Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical and polar jets - Observations (START-05) versus CLaMS

Transcription

1 Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical and polar jets - Observations (START-5) versus CLaMS P. Konopka, G. Günther, J.-U. Grooß, R. Müller, R. Walter, A. Kunz, B. Vogel J. C. Wei, L. L. Pan P.Konopka@fz-juelich.de export/p.konopka. Research Center Juelich, ICG-I: Stratosphere, Germany

2 ...CLaMS-Model...

3 CLaMS-Model CLaMS - Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model Potential temperature/pressure as vertical coordinate in the stratosphere/troposphere Horizontal and vertical velocities from meteor. winds (ECMWF) and/or a radiation scheme Lagrangian mixing Trajectory Chemistry Sedimentation Full stratospheric + simplified tropospheric chemistry Lagrangian particle sedimentation scheme parallelized code Mixing McKenna et al., JGR, 22, Konopka et al., JGR, 24, Grooß et al., 25, ACP, Konopka et al., ACP, 27 Greenland from space shuttle (NASA)

4 CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere Convection AND radiative forcing Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 22 PV [PVU] Pressure [hpa] Latitude [deg N] 28. Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 27

5 CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere Convection AND radiative forcing Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 22 above trop. tropopause ( hpa) ζ = θ (pot. Temp.) PV [PVU] Pressure [hpa] below trop. tropopause ( hpa) ζ p (Pressure) Latitude [deg N] 28. Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 27

6 CLaMS with stratosphere and troposphere Convection AND radiative forcing Hybride ζ-coordinates, Mahowald et al., JGR, 22 Pressure [hpa] above trop. tropopause ( hpa) dζ dt = dθ dt below trop. tropopause ( hpa) dζ dt = Ω (ECMWF) Latitude [deg N] 32 above trop. tropopause ( hpa) ζ = θ (pot. Temp.) below trop. tropopause ( hpa) ζ p (Pressure) PV [PVU] Vertical cross section of PV (ECMWF), Konopka et al., ACP, 27

7 Model domain: Troposphere+Stratosphere Multi-annual CLaMS simulations lower boundary: 5 ζ K + orography following layer with ζ = 5K upper boundary: θ = 25 K (stratopause), Konopka et al., ACP, 27 Considered species species lower boundary upper boundary CH 4 CMDL HALOE Mean Age linear source MIPAS (SF6) CO 2 CMDL CMDL+Mean Age CO CMDL+MOPITT Mainz-2D O 3 HALOE, θ 5 K O 3 (tracer) HALOE, θ 5 K HCl HALOE, θ 5 K H 2 ECMWF, θ 38 K, (ζ = 28 K) HALOE N 2 O, F11 CMDL (CATS) - HALOE - Climatology: Grooss and Russell, ACP, 25 - CMDL: GLOBALVIEW, 27 CO 2 /CH 4 /CO since 1979/84/91 P. Tans, K. Masarie, P. Novelli - CMDL: CATS (4 stations) N 2 O, F11, J. Elkins - MIPAS, SF6-Age Stiller et al., ACPD, 27 - MOPITT (V3) Walter at al., PhD, 28 Simplified chemistry CH 4 (OH, O( 1 D), Cl) H 2 O, CO (OH) CO 2 (hν) O 3 N 2 O, F11 (O( 1 D), hν)

8 Multi-annual: (today) Entropy preserving layer, highest vertical resolution with α = 25 around θ = 38 K Perpetuum runs ( 5 years) to find a stationary state (initial condition from HALOE or Mainz-2D). Such a stationary state is used as the initial distribution for the main run. Hor. resolution: 2/ km + nested runs (5 km) θ=25 Κ multi annual run ( km) θ=5 Κ nested run (5 km) lat=1 N 9 S Equator 9 N

9 ...Mixing in CLaMS...

10 Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet Subtropical jet over Himalayas Hurricane Ivan from space shuttle (NASA)

11 Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet Subtropical jet over Himalayas Strong deformations... Hurricane Ivan from space shuttle (NASA)

12 Mixing in the vicinity of the subtropical jet Subtropical jet over Himalayas... and mixing! Pan et al., 26, JGR Hurricane Ivan from space shuttle (NASA)

13 Mixing in CLaMS Lagrangian realization of Smagorinsky idea, Mon. Wea. Rev, 1963 D u, i.e. D shear and strain rates (in Eulerian models: D u, Courant at al., Math Annalen, 1928) Mixing in CLaMS is driven by vertical shear and horizontal strain rates ( inhomogeneous in time and space) (in Eulerian models: homogenous mixing with D Euler D CLaMS )

14 CLaMS versus SPURT measurements distribution SPURT - seasonality of the trace gas transport in the UTLS 8 campaigns, 36 flights 4 1 Ozone, CO, H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4, NO y... Overview: Engel et al., ACP, Mixing layer and its seasonality: Hoor et al., JGR, 22, GRL 25, ACP, 26 Krebsbach et al., ACP, 26

15 CLaMS versus SPURT CO/O 3 correlations Oservations: gray CLaMS: colored with the mean age O 3 (ppbv) 7 6 Fall CO (ppbv) Age [months]

16 CLaMS versus SPURT CO/O 3 correlations Oservations: gray CLaMS: colored with the mean age O 3 (ppbv) Winter 5 15 O 3 (ppbv) 7 6 Fall Age [months] CO (ppbv) CO (ppbv)

17 7 Spring CLaMS versus SPURT 6 O3 (ppbv) 5 2 CO/O3 correlations Oservations: gray CLaMS: colored with the mean age 5 15 CO (ppbv) Age [months] 7 7 Winter Fall O3 (ppbv) O3 (ppbv) CO (ppbv) 15 5 CO (ppbv) 15.

