Development and Public Release of Solar Radiation Map for Effective Use of Solar Energy Based on GIS with Digital Surface Model

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1 Development and Public Release of Solar Radiation Map for Effective Use of Solar Energy Based on GIS with Digital Surface Model Atsushi Shiota, Yuuki Koyamatsu, Kiyotaka Fuji, Yasunori Mitani, and Yaser Qudaih Dept. Electrical and Electronics Eng., Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, , Japan Abstract In Japan, local governments have introduced sensors and podcasting system in order to manage the rescue information in the time of disasters. For instance, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have been actively utilized. However, during the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011, enormous tsunami results in a flood of the electrical equipment of many municipalities buildings caused the complete loss of power system. For this reason, ICT was not able to be used. Thus, independent power supplying facilities are really required. On the other hand, in the recent years in Japan an increased number of registered renewable energy and electric vehicles have been introduced. Therefore, in our research and in order to efficiently arrange the solar power, the amount of solar radiation map to figure out the land and roof suitable for solar power has been developed using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Surface Model (DSM). The map is published depending on the application of the residents. It will establish a method to encourage the efficient placement of solar power. unable to use the heating appliances operate by electricity. In addition, Nankai Trough huge earthquake damage estimation has been reported in the Central Disaster Prevention Council in March Therefore, it s an important approach to have back-up power facilities to be independent from Power Grid. On the other hand, the amount of introduction of photovoltaic (PV) has been increasing in Japan. In addition, the number of Electric Vehicles (EV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles) have been recently increased in Japan. Moreover, improvement in cost and safety of a battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery proceeds, the future is expected to spread of large-capacity batteries or cartridge type batteries. It has become possible to secure a power by the method that combines PV and vehicles equipped with large capacity batteries such as EV and installation type batteries. In this work, the development of solar power generation simulation system using GIS and DSM has been utilized considering that residents can visually find the land and roof for their PV insulation The purpose is to achieve the promotion of aggressive utilization of agricultural land and roofs that have not been used to grasp the efficient land and roofs for PV generation units. The other purpose is to lead to the power ensuring disaster utilizing solar power and storage batteries including EV. Final purpose is to build a system where PV users can confirm the accuracy of high amount of solar radiation than ever attracted when introducing PV system [2]-[4]. Section 2 of this paper describes the system structure utilizing GIS and DEM including some technical elements of the solar radiation. Section 3 talks about future measures and Section 4 concludes. Index Terms electric vehicles, solar energy, GIS, DSM, ICT I. INTRODUCTION In Japan, most of the local governments become aware of the natural disasters status by utilizing some sensors or cameras. They have introduced a disaster prevention information system in order to manage and evaluate the damage information for residents in the affected areas with an active utilization of ICT as an important tool [1]. However, due to the tsunami which was caused after the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011, power supply facilities of local government s buildings were flooded and major blackout occurred. Furthermore, troubles and distraction have been occurred in the emergency facilities. On the other hand, a heavy snowfall of the western Tokushima prefecture in December 2014 caused another power outage, and local villages were very isolated. Because IP telephone was not available due to the power outage, the safety of residents was not able to be confirmed. Furthermore the number of casualties has been increased because victims were II. A. GIS Utilization GIS is a technology for the creation, management representation, search, analysis and sharing of geospatial information [5]. Fig. 1 shows the ability of the system to construct a model for the real world on the computer. Manuscript received June 1, 2015; revised August 19, doi: /ijoee SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION 169

2 GIS manages data in a film called layer. This layer consists of position information and attributes information. As shown in Fig. 2, GIS constitutes a model the real world by superimposing layers. This makes it possible to grasp the geographical distribution and geographical relationship data. Therefore, it is possible to grasp the geographical distribution and geographical relationship of GIS data. Data used in GIS is called geospatial data, with the existence of a very big data. Moreover, GIS has a variety of functions. Typical features and geospatial data of GIS is shown in the following Fig. 3. In this figure Digital Surface Model (DSM) is considering the height of trees and buildings, while Digital Elevation Model (DEM) representing ground surface and the road network providing roads details. Tracking function handles the trajectory of the acquired position information by GPS. Spatial statistics functions aggregates the objects in the view. Geocoding responsible about coding the text address. 3D function handles the three-dimensional data. Network analysis function performs the analysis of the network data. Finally, Spatial analysis function analyze the events might occur in the targeted area. [6] which is often used in GIS is DEM (Digital Elevation Model). DSM has the elevation data of buildings and trees while DEM has the elevation data of ground surface. There is a merit that shadow can be considered, such as buildings and trees in the case of performing the solar radiation analysis using DSM closer to the real world. The difference between DSM and DEM is shown Fig. 4. The representation of the occurrence of shadows of the one of the building in Kyushu Institute of TechnologyTobata campus is shown Fig. 5. The red circles express the shadows [3]. Figure 4. The difference of DSM and DEM. Figure 5. Representation of the occurrence of shadow (7:00am ). Figure 1. GIS image. C. Technical Elements for the Amount of Solar Radiation Modeling The solar radiation that has been transmitted from the space is affected by the scattering and absorption by atmospheric substance when it enters the atmosphere. Also, some of the solar radiation is returned to the space which is reflected by the material surface and in the atmosphere of the earth. The solar radiation balance of the air is shown Fig. 6. A component that incident directly from the sun of the solar radiation that the surface receives is called a direct solar radiation. The components reflected by the clouds and scattered in the atmosphere are called the scatter solar radiation [7]. Figure 2. The basic principle of GIS. Figure 3. Geospatial data-function of GIS. B. DEM Utilization Elevation data used in this research is a DSM (Digital Surface Model) at the City of Kitakyushu. Elevation data, Figure 6. Solar radiation balance of the air. 170

