Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. The human body is made up of trillions of cells many of which are specialized - Muscle cells
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1 Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell State Standards Standard 1.c. Standard 1.e. Introduction to Cells Organisms are either - Single-celled, such as - Multicelled, such as The human body is made up of trillions of cells many of which are specialized - Muscle cells - Nerve cells - Blood cells The Cell Theory Cells were first discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. The accumulation of scientific evidence led to the cell theory Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell The Light Microscope Light passes through the specimen Lenses enlarge, or magnify, the image Magnification
2 Resolving power The Electron Microscope Uses a beam of electrons Resolving power is higher than the light microscope Can magnify up to 100,000X Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Used to study the details of the surface of the cell Used to study cell and organelle surfaces Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) An electron beam is aimed through a thin section Used to explore the The Two Major Categories of Cells There are 2 major categories of cells - Prokaryotic cells - Eukaryotic cells Both cells - Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several ways The Size of Cells Most cells are micrometers in size Cell size and shape are related to their function Ex: red blood cells, nerve cells, eggs
3 The lower limit of cell size is determined by the fact that a cell must be large enough to The maximum size of a cell is limited by the Prokaryotic Cells Smaller than eukaryotic cells (2-8 um) Enclosed by a plasma membrane that is usually surrounded by a rigid cell wall The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule Ribosomes (70S) are present Structures of the Prokaryotic Cell Nucleoid region area where DNA is coiled in the cytoplasm. DNA is in direct contact with the rest of the cell Plasmid smaller circular DNA molecules Ribosomes where proteins are made Plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell Cell wall rigid, composed of lipids, carbohydrates and protein. Protects the cell and maintains its shape Capsule sticky outer coat that surrounds some prokaryotes. Protects the cell surface. Helps bacteria attach to surfaces Pili short surface projections found in some prokaryotes. Helps attach bacteria to surfaces Flagella long whiplike extensions found in some prokaryotes. Propel cell through liquid environments The Role of Bacteria in the Nitrogen Cycle Eukaryotic Cells Larger than prokaryotic cells ( um) More complex in structure Ribosomes (80S)
4 Comparing Animal and Plant Cells Animal cells contain Plant cells contain a Comparing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Viruses are biological particles Structure of Viruses A typical virus is composed of Genetic material Capsid Some viruses also have Types of Viruses DNA Viruses Glycoprotein found on surface, specific for each type of virus Membrane envelope surrounds protein coat, comes from membrane of host cell Enzymes needed for transcription of virus genes Ex: Adenoviruses (cold)
5 RNA Viruses Contain single strand of RNA Ex: Retroviruses Type of The enzyme reverse transcriptase changes viral RNA to viral DNA that becomes part of the hosts DNA Ex: Virus Reproduction Cycles Lytic cycle Virus attaches to receptor sites on host cell and genetic material enters host cell Virus genetic material directs host cell to produce more virus genetic material and virus proteins New virus particles are put together New viruses are released Lysogenic cycle Virus genetic material enters cell Virus DNA attaches to cell s DNA (prophage) External stimuli (radiation, chemicals) cause prophage to become active or virulent Virus enters lytic cycle Comparing Viruses, Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells
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