 (iii) At what depth from the surface will the coal seam be found in borehole E? (d) metres Shade the area where the coal seam will not be found beneath the surface. 1 1 Section C: Total (40) marks [END OF QUESTION PAPER] Page twenty-seven

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33 FOR OFFICIAL USE X043/12/11 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 2015 WEDNESDAY, 27 MAY 1.00 PM 3.30 PM GEOLOGY HIGHER Worksheet for Question 13 Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below. Full name of centre Town Forename(s) Surname Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat To be inserted inside the front cover of the candidate s answer book and returned with it. PB *X043/12/11*

34 Worksheet Q13 F X Y 40 N metres [X043/12/11] Page two

35 50 X arkose sandstone siltstone conglomerate dolerite granite basalt Worksheet Q13(d) mudstone gneiss limestone F metamorphic aureole directions of strike and dip with dip in degrees fault horizontal strata Y [X043/12/11] [END OF WORKSHEET] Page three

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