2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies Cells

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2 We have a full line of high school biology units and courses at CurrClick and as online courses! Subscribe to our interactive unit study classroom and make science fun and exciting! 2

3 A cell is a small organized structure that is capable of performing the metabolic activity necessary to keep an organism alive. It is a unique self contained environment. There are two types of cells: Prokaryotic - Bacteria. Most consist of only a single cell. Eukaryotic Animal cells. Have complicated and organized interiors. Eukaryotic cells have a sequestered nucleus where the DNA resides, while prokaryotic cells do not. This is one of the major features which distinguish the two types of cells. A prokaryotic cell can contain the following: 1. Flagellum a tail like structure that can enable movement. 2. Pili - proteins attached to the cell surface that enables adhesion or stickiness, between two cells. 3. Cell Envelope the cellular envelope contains a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane. It surrounds the cell for protection. 4. Cytoplasmic Region - contains the cell genome (DNA) and proteins such as plasmids and ribosomes. 3

4 The flagellum is a unique structure that is used for movement/motility. It is considered a molecular motor and is able to transfer energy from ATP into motion. These structures are not found in all prokaryotic cells, nor are they limited to prokaryotic cells because there are some eukaryotic cells that will also have a flagellum. The pili is a hair-like protein that sticks out from the cell capsule. The purpose of these structures is communication and the transfer of genetic material. The cellular envelope is the outer covering of the cell. It will include the cell wall, capsule, and plasma membrane. It provides protection. The cytoplasmic region contains all the cellular fluids, proteins and structures required for the cell to live. Most of the cytoplasm is made up of water. 4

5 Inside the cytoplasmic region there are several structures such as: 1. Plasmids 2. Ribosomes 3. Nucleoid Plasmids are DNA that are outside of the chromosome. They are considered extra-chromosomal and they are shaped like a circle. They contain genetic material and can replicate themselves and pass their genetics on to other cells that have plasmids. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and RNA, which is a nucleic acid. Their purpose is to make functional proteins from the DNA code. The nucleoid is the place in the cell where the chromosomal DNA is located. This is not a well defined structure but is a loose collection of nucleic acids. There is no membrane that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm. In addition, prokaryotes do not really have chromosomes but the term is used to differentiate between plasmid DNA and DNA within the nucleoid. Prokaryotes reproduce using binary fission and that simply means that they divide in half. Each new part has the potential to divide once again. The DNA in a prokaryote is not kept inside a nucleus; instead it flows around inside the cell. When the cell is ready to reproduce it divides the DNA in half this is the first step in binary fission. After replicating the DNA, the cell continues to grow and mature. The cytoplasm is the liquid inside the cell. Before the cell can divide in half it must split this cytoplasmic liquid in half as well. This process is called cytokinesis. 5

6 The third step is the complete division of the cell. This step creates two complete cells where there was previously only one. Each of the daughter cells is fully capable of initiating and completing the binary fission process. 6

7 The eukaryotic cell is different from the prokaryotic cell in the following ways: 1. They contain many more organized and separate structures called organelles 2. They are not self contained organisms like bacteria, but are part of a larger and more complex system of cells that make up an organism 3. They have DNA sequestered inside the nucleus and contained on chromosomes 4. They reproduce by replicating the DNA and sending it outside the nucleus as messenger RNA. All higher life forms are made up of eukaryotic cells because they contain a distinct nucleus. The organelles inside the cell each have a specific function. The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell is defined by the nuclear envelope that surrounds it. This essentially walls everything inside the nucleus off from the rest of 7

8 the cell. Inside the nucleus is the organism s DNA. When not actively replicating, the DNA is wound up very tightly on the chromosomes. When the DNA is replicating, it is unwound to allow replication proteins access to each individual nucleic acid. The endoplasmic reticulum, abbreviated ER, has two parts: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) The purpose of DNA is to safeguard the secret of the genetic code. The DNA NEVER EVER, EVER leaves the nucleus. Instead it replicates into messenger RNA (mrna) which is allowed to exit via the nuclear pore. Once out of the nucleus it encounters the RER. Here the mrna (messenger RNA) is translated into proteins by another organelle called the ribosome. Only the rough ER has ribosomes. In most pictures of the cellular organelles you can distinguish the RER from the SER by the little bumps which represent ribosomes. The RER s purpose is to make proteins that are destined to leave the cell in vesicles. The smooth ER is for making lipids and steroids. 8

