Exam 1-6 Review Homework Answer the following in complete sentences.

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1 Exam 1-6 Review Homework Answer the following in complete sentences. 1. Explain the relationship between enzymes and activation energy. (Clue: How are enzymes and activation energy related?) Enzymes work by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes make the chemical reactions happen faster, and easier, and they do this by requiring less energy. 2. Describe the endosymbiotic theory. Endosymbiotic theory explains how cells came to have organelles. These cells ingested bacterial cells, and formed a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria that were ingested. These bacterial cells have become the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Other organelles developed from cell structures as the cells became more complex over time Describe the cell theory. All living things are made up of cells. The cells is the most basic unit of life, and it still has complexity and organization. All cells come from preexisting cells, meaning that they reproduce through mitosis or meiosis. 4. Explain the main differences between PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC cell types. Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. They are unicellular. Eukaryotes have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles and they are the basis of multicellular organisms. 5. Describe the main differences between VIRUSES and ALL OTHER CELLS. Viruses contain only genetic material. Their structure is made up of a coat of protein (capsid). Viruses are considered non-living because they do not have the characteristics found in other cells (7 characteristics of life). 6. Describe the difference between the LYTIC cycle and the LYSOGENIC cycle. The lytic cycle is a short cycle, where the virus immediately begins replication after infecting the host cell. The lysogenic cycle is a longer cycle, where the viral genome will stay hidden in the cell s DNA until prompted or triggered into reproduction by an external factor. 7. Explain how HIV is a different type of virus from influenza. (Clue: think about how each of these viruses reproduce.) HIV is a lysogenic virus, while influenza (the flu) is a lytic virus. 8. Explain the importance of homeostasis to the cell. Homeostasis keeps the cell balanced. Without homeostasis, the cells levels of water, ions, and other materials would be too low or too high. This can cause damage to the cell.

2 Complete the following : 9. Explain the following Characteristics of Life: A. Composed of cells: Living things are made of cells. B. Levels of organization: Living things have structures organized from simple to complex C. Using energy: Living things have a metabolism (burn calories) and produce energy through a form of energy conversion (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, chemosynthesis) D. Response to environment: Living things respond to changes in their environment, and react to stimuli through these responses. E. Growth and development: Living things change in size as they grow, and develop into more complex organisms. F. Reproduction: Living things reproduce, either asexually or sexually. G. Adapting and evolving: Living things adapt and evolve over long periods of time, through mutations that can lead to favorable traits driving the survival of the populations of organisms. 10. Label the enzyme diagram. Describe the steps of the process of a working enzyme.

3 11. Compare and contrast Plant and Animal Cells. (Clue: Use a T-chart or Venn Diagram.) 12. List two examples of viruses that fall under the following categories a. Viruses that reproduce using the LYTIC cycle are. Influenza, the common cold b. Viruses that reproduce using the LYSOGENIC cycle are HIV, herpes simplex viruses (genital herpes, chicken pox) 13. The term semipermeable means. to be selective about what is getting let into the cell and what is being let out of the cell.

4 14. IDENTIFY the following organelles and write a brief description of their functions. STRUCTURE NAME FUNCTION A Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid that supports the cell structures B Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll C nucleus Control center D nucleolus/genetic material Contains instructions E Endoplasmic reticulum Site of protein (rough) and lipid (smooth) synthesis and transport F Ribosomes Protein synthesis G Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body Sorting, packaging and transporting of synthesized molecules H vacuole Storage of food and water I lysosome Clean up and digest materials; contains enzymes J Cell membrane maintains homeostasis and controls cell transport K mitochondria Site of cellular respiration L Cell wall Made of cellulose; support structure

5 Provide JUSTIFICATIONS for each of the following multiple choice questions: 15. A student filled a plastic bag with a starch solution and placed the bag into a beaker filled with distilled water to soak overnight. The next day, the student observed that the plastic bag had gained mass. The student tested for starch in the beaker by adding a few drops of iodine. No color change occurred. The results of this experiment demonstrate that the plastic bag is a. permeable b. impermeable c. selectively permeable d. a protein channel Justification: The bag let water inside, and did not release starch outside. The bag is selectively permeable because it selected which materials to let inside and which materials to stay out. 16. Cells import large molecules through and secrete large molecules by. a. exocytosis, endocytosis b. endocytosis, osmosis c. exocytosis, diffusion d. endocytosis, exocytosis Justification: Endocytosis goes IN, exocytosis goes OUT 17. Fill in the chart with the appropriate information. Type of Transport Uses ATP? Direction of Movement (H -> L OR L -> H) Examples of molecules moved. Uses a protein channel? Uses a pump? Active Transport Yes L H Small or large no yes Endocytosis Yes L H Large quantities no no Exocytosis Yes L H Large quantities no no Passive Transport No H L no no Simple Diffusion (Diffusion) No H L Small molecules (gases) no no Facilitated Diffusion No H L Large molecules yes no Osmosis No H L Water only no no

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