2.1 Cell Structure. Learning Objectives:

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1 2.1 Cell Structure Learning Objectives: 1. Identify names and functions of each part of a cell. 2. Explain how important a nucleus is in a cell. 3. Compare tissues, organs, and organ systems.

2 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Types Two Groups: Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells Greek or Latin root words? -karyo means nucleus pro- means before eu- means good or well

3 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Types Two Groups: Prokaryotic Cells Before nucleus Eukaryotic cells Good nucleus Cells without membranebound structures (no nucleus) Cells with structures that have membranes (have nucleus)

4 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Types Two Groups: Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells Only found in one-celled (unicellular) organisms, such as bacteria Found in both unicellular and multicellular organisms, such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals

5 2.1 Cell Structure Compare and Contrast the Two Cell Types What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? (How do they compare?) How are they different? (How do they contrast?)

6 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Organization Cell Wall Function? Plants, algae, fungi, most bacteria Made of a carbohydrate called Can also contain pectin and lignin ANALOGY?

7 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Organization Cell Membrane Function? All cells! Made of a double layer of -like molecules ANALOGY?

8 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Organization Cytoplasm All cells Root word alert! Cyto- means -Plasm(a) means form or shape Constantly flows inside cell membrane What happens in the cytoplasm? ANALOGY?

9 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Organization Cytoplasm What structures are found in the cytoplasm? Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers Proteins are organic molecules made up of. Function? Organelles only found in karyotic cells! Nucleus (plural: nuclei) ANALOGIES?

10 2.1 Cell Structure Cell Organization Nucleus only found in eukaryotic cells Function? Separated from cytoplasm by membrane Contains coded instructions for everything cell does (in hereditary material called DNA) During cell division (mitosis or meiosis), the hereditary material coils tightly around proteins to form chromosomes. The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus. ANALOGY?

11 2.1 Cell Structure Energy-Processing Organelles Chloroplasts chloro- means green -plast means formed Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) mitos- means thread chondrion- means little granule or lump of salt

12 Chloroplasts 2.1 Cell Structure Energy-Processing Organelles Green organelles found in cytoplasm of plant cells Capture light energy that is used to make a sugar called glucose Glucose molecules store the captured light energy as chemical energy, which can be used to do work.

13 2.1 Cell Structure Energy-Processing Organelles Mitochondria Release energy used by the cell This energy is stored in food (glucose) that the mitochondria breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. What types of cells would have lots of mitochondria? ANALOGY?

14 Ribosomes 2.1 Cell Structure Manufacturing Organelles Function? To make Small organelles but not membrane-bound Some float freely; others are attached to the cell s Are made in the nucleolus and move out into the cytoplasm Take directions from the ANALOGY?

15 2.1 Cell Structure Processing, Transporting, & Storing Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (or ER) Function? Extends from nucleus to the Two types: ER is covered with ribosomes. ER processes other cellular substances that store energy (e.g., lipids). ANALOGY?

16 2.1 Cell Structure Processing, Transporting, & Storing Organelles Golgi Bodies Function: To sort proteins and other cellular substances and package them into membrane-bound structures called vesicles. Vesicles deliver these substances to other parts of the cell or to the cell membrane for release. Look like a flattened stack of. Yum! ANALOGY?

17 2.1 Cell Structure Processing, Transporting, & Storing Organelles Vacuoles Temporary storage of materials (water, waste products, food, etc.) In plant cells, vacuoles may make up most of the cell s volume. ANALOGY?

18 2.1 Cell Structure Recycling Organelles Lysosomes Contain digestive chemicals that break down,, and Membrane prevents digestive chemicals from leaking into cytoplasm and destroying cell When cell dies, this organelle s membrane disintegrates to release digestive chemicals that break down all cell parts. ANALOGY?

19 2.1 Cell Structure From Cell to Organism Cells working together to do one job form a.(1) (1) are organized into (2), which are made up of two or more types of (1) that work together. A group of (2) working together to form a certain function is an. (3)

20 Cells come in many shapes and sizes!

21 Tools for Active Reading What are some other ways that definitions can be given?

22 Journal Question We have looked for ways that definitions can be given for new words. Now you try writing a paragraph that includes a definition! 1. Think of a slang word that an adult might not know (nothing offensive!). 2. Use one example from Table 2.1 as a pattern. 3. Write a paragraph that introduces the meaning for your word.

23 Pulling It Together - Drama Agent Mildew has just started working for the FBI. It s his first day on the job, and he has been given some cells that were collected from a crime scene. He needs your help to figure out if the cells come from a plant, animal, or bacteria. Develop a skit that shows Agent Mildew learning about what he should look for under the microscope to know what kind of cells he has. All group members must participate.