3 and the whole sky visible region. Calculation algorithms of (1) are as follows [9]. Calculate the whole sky visible region to the intersection of the DSM of the mesh. Calculate the direct solar radiation amount is superimposed the whole sky visible region and the solar orbit view. Calculate the scattering amount of solar radiation by superimposing the whole sky split view and the whole sky visible region. Repeatedly performing the process from 1 to 3 for all intersections of DSM mesh. A conceptual diagram of this algorithm is shown Fig. 7. All of the solar radiation that ground surface receives is called the global solar radiation. Solar radiation that combined scattering solar radiation and direct solar radiation is a global solar radiation. In other words, the total solar radiation that affects the solar power can be expressed by the following equation [8]. Global solar radiation = Direct solar radiation + Scatter solar radiation (1) Elements required to calculate the direct solar radiation amount is the whole sky visible region and the solar orbit diagram. Also, elements required to calculate the scattered solar radiation is the whole sky divided view Figure 7. Algorithm conceptual diagram. To confirm the accuracy of the solar radiation analysis processing ArcGIS Spatial Analysis, was compared with the value measured by the total solar radiation meter. The appearance of the pyranometer which was used in this research is shown Fig. 8. The specs of the pyranometer are shown Table I. Campus). The measurement results of October 13, 2013 are shown Fig. 9. The reason for selecting the October 13, 2013 is due to the weather condition. It was a stable sunny throughout the day. Values are taken from 8 am ~ 4pm due to the elevation and structure of the selected bukiding. The total amount of solar radiation was 4.77kWh/m2. The amount of solar radiation analysis processing result of using the ArcGIS is shown Fig. 10. In Fig. 10, the value of small solar radiation is indicated by green and the large solar radiation is expressed in red. Calculation result by the ArcGIS of the amount of solar radiation layer was 4.75kWh/m2 [3], [8]. Figure 8. Appearance of the pyranometer. TABLE I. PYRANOMETER SPECIFICATIONS Fields Response speed Sensor Sensitivity Internal resistance Wavelength range Temperature dependence Cable length Specs 18s/95% Thermocouple 5~20μV/W m-2 (15.71μV/W m-2) 29~55Ω 300~2800nm -10~40 C<5% 10m Figure 9. Appearance of the pyranometer. Hence, 4.77kWh/m2 (Pyranometer) 4.75 kwh/m2 (ArcGIS) (2) We have installed the pyranometer to the specified Building of the Kyushu Institute of Technology (Tobata 171

4 to spy glass of ArcGIS in a way that online residents will have the interest. Solar radiation map using Spyglass in ArcGIS Online is shown Fig. 12. This map is represented in red and blue via green colors to correspond to the location where many small values of the solar radiation can be detected, which makes residents to visually see the amount of solar radiation. Users can move the circle freely in Spyglass as shown in Fig. 12. Using this map is providing a mechanism in which users can look at the amount of solar radiation inside the circle. This solar radiation map using this spy glasses has started the information origination from regional information portal site Gmotty that are jointly operated by Kitakyushu City and other corporations. It has been confirmed that it is possible to ensure the accuracy in a sunny day. Thus, if the amount of solar radiation analysis process is performed on the assumption that sunny weather in Kitakyushu entire area, it is possible to grasp the amount of land and roof exposed to solar radiation (Period of a year). Thus, it is possible to grasp the suitable land and roofs for solar power generation. The analysis results of Kitakyushu entire area is shown Fig. 11. Figure 10. Amount of solar radiation simulation ( _8:00 to 16:00). Figure 12. ArcGIS online SPYGLASS. Figure 11. Amount of solar radiation simulation in Kitakyushu city. As shown in Fig. 11, we have developed the solar radiation map using the DSM. Due to DSM utilization, the map has a higher precision than ever done before with the consideration of the buildings and trees shadows. By using this map, it is possible to visually check whether solar power generation is suitable or not by color using solar radiation values of each point. It has been achieved as the first purpose of this research, determine the efficient land and roofs for PV installations. Then, the method where public users can see the amount of solar radiation map has been examined. It was decided to use a different approach depends on an individual case to confirm the amount of solar radiation in the field by using a mobile terminal, such as using smart phones and tablet devices to check the amount of solar radiation in the home or office PC. When checking the amount of sunlight on a PC, it is necessary to widen the grasp in such a way that residents who are not interested in the solar power to be aware of the fact that there is a tool to verify the amount of solar radiation and encourage them to think about solar energy. So, we used Figure 13. G-motty mobile (ver ios). Next, we will be describing the method in which users can determine the amount of solar radiation using the mobile device in the field. When using the mobile device, there is a need for a mechanism that user can see the amount of sunlight while confirming the current position 172