9 The ribosome is made up of two subunits and its purpose is to make proteins from the RNA that was made by copying the DNA in the nucleus. The ribosome has two subunits that together will read the amino acid code and assemble proteins to use in the cell. This is a critical step in the central dogma of molecular biology and is called translation. Proteins are the workhorses of any organism. They perform all kinds of vital functions. The proteins are made by the ribosome and then they can be released into the cytoplasm to perform work, or packaged into vesicles to leave the cell and travel to other parts of the organism. This image illustrates the process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation the central dogma of molecular biology. 9

10 Mitochondria are the organelles inside the cell that make energy. This is the site of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose (sugar) is turned into Adenosine triphosphate or ATP. The mitochondria have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. This allows it to perform different functions. The two membranes have different properties and there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. The outer mitochondrial membrane The intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes) The inner mitochondrial membrane The cristae space The matrix 10

11 The Golgi apparatus, sometimes called the Golgi complex, is the processing center of the cell. It is unique in that it has a polarized organization. That means that it is not the same on each side. Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum will enter the Golgi on the cis side and exit after processing on the trans side. The Golgi apparatus is the processing center (like a UPS hub) for proteins where other molecules, such as sugars, can be added. Once the proteins are processed they bud off into vesicles and can then fuse with the plasma membrane and leave the cell. The microtubules are like a scaffolding system in the cytoplasm. The centriole is also called the microtubule organizing center and enables these microtubules to lengthen and shorten as necessary to shuttle proteins throughout the cytoplasm. Think of a track that allows a train to move from one place to another. 11

12 The lysosome can be compared to a garbage dump. The ph inside this organelle is low (acidic) and it degrades proteins that are no longer necessary or are a danger to the cell. The peroxisome is like the lysosome and functions to break down cells that can be dangerous. The plasma membrane is what separates the inside of the cell (intracellular) from the outside (extracellular). It is composed of lipid (fat) molecules that prevent hydrophilic (water loving) molecules from passing though. Hydrophobic (water hating) molecules are able to pass through the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids that have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails. Note the following on the diagram below: Extracellular space Cytoplasm Phospholipid bilayer 12

13 The phospholipid bilayer is one of the most important features of the plasma membrane. It separates the outside of the cell from the inside. It is made up of phospholipids that have a very unique characteristic; they are part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic. The heads, represented by the white circles, are hydrophilic. They love water because they are made up of water soluble molecules. The tails are hydrophobic because they are made up of lipids (fats) and are not water soluble molecules. This combination of characteristics allows the membrane to become a selective barrier to certain molecules that means it lets some things pass, but not others. 13

14 Student Activities Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Prokaryote 2. Eukaryote 3. Bacteria 4. Flagellum 5. Pili 6. Cell envelope Cytoplasmic region Molecular motor 9. Plasmids 10. Ribosomes a. A very large group of prokaryotic, unicellular organisms. b. A thick liquid region inside the prokaryotic cell which contains all cellular structures. c. The components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. d. Any organism having cells in each of which the genetic material is in a single DNA chain, not enclosed in a nucleus. e. The cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane, if one is present. f. A long, threadlike appendage, especially a whiplike extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions as an organ of locomotion. g. Short hair like processes on the surface of certain bacteria. h. Biological molecular machines and essential agents of movement in living organisms. i. A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membranebound nucleus. j. A DNA molecule that is separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. 14

15 Exercise Two Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Nucleoid 2. Nucleic acid 3. Binary fission 4. Cytokinesis 5. Organelle 6. Chromosome 7. Messenger RNA 8. Nucleus Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum a. A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. b. A eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules and which is connected to the nucleus and plays a role in protein synthesis. c. The process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. d. Biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA. e. The control center of a cell, which contains the cell's chromosomal DNA. f. An irregularly-shaped region within the cell of prokaryotes which has nuclear material without a nuclear membrane. g. A molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. h. A double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. i. An organized structure of DNA and protein which is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. j. Form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes. 15

