Use of rapid removal of metals from water in classification of metals View of the Danish EPA
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1 Use of rapid removal of metals from water in classification of metals View of the Danish EPA Henning Clausen Danish Environmental Protection Agency
2 Acceptable to DK-EPA: If realistic worst case environmental conditions conditions are applied relating to potential for transformation to insoluble compounds of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and similar in the water column at ph ranges between Hardness range (as mg CaCO3/l): INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 2
3 ph range of is the range used in the transformationdissolution protocol ( ph range in OECD TG for hydrolysis: 4-9) A test duration of 28 days would be in accordance with the T/D-protocol and the ready biodegradability tests INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 3
4 Insoluble : In 28 day T/D tests the compound does not release the metal in quantities sufficient to reach the EC 10 level at ph INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 4
5 Ready degradability tests: Part of carbon is built into the microorganism biomass thus 60% or 70% pass level 100% degradation (the yield of microorganisms in RBT is approx %) Therefore rapid removal by way of transformation processes should be close to 100% in 28 days INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 5
6 DK-EPA not in favour of: Adsorption to organic material and particulate matter in the water column or in sediment Transformation into sulphides etc. in sediment INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 6
7 Organic particles eaten by filter feeders Metals may be remobilised in digestive tract INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 7
8 Adsorption in sediment dependant on: Ratio between sediment surface area and water volume Sedimentation time (depends of hydrodynamic factors) Other chemical factors in sediment (e.g. remobilisation of sediment organisms) INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 8
9 Increasing water column height (depth) Lower sediment surface area to water volume Longer sedimentation time INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 9
10 Sedimentation time dependent on Water column depth Hydrodynamics: Currents Stirring Wind (storms) Biological activity stratification of water column (caused by salinity & temperature) INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 10
11 Binding as AVS in sediments further dependent on Chemical conditions in sediment Redox conditions Other chemical factors as e.g. Sulphide concentrations (AVS) AVS varies over season (due to variation of organic load) and from site to site Concentrations of other metals bound to AVS INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 11
12 Binding to organic particles and in sediment: Same arguments presented for metals could be applied to very lipophilic organics But this has been decided not to apply for hazard classification INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 12
13 Removal by binding to organic particles analog to removal by volatility BOTH are UNLIKE DEGRADATION & precipitation related to reversible physical transport And not irreversible transformation processes Removal half-lives for such physical transport processes are NOT irreversible and also variable and dependent on the settings of the water compartment, i.e. its Hydrodynamics Water chemistry Water depth INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 13
14 Unit World models Combine Biotic Ligand Models (BLM) and chemical speciation models INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 14
15 Unit World models involve -Transport between water and sediment -Metal binding to DOC and POC -Metal binding to biological receptors -Transformation to and precipitation of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and sulphides -Dissolution kinetics -Cycling of organic matter and sulphide production INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 15
16 Unit World models basically based on Mackay models Level I (equilibrium): Distributions of a substance in compartments (water, soil, air etc) Highly dependent of the settings of the compartment parameters (incl. their relative size) Level III (steady state): is also dependent on which compartment that receives the effluent or emission profile (i.e. use profile) of substance INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 16
17 Unit World models Are clearly risk assesment tools very dependent on local environmental conditions Cannot be used for classification May be used for generic or relativistic risk screening of chemicals INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 17
18 Application of rapid removal through binding to organic particles and in sediment is Risk assessment and far from hazard assessment May be used for risk screening But not for classification INDSÆT FOOTER: >VIS >SIDEHOVED & SIDEFOD >APPLICÉR PÅ ALLE, STORE BOGSTAVER SIDE 18
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