24 Learning Objectives: 2.2 Viewing Cells 1. Compare the differences between the compound light microscope and the electron microscope. 2. Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory. 3. Relate the cell theory to modern biology.

25 2.2 Viewing Cells Compare the differences between the compound light microscope and the electron microscope. compound light microscope Two sets of lenses: eyepiece and objective Eyepiece may have two tubes (object looks 3D) or one tube (not 3D) Usually have two to four movable objective lenses Lenses direct beams of light through a thin object and into your eye Powerful lenses on some compound microscopes magnify objects up to 2,000x. How do you calculate total magnification?

26 2.2 Viewing Cells Compare the differences between the compound light microscope and the electron microscope. compound light microscope Two sets of lenses: eyepiece and objective Eyepiece may have two tubes (object looks 3D) or one tube (not 3D). Usually have two to four movable objective lenses Lenses direct beams of light through a thin object and into your eye. Powerful lenses on some compound microscopes magnify objects up to 2,000x. electron microscope Instead of lenses, use a magnetic field to direct beams of electrons Show things too small to be seen with other microscopes Several types: Scanning Electron M (SEM), Transmission Electron M. (TEM), Scanning Tunneling M. (STM) Images must be photographed or electronically produced. Some can magnify images up to one million times (1,000,000x).

27 Electron Microscopes SEM: Realistic, 3D image Only the surface of the specimen can be observed TEM: 2D image of a thinly-sliced specimen Show details of cell parts STM: Show arrangement of atoms on the surface of a molecule Hills and valleys of specimen s surface are mapped.

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32 2.2 Viewing Cells Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory Robert Hooke Cork =??? Hooke named them cells.

33 2.2 Viewing Cells Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory. 1830s Matthias Schleiden & Theodore Schwann MS: Studied plant parts. All plants made of cells. TS: Studied animal cells. All animals made of cells. MS + TS: All living things are made of cells.

34 2.2 Viewing Cells Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory. Late 1800s Rudolf Virchow All cells come from other cells.

35 2.2 Viewing Cells Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory. What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?

36 2.2 Viewing Cells Relate the cell theory to modern biology.

37 What are the parts of a microscope? Draw a detailed picture of a microscope in your Science Notebook. Label the following parts: 1. Eyepiece or Ocular ( x) 2. Revolving Nosepiece ( Turret ) 3. Arm 4. Stage 5. Scanning Objective ( x) 6. Low Power Objective ( x) 7. High Power Objective ( x) 8. Light Source 9. Coarse Adjustment Knob 10.Fine Adjustment Knob 11.Stage Clip 12.Base 13.On/Off Switch 14.*Variable Illumination Control 15.*Mechanical Stage Adjustment Knobs

38 Friday s Quiz: Chapter 2, Section 2 (Viewing Cells) What information would be fair game? What questions do you think I might ask you? Look at What You ll Learn (p. 47), the section assessment (p. 51), Reading Check (p. 51) Similarities and differences between compound light microscopes and electron microscopes Calculating magnification Identifying the parts of a compound microscope Cell Theory and the discoveries that led to it Extra credit from p Visualizing Microscopes

39 2.3 Viruses Learning Objectives: 1. Explain how a virus makes copies of itself. 2. Identify the benefits of vaccines. 3. Investigate some uses of viruses.

40 What are viruses? Some examples of viruses: Cold sores Measles Chicken pox Colds Influenza ( flu ) HIV/AIDS

41 What are viruses? A virus is a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating. Don t have a or other organelles. Don t have a cell. Come in lots of shapes. Cannot be seen with a microscope, so they weren t discovered until the invention of the microscope.

42 How do viruses multiply? Crystallized forms of some viruses can be stored for many years. They can reproduce quickly if they enter an organism. Cannot reproduce on their own Need help of a living cell: HOST CELL Once virus is inside host cell, can be active or become latent (inactive stage).

43 How do viruses multiply? Active Viruses vs. Latent Viruses Active viruses enter host cell and cause cell to make new viruses. This destroys the host cell.

44 How do viruses multiply?

45 How do viruses multiply? Active Viruses vs. Latent Viruses Latent Viruses Virus enter host cell; hereditary material becomes part of the cell s hereditary material. Does not immediately make new viruses or destroy host cell. As host cell reproduces, viral DNA is copied. A virus can be latent for many years before being activated by certain conditions (inside or outside body). Example: Cold sore

46 How do viruses affect organisms?

47 Fighting Viruses The First Vaccine Treating and Preventing Viral Disease

48 Research with Viruses

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