Mr Riaan Meyer On behalf of Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies University of Stellenbosch
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1 CSP & Solar Resource Assessment CSP Today South Africa nd Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Conference and Expo 4-5 February, Pretoria, Southern Sun Pretoria Hotel Mr Riaan Meyer On behalf of Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies University of Stellenbosch
2 Contents Solar Maps and what s available GHI & DNI Satellite derived data How to bring a CSP project to bankability from a solar resource perspective On-site Solar Measurements: Options for CSP developers When things go wrong World DNI Map CSP related research at Stellenbosch University
3 Solar Maps for South Africa
4 GHI 4
5
6 GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiance) PV (Photovoltaic) SWH (Solar Water Heaters) Upington = 2228 kwh/m 2 /a Bloemfontein = 2078 kwh/m 2 /a Cape Town = 1897 kwh/m 2 /a Durban = 1637 kwh/m 2 /a DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance) CPV (Concentrating Photovoltaic) CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) Upington = 2601 kwh/m 2 /a Bloemfontein = 2375 kwh/m 2 /a Cape Town = 2114 kwh/m 2 /a Durban = 1454 kwh/m 2 /a 6
7 Direct (Beam) Irradiance Diffuse (Scattered) Irradiance GHI Combination of Direct and Diffuse Irradiance measured on a horizontal plane (and applies to PV and SWH) DNI This is only the direct (beam) component of the sun (i.e. excluding the Diffuse Irradiance) and measured in a plane normal to the rays of the sun (and applies to CSP and CPV).
8 Mirror Only the direct (beam) component of the sun can be reflected (or concentrated)
9 1 GHI 800 W/m 2 DNI 900 W/m 2 Note the blue sky and distinct shadows
10 2 GHI 600 W/m 2 DNI 250 W/m 2 Note the grey sky and weak shadows
11 3 GHI 400 W/m 2 DNI 0 W/m 2 Note the grey sky and no shadows
12 GHI (PV) vs. DNI (CSP) Global Horizontal Irradiance GHI is the most common solar map GHI is the most commonly measured solar data parameter The cost of a GHI based solar measurement station is significantly lower than that of DNI Satellite derived GHI data is available at a lower cost than DNI data Satellite derived GHI data has lower uncertainty than DNI Direct Normal Irradiance Few DNI maps are available Few DNI measurements are available, especially in the public domain The cost of a DNI solar measurement station is significantly higher than that of a GHI/GTI based station Satellite derived DNI data is more expensive than GHI/GTI data Satellite derived DNI data has higher uncertainties than GHI/GTI
13 Radiation at the top of atmosphere Ozone..... Absorption (ca. 1%) Air molecules.. Scattering and absorption (ca. 15%) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) 125 km (6 hours) Clouds... Reflection, Scatter, Absorption (max. 100%) Aerosol..... Scatter and Absorption ( ca. 15%, max. 100%) Water vapour 35 km (6 h) Water Vapor... Absorption (ca. 15%) Satellite Derived data how does it work? 13
![Satellite Derived Data Date/Time GHI Ground [kwh/m2] 2012/11/03 05:00 0 2012/11/03 06:00 0](/docs-images/86/93852174/images/14-0.jpg "2012/11/03 07:00 16 2012/11/03 08:00 186 2012/11/03 09:00 431 2012/11/03 10:00 669 2012/11/03")
![20:00 29 2012/11/03 21:00 0 2012/11/03 22:00 0 DNI Ground [kwh/m 2 ] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0](/docs-images/86/93852174/images/14-2.jpg "03:00:00 04:00:00 05:00:00 06:00:00 07:00:00 08:00:00 09:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00")
14 Satellite Derived Data Date/Time GHI Ground [kwh/m2] 2012/11/03 05: /11/03 06: /11/03 07: /11/03 08: /11/03 09: /11/03 10: /11/03 11: /11/03 12: /11/03 13: /11/03 14: /11/03 15: /11/03 16: /11/03 17: /11/03 18: /11/03 19: /11/03 20: /11/03 21: /11/03 22:00 0 DNI Ground [kwh/m 2 ] :00:00 04:00:00 05:00:00 06:00:00 07:00:00 08:00:00 09:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 GHI 3% to 6% DNI 6% to 12% (Uncertainty of annual values) GHI 12% to 45% DNI higher than GHI 14 (Uncertainty of hourly values)
15 How to bring a project to bankability from a solar resource perspective You install a high quality solar measurement station with the best instruments you can get and you measure for 20 years. During this period you maintain the station well by keeping the instruments clean and performing regular calibration. At the end of 20 years you will have a bankable time series.
16 8 GTI DNI Satellite GTI Ground Measured DNI Ground Measured Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 1 year ground data at 1% uncertainty 18+ years satellite data at 10% uncertainty 18+ years time series < 5% uncertainty 16 (Uncertainty of annual values)
17 DNI measurements Thermopile Pyrheliometer RSR (RSP/RSI)
18 DNI measurements Thermopile Pyrheliometer RSR (RSP/RSI) Advantages Accurate DNI data - directly measured DNI - requires no post processing. Uncertainties: Daily sums < 1%, Hourly <2%. Additional DNI values (Calculated DNI from GHI and Diffuse) Disadvantages High cost Higher maintenance Advantages Lower Cost Lower Maintenance Disadvantages Less Accurate DNI (DNI is calculated) Requires calibration ideally in country prior to installation Post-processing of data is required Only one set of DNI readings no data checks are possible
![1400 1200 DNI [Wh/m2] 1000](/docs-images/86/93852174/images/19-1.jpg "800 Client DNI Data 600")
19 What if I am uncertain about my DNI measurements? DNI [Wh/m2] Client DNI Data /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/2012
20 What if I am uncertain about my DNI measurements? DNI [Wh/m 2 ] Client DNI Data /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/2012
21 Compare it to measured DNI obtained from a station with accurate readings local nearby DNI [Wh/m 2 ] Client DNI Data Nearby Measurement Station DNI /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/2012
![Compare it to calculated DNI obtained from the same station with accurate readings local nearby 1400 1200 1000 Client DNI Data DNI [Wh/m 2 ] 800 600 400 Nearby](/docs-images/86/93852174/images/22-0.jpg "Measurement Station DNI Nearby Measurement Station Calculated DNI 200 0 14/02/2012 15/02/2012 16/02/2012 17/02/2012 18/02/2012 19/02/2012 20/02/2012 21/02/2012")
22 Compare it to calculated DNI obtained from the same station with accurate readings local nearby Client DNI Data DNI [Wh/m 2 ] Nearby Measurement Station DNI Nearby Measurement Station Calculated DNI /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/2012
23 Compare it to satellite derived data (known to be good in that Area) as an additional check 1400 DNI [Wh/m 2 ] Client DNI Data Nearby Measurement Station DNI Nearby Measurement Station Calculated DNI SolarGIS Satellite Derived DNI (At nearby measurement station) 0 14/02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /02/2012
24 Example 2 Something went wrong here Something went very wrong here Problem resolved Typical problems Tracker slight miss-alignment Tracker total miss alignment or not tracking Instruments not cleaned
25 World DNI Map (SolarGIS) SolarGIS GeoModel Solar
26 Upington vs. Seville DNI [kwh/m 2 /d] Upington (SA) Seville (Spain) Seville has a Mediterranean climate = bad winters Upington has a summer rainfall climate = great winters
27 Upington Solar Park: Bankable Resource Report
28 CSP related research at Stellenbosch University STERG CRSES Riaan Meyer
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