16 Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. SER a. The inner most space inside the mitochondria. 2. RER b. Contains no ribosomes. 3. Nuclear pore 4. Translation d. Contains ribosomes. 5. Proteins 6. Mitochondria 7. ATP 8. Matrix 9. Cristae 10. Golgi apparatus c. Adenosine triphosphate; a nucleotide found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells and is the major source of energy for cellular reactions. e. A network of stacked membranous vesicles present in most living cells that functions in the formation of secretions within the cell. f. The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis. g. Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. h. The space between the two mitochondrial membranes. i. A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism. j. Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope. 16

17 Exercise Four Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Cis side 2. Trans side 3. Microtubules 4. Centriole 5. Microtubule organizing center 6. Lysosome 7. Peroxisome a. Organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells which break down long chain fatty acids. b. The side of the Golgi where proteins enter for processing. c. A structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. d. Cellular organelles which contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break up waste materials and cellular debris. e. Cylindrical hollow structures distributed throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and which provide structural support and assist in cellular locomotion and transport. f. The side of the Golgi where proteins exit after processing. g. Either of a pair of cylinder-shaped bodies found in the centrosome of most eukaryotic organisms other than plants. 17

18 Exercise Five Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Plasma membrane 2. Intracellular a. Water loving. 3. Extracellular c. Water hating. 4. Hydrophilic 5. Hydrophobic e. Inside the cell. 6. Phospholipid bilayer b. A biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. d. A thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules which form flat sheets that create a continuous barrier around cells. f. Outside the cell. 18

19 Exercise Six Use the words from the word bank to fill in the diagram of a prokaryotic cell. Word Bank Flagellum Pili Plasmid Ribosome Cytoplasm Nucleoid Capsule Plasma Membrane Cell Wall 19

20 Exercise Seven Use the words from the word bank to fill in the diagram of a eukaryotic cell. Word Bank RER Secretory Vesicle Cytoplasm Plasma Membrane Ribosome in ER Free Ribosome Mitochondrion Golgi Lysosome Centrioles Cytoskeleton Peroxisome Nuclear Pore Chromatin Nucleolus SER 20

21 Final Test 1. This cell part is used to attach two cells together from the outside. a. Pili b. Cytoplasm c. Golgi d. Envelope 2. This word means water hating. a. Hydrophilic b. Hydropower c. Hydrohating d. Hydrophobic 3. This part of the cell is where most ATP is made. a. Golgi b. Cell Membrane c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria 4. This part of the cell is the processing center where proteins go before being packaged up in vesicles. a. Lysosome b. Peroxisome c. Golgi d. Mitochondria 5. This part of the cell is where long chain fatty acids are degraded. a. Lysosome b. Mitochondria c. Golgi d. Peroxisome 6. This part of the cell creates a selective barrier between intra and extra cellular entities. a. Plasma membrane b. Golgi c. Lysosome d. Vesicle 21

22 7. This part of the Golgi is where proteins exit after processing. a. Cis side b. Trans side c. Both of these d. Neither of these 8. This is the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce. a. Binary fission b. Binary fusion c. Chromosome separation d. Nuclear replication 9. This one distinguishing feature is only found in eukaryotic cells. a. Nucleus b. DNA c. RNA d. Ribosome 10. This allows the messenger RNA to leave the nucleus after replication. a. Nuclear envelope b. Nucleolus c. Nuclear pore d. Nucleotide 11. This prokaryotic specific organelle contains DNA, but is not chromosomal DNA. a. Plasmid b. Nucleoid c. Pili d. Mitochondria 12. Which type of cell contains DNA? a. Prokaryotic b. Eukaryotic c. Both of these d. Neither of these 22

23 13. Which type of cell contains circular DNA? a. Prokaryotic b. Eukaryotic c. Both of these d. Neither of these 14. Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic? a. Head b. Tail c. Both d. Neither 15. The cytoplasm is made up mostly of. a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Water d. Matrix 23

24 Parent Solutions Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. d Prokaryote 2. i Eukaryote 3. a Bacteria 4. f 5. g Pili 6. e Flagellum Cell envelope 7. b Cytoplasmic region 8. h Molecular motor 9. j Plasmids c 10. Ribosomes a. A very large group of prokaryotic, unicellular organisms. b. A thick liquid region inside the prokaryotic cell which contains all cellular structures. c. The components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. d. Any organism having cells in each of which the genetic material is in a single DNA chain, not enclosed in a nucleus. e. The cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane, if one is present. f. A long, threadlike appendage, especially a whiplike extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions as an organ of locomotion. g. Short hair like processes on the surface of certain bacteria. h. Biological molecular machines and essential agents of movement in living organisms. i. A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. j. A DNA molecule that is separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. 24