5 by utilizing the GPS. We used G-motty Mobile which was jointly developed by ESRI Japan Co., Ltd. and Kitakyushu City by the G-space City Construction Project of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in They are pending the patent for the G-motty Mobile in Japan. G-motty Mobile is an application developed for the purpose of confirming the feature and state of the surrounding around the certain position. For instance, if users are interested to consider PV installation and land purchasing or housing, they can have a confirmed information about solar radiation at the nearby land by using this application. The solar radiation amount map using G-motty Mobile is shown Fig. 13. Hence, a mechanism that users can confirm the accuracy of a high solar radiation when they introduce a PV has been introduced. So, it has been achieved as the second purpose of this research. III. FUTURE MEASURES According to this research, it is verified how to introduce the creation of the solar radiation simulation data and simulation results to residents. We are planning to use this verification result for the growth of fruits and other solar radiation dependent crops to the research of agriculture affiliate. Fruits qualities are related to the solar radiation depending on the type of fruit. In Japan, with the most of the cases where farmers have old aging, abandoned farmlands have been increased. In the future, in cooperation with agricultural organizations, in order to leave suitable orchards for the growth of the fruits preferentially, utilizing the solar radiation simulation results will be continued. The 3D model of orchards and the solar radiation situation of orchards are shown Fig. 14. Black circles indicate the orchards locations. (a) 3D model shadows using GIS and DSM. On the other hand, solar radiation map of Kitakyushu entire area has been developed for this approach. Moreover, this work exhibited the following two types of maps exploring depending on the purpose and the method which exposes the map to residents. 1) Spyglass in case of using the PC 2) G-motty Mobile in case of using mobile devices such as smart phones. As for a future approach, it is planned to expand the design considering agricultural sector in the solar radiation map. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by the G-space City Construction Project of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications at Kitakyushu City of Japan. And, the authors would like to thank the research members for their kind assistance. REFERENCES [1] A. Shiota and G. Urakawa, The regional GIS community formation and disaster mitigation measures in preparation for wide area disaster in Kitakyushu City and surrounding municipalities, Institute of Social Safety Science of Japan, [2] A, Shiota, K. Fuji, T. Kawagoe, and Y. Mitani, The outline of the photovoltaic simulation system using GIS (in Japanese), Committee of Joint Conference of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Kyushu, [3] A. Shiota, K. Fuji, T. Kawagoe, and Y. Mitani, System design of the photovoltaic power generation simulator using GIS vehicle, in Proc. Annual Meeting of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 2014, pp [4] K. Fuji, S Noda, Y. Mitani, M. Watanabe, and H. Yamada, Evaluation of functional isolated power supply system using PV generation and electric vehicle, in Proc. Annual Meeting of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, 2013, pp [5] O. Huisman and R. A. D. By, Principles of Geographic Information Systems, Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC, [6] A. Shiota., K. Tanoue, Y. Mitani., Y. Qudaih., and K. Fuji, Construction of transporting system the electric power by using EV as mobile battery system in during black out of power grid by disasters, in Proc. International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), [7] Japan Solar Energy Society, Solar Energy Utilization Technology, Ohmsha, [8] S. Atsushi, Utilization of GIS in power system, Master s thesis, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan, [9] P. Fu and P. M. Rich, The solar analyst 1.0 manual, Helios Environmental Modeling Institute (HEMI), USA, (b) The amount of solar radiation Figure 14. Model of orchards. IV. CONCLUSION In this research, it has been shown that it is possible to ensure the accuracy of simulating solar radiation with the consideration of the influence of buildings and trees Atsushi Shiota was born in Kitakyushu in He graduated from Electrical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan in He is the chief of Information Technology Promotion Department at the General Affairs and Planning Bureau of Kitakyushu City Hall and in charge of Optimizing Information Systems and Geographic Information Systems. He finished the Master Course of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Kyushu institute of Technology in 2015 and is now doctor course student. His research interest is Construction of electrical energy use support system using GIS (Geographic Information System). 173