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1 Summary Chapter 1-1
2 Nomenclature 1 prefix + + prefix,- dimethyl 1,5- First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne 5 hexa Alkenes & Alkynes 6 diene Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl * Note: when we have more then 1 muljple bond the name has an a added on: hexa instead of hex Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed.
3 Nomenclature prefix 5 prefix + + First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne - methyl - 1 pent yne Alkenes & Alkynes Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed.
4 Nomenclature prefix - methyl 1-1 prefix + + First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal group and what is it? Alkene = ene; Alkyne = yne cyclo 5 pent ene Alkenes & Alkynes Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed.
5 Nomenclature Aromatics: Benzene o - m - prefix + prefix Give locajon, number, and type of subsjtuent. You can also replace locajon & number with o, m, p Benzene 1,- dimethyl o- dimethyl benzene benzene p - Polysubstituted Benzenes: 1. Number to give lowest s around ring. Alphabetize substituents. If part of common root name the molecule as a derivative of a monosubstituted benzene with common root at C1. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed. 5
6 Nomenclature 1 prefix + + prefix Alcohols First give locajon and type of subsjtuents Second give locajon of double bond How many carbons in longest chain? How many of the funcjonal group and what is it? Alcohol = ol - methyl - OH 5 hexan 6 ol Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl *Note: azer the greek root of the use an, ie hexan * Second Note: when we have more then 1 muljple bond the name has an a azer the greek root: hexa Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed. 6
7 Nomenclature prefix + + prefix O - ethoxy 1 Ethers Use alkyl subsjtutant naming roots, but drop the yl and use oxy for the simplest alkyl group bonded to the ether oxygen. How many carbons in longest chain? Use alkane ending: ane but ane Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed. 7
8 Nomenclature 5 prefix + + prefix,- dimethyl 1- Thiols Give locajon and type of subsjtuents, then give locajon of thiol group. How many carbons in longest chain? Hydrocarbon funcjonal group + thiol hept 1 SH anethiol Carbons Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Alkyl Group Name Structure 1 CH- methyl CHCH- ethyl CHCHCH- propyl CHCHCHCH- butyl 5 CHCHCHCHCH- pentyl 6 CHCHCHCHCHCH- hexyl Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed. 8
9 Nomenclature Alkyl Halides Cl prefix + + prefix 1 - chloro - methyl Give locajon and type of subsjtuents. Replace ine in halide name with o, ie Chlorine = chloro How many carbons in longest chain? What is the hydrocarbon funcjonal group? If alkane then ane 5 hex 6 ane Greek Root Straight Chain Alkane Name 1 meth methane eth ethane prop propane but butane 5 pent pentane 6 hex hexane 7 hept heptane 8 oct octane 9 non nonane 10 dec decane Halide F Cl Br I Prefix Floro Chloro Bromo Iodo Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry nd Ed. 9
10 ISOMERS Stereoisomers Spatial Isomers Different spajal arrangement of atoms but with the same connecjvity Same chemical formula Constitutional Isomers Structural Isomers Different connecjvity between atoms Enantiomers Mirror images of a chiral molecule that are not superimposable Diastereomers All stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another R Cis/Trans Isomers Conformational Isomers RotaJon around C- C single bonds R R R
11 Alkene Reactions Addition H H H Metal catalyst Hydrogenation X X X X = Cl or Br Halogenation HX H X X = Cl or Br Hydrohalogenation H O H OH H SO Hydration
12 Alkene Reactions Polymers Polymerization: joining together of monomers
13 Aromatic Reactions Substitution H X FeX X = Cl (chlorination rxn) or Br (bromination rxn) HNO H SO Nitration X NO SO H SO Sulfonation SO H
14 Rxns of Alcohols Elimination Reaction: Dehydration Zaitsev Rule: The major product in elimination is the alkene that has more alkyl groups bonded to it.
15 Rxns of Alcohols Oxidations Oxidation requires breaking C-H bonds and forming new C-O bonds. When alcohol is the starting material the products always have a carbonyl group.
16 Rxns of Thiols Oxidation & Reduction
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Organic Chemistry Worksheets
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Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry
Chapter 20 (part 2) Organic Chemistry Section 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] CH 3 CH=CH 2 propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing
Rules for Naming Organic Molecules. Nomenclature II
Rules for Naming Organic Molecules Nomenclature II 1 Why? The carbon atom is unique in its bonding in that it can form stable molecules consisting of chains of carbon atoms of any length Coupled with the