25 Exercise Two Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem f d j Nucleoid Nucleic acid Binary fission 4. c Cytokinesis 5. a Organelle 6. i Chromosome 7. g Messenger RNA 8. e Nucleus 9. h Nuclear envelope 10. b Endoplasmic reticulum a. A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. b. A eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules and which is connected to the nucleus and plays a role in protein synthesis. c. The process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. d. Biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA. e. The control center of a cell, which contains the cell's chromosomal DNA. f. An irregularly-shaped region within the cell of prokaryotes which has nuclear material without a nuclear membrane. g. A molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. h. A double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. i. An organized structure of DNA and protein which is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. j. Form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes. 25

26 Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. b SER a. The inner most space inside the mitochondria. 2. d RER b. Contains no ribosomes. 3. j Nuclear pore 4. f Translation d. Contains ribosomes g i c Proteins Mitochondria ATP 8. a Matrix 9. h Cristae 10. e Golgi apparatus c. Adenosine triphosphate; a nucleotide found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells and is the major source of energy for cellular reactions. e. A network of stacked membranous vesicles present in most living cells that functions in the formation of secretions within the cell. f. The process by which messenger RNA directs the amino acid sequence of a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis. g. Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. h. The space between the two mitochondrial membranes. i. A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism. j. Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope. 26

27 Exercise Four Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. b Cis side 2. f Trans side 3. e Microtubules g c Centriole Microtubule organizing center 6. d Lysosome a 7. Peroxisome a. Organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells which break down long chain fatty acids. b. The side of the Golgi where proteins enter for processing. c. A structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. d. Cellular organelles which contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break up waste materials and cellular debris. e. Cylindrical hollow structures distributed throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and which provide structural support and assist in cellular locomotion and transport. f. The side of the Golgi where proteins exit after processing. g. Either of a pair of cylinder-shaped bodies found in the centrosome of most eukaryotic organisms other than plants. 27

28 Exercise Five Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. b Plasma membrane e 2. Intracellular a. Water loving. 3. f Extracellular c. Water hating. a 4. Hydrophilic 5. c Hydrophobic e. Inside the cell. 6. d Phospholipid bilayer b. A biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. d. A thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules which form flat sheets that create a continuous barrier around cells. f. Outside the cell. Exercise Six 28

29 Exercise Seven 29

30 Final Test 1. This cell part is used to attach two cells together from the outside. a. Pili b. Cytoplasm c. Golgi d. Envelope 2. This word means water hating. a. Hydrophilic b. Hydropower c. Hydrohating d. Hydrophobic 3. This part of the cell is where most ATP is made. a. Golgi b. Cell Membrane c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria 4. This part of the cell is the processing center where proteins go before being packaged up in vesicles. a. Lysosome b. Peroxisome c. Golgi d. Mitochondria 5. This part of the cell is where long chain fatty acids are degraded. a. Lysosome b. Mitochondria c. Golgi d. Peroxisome 6. This part of the cell creates a selective barrier between intra and extra cellular entities. a. Plasma membrane b. Golgi c. Lysosome d. Vesicle 30

31 7. This part of the Golgi is where proteins exit after processing. a. Cis side b. Trans side c. Both of these d. Neither of these 8. This is the process by which prokaryotic cells reproduce. a. Binary fission b. Binary fusion c. Chromosome separation d. Nuclear replication 9. This one distinguishing feature is only found in eukaryotic cells. a. Nucleus b. DNA c. RNA d. Ribosome 10. This allows the messenger RNA to leave the nucleus after replication. a. Nuclear envelope b. Nucleolus c. Nuclear pore d. Nucleotide 11. This prokaryotic specific organelle contains DNA, but is not chromosomal DNA. a. Plasmid b. Nucleoid c. Pili d. Mitochondria 12. Which type of cell contains DNA? a. Prokaryotic b. Eukaryotic c. Both of these d. Neither of these 31

32 13. Which type of cell contains circular DNA? a. Prokaryotic b. Eukaryotic c. Both of these d. Neither of these 14. Which part of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic? a. Head b. Tail c. Both d. Neither 15. The cytoplasm is made up mostly of. a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Water d. Matrix 32

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