18 7 7 Spring Summer CLaMS versus SPURT O3 (ppbv) O3 (ppbv) CO/O3 correlations Oservations: gray CLaMS: colored with the mean age CO (ppbv) 15 mixing in summer (spring) stronger than in winter (fall) Hoor et al., JGR, 22 What is wrong? - CO too low (MOPITT) - too weak upwards transport in ECMWF - mixing in CLaMS (in summer) too weak CO (ppbv) Age [months] 7 7 Winter Fall O3 (ppbv) O3 (ppbv) CO (ppbv) 15 5 CO (ppbv) 15.

19 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations Correlation within the mixing layer: 5 March 23 PDF (%) northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU O 3 (ppbv) CO (ppbv).8.5

20 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations Correlation within the mixing layer: O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 March 23 mixing on the tropical side of the jet PDF (%) northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU CO (ppbv)

21 O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations March 23 mixing on the tropical side of the Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K] PDF (%) jet Correlation within the mixing layer: Latitude [deg N] northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU PDF (%) <CO<7 ppbv 8<O 3 < ppbv CO (ppbv)

22 O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations March 23 mixing on the tropical side of the jet PDF (%) Correlation within the mixing layer: northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU 5 15 CO (ppbv).2.13 mixing on.8 the extra-tropical side.5 of the jet

23 O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations March 23 mixing on the tropical side of the jet Hybrid Pot. Temperature, ζ, [K] PDF (%) Correlation within the mixing layer: Latitude [deg N] northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU PDF (%) CO (ppbv).2.13 mixing on.8 the extra-tropical side.5 of the jet

24 O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations March 23 CO-O 3 mixing lines Hoor et al., JGR, 22 mixing on the tropical side of the jet 5 15 CO (ppbv) PDF (%) mixing on.8 the extra-tropical side.5 of the jet Correlation within the mixing layer: northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU Jet as a transport barrier in winter and spring Ray et al., JGR, 24

25 O 3 (ppbv) 5 2 Seasonality of CO/O 3 correlations March 23 September 23 mixing on the tropical side of the jet 5 15 CO (ppbv) PDF (%) mixing on.8 the extra-tropical side.5 of the jet Correlation within the mixing layer: northern hemisphere θ < 38 K 1 <PV< 3 PVU...but not during summer and fall

26 ...CLaMS and START-5...

27 START-5: H2O-Ozone correlations

28 START-5: H2O-Ozone correlations Pan et al., JGR, 27 enhanced mixing (weaker vertical gradients of tracers, thicker mixing layer) on the cyclonal side of the jet weak mixing on the anticyclonal side and far away from the jet (thin mixing layer, enhanced vertical gradients of tracers)

29 CLaMS Simulations 5-years global simulations, hor/vert resolultion km/ m, troposphere+stratosphere Ozone: θ > 5 - HALOE, Boundary layer: set to H2O: θ < 38 - ECMWF, Upper boundary: HALOE Re-Initialization on with AIRS ozone Nested simulations 1 < lat < 9N, θ < 5 K up to 5 km hor. resolution Sensitivity studies with respect to mixing

30 Case study: Flight an

31 Case study: Flight an Left: Reference (with AIRS) Right: + enhanced mixing

32 Case study: Flight an Left: Reference (with AIRS) Right: + enhanced mixing

33 Case study: Flight an Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K] CLaMS-O 3 48 PV=2 PVU Pot. Temp. Pressure Zonal Wind Latitude [deg N] O 3 (ppbv) Reference run (after 4 years) O 3 in boundary layer set to O 3 at 5 K - HALOE

34 Case study: Flight an Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K] PV=2 PVU Pot. Temp. Pressure Zonal Wind Latitude [deg N] O 3 (ppbv) CLaMS-O 3 enhanced resolution (5 km) (corr:.8.85) enhanced mixing (after 25.11) (corr:.85.9) Mixing layer thicker on the cyclonal side of the jet (Pan et al, JGR, 27)

35 Case study: Flight an Hybrid Pot. Temperature [K] PV=2 PVU Pot. Temp. Pressure Zonal Wind Latitude [deg N] O 3 (ppbv) CLaMS + AIRS better results in the stratosphere O3 too high in the troposphere!

36 Flight an

37 Flight an Hyperbolic point Enhanced stirring Bowman et al, JGR, 27

38 Flight an CLaMS (after 4 years): θ = 5 K: (HALOE) Boundary Layer: Ozone= no distruction cycles r = km (global)

39 Flight an CLaMS re-initialized at enhanced mixing enhanced resolution r = 5 km (nested)

40 Flight an CLaMS + AIRS

41 Flight an comparison along the flight track

42 Conclusions START-5 1. Multi-annual (5 years) CLaMS runs ( km hor. resol.) reproduce the observed variability of O Nested runs (5 km hor. resol.) with enhanced (CLaMS) mixing improve such simulations 3. CLaMS overestimates the lifetime of stratospheric intrusions in the troposphere: (-) due to neglected ozone destruction cycles? (-) due to wrong vertical velocities (ECMWF versus radiation)? (-) due to incomplete (CLaMS) mixing? START-8 - some ideas CLaMS driven by GFS (NCEP) winds (heating/cooling rates from NCEP data?) 2. nearly real time, high resolution (5 km or higher, nested mode) simulations during the campaign with O 3, CO, CO 2, H 2 O, age spectrum (no forecast mode!). 3. Improvement of CLaMS mixing, e.g. driven by thermal stability, N-Brunt-Väisälä frequency, Ri-gradient Richardson number (Jaeger and Sprenger, JGR, 27). 4. Influence of double tropopause on mixing (Randel et al. JGR, 27) 5. Seasonality of transport versus jet strength (polar and subtropical)