Gone with the wind. Black holes and their gusty influence on the birth of galaxies. Nadia Zakamska Johns Hopkins University
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1 Gone with the wind Black holes and their gusty influence on the birth of galaxies Nadia Zakamska Johns Hopkins University
2 Overview 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today How do galaxies form? Normal matter vs dark matter What do we not know? 2. Supermassive black holes How do we know they exist? How can they do anything if they are black holes? 3. Interplay between galaxies and their black holes How might the galaxy feed its black hole? How might the black hole starve the galaxy?
3 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Galaxies today (13.8 billion years after Big Bang) Composed of billions to trillions of stars Some have gas (from which new stars form) M87; Sloan Digital Sky Survey Gas + stars = normal matter (hydrogen, helium) Held together by gravity dominated by dark matter M51; Sloan Digital Sky Survey
4 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Galaxies today (13.8 billion years after Big Bang) Composed of billions to trillions of stars Some have gas (from which new stars form) Gas + stars = normal matter (hydrogen, helium) Held together by gravity dominated by dark matter
5 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Galaxies are luminous specks in otherwise dark Universe High density of matter at these locations But the Universe started very smooth 400,000 years after the Big Bang -- temperature the same to 7 parts per million The fly-by through the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: releases/2004/28/video/b/ STScI; Hubble Ultra Deep Field team Small fluctuations grew due to gravitational attraction
6 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Galaxies are luminous specks in otherwise dark Universe High density of matter at these locations But the Universe started very smooth Cosmic microwave emission 400,000 years after the Big Bang -- temperature the same to 7 parts per million Small fluctuations grew due to gravitational attraction Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave emission (WMAP team)
7 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Basic galaxy formation theory: Start with small fluctuations Dark matter dominated The time evolution of dark matter are next to this picture: Expansion of the universe wants to smooth them over Gravity wants to bring matter together... and wins Small structures assemble into bigger structures Millenium simulation project V. Springel The universe is also expanding, but we are watching the development of perturbations over this expansion
8 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Basic galaxy formation theory: Start with small fluctuations Dark matter dominated Expansion of the universe wants to smooth them over The fly-by movie of the modern-day structure on different scales are next to this picture: Gravity wants to bring matter together... and wins Small structures assemble into bigger structures Millenium simulation project V. Springel Snapshot at present time: zoom in and zoom out
9 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: How do galaxies form? Normal matter flows into knots of the web along dark matter filaments Cools, becomes denser, forms stars Big galaxies swallow small galaxies The movie illustrating accumulation of normal gas in galaxies along the dark matter filaments: And this is the webpage of the group who conducted these simulations, with more movies available: Sometimes big galaxies merge
10 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Big successes: large scales Overall geometry of the Universe -- precision cosmology Propagation of light through space In the presentation I showed part of the movie Galaxies in Observed and Simulated Universes Galaxies are the luminous knots in the filamentary structure Distribution of galaxies in space Clustering of galaxies: big galaxies like big galaxies Bolshoi simulation dark matter vs galaxies
11 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Big successes: large scales Overall geometry of the Universe -- precision cosmology Propagation of light through space Galaxies are the luminous knots in the filamentary structure Distribution of galaxies in space Clustering of galaxies: big galaxies like big galaxies In the presentation I showed the fly-by movie of Sloan Galaxies: Many other beautiful movies available here: COSMUS project (UChicago) visualization of galaxies from Sloan Digital Sky Survey
12 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Big successes: large scales Overall geometry of the Universe -- precision cosmology Propagation of light through space Galaxies are the luminous knots in the filamentary structure Distribution of galaxies in space Clustering of galaxies: big galaxies like big galaxies Galaxy cluster Abell 2218 Image credit: A. Fruchter (STScI), HST, NASA
13 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Things that aren t so great: What is this dark matter business made of??
14 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Amazing fact #1: Dark-matter-only cosmology is much easier than dealing with normal matter Things that aren t so great: ( dirty baryonic physics ) What is this dark matter business made of??
15 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Why? Dark matter: gravitational interactions only. Normal matter: gravitational interactions Things that aren t so great: plus cooling and heating. What is this dark matter business made of??
16 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Things that aren t so great: Distribution of matter within galaxies: cores of small galaxies may be under-dense Number of galaxies: theory predicts too big, too many Colors of galaxies: theory predicts too blue Need to improve theory on galaxy scales Number of galaxies per decade in mass Small, faint galaxies Large, massive galaxies Luminosity function of galaxies Benson et al But then have to include normal matter!
17 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Things that aren t so great: Distribution of matter within galaxies: cores of small galaxies may be under-dense Number of galaxies: theory predicts too big, too many Colors of galaxies: theory predicts too blue Need to improve theory on galaxy scales Number of galaxies per decade in mass a lot of small galaxies we are right around here very few big galaxies Small, faint galaxies Large, massive galaxies Luminosity function of galaxies Benson et al But then have to include normal matter!
18 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? Things that aren t so great: Distribution of matter within galaxies: cores of small galaxies may be under-dense Number of galaxies: theory predicts too big, too many Colors of galaxies: theory predicts too blue Need to improve theory on galaxy scales Number of galaxies per decade in mass this is the basic model Small, faint galaxies Large, massive galaxies Luminosity function of galaxies Benson et al But then have to include normal matter!
19 1. Galaxies from Big Bang to today: What do we know? What don t we know? The trick: Need to reheat gas / blow it away to prevent stars from forming Things that explode help! Many beautiful movies from Abel / Kaehler / Wise group: The one I showed in the talk is the last movie on this page: Supernovae not enough... Black holes to the rescue First supernova in dwarf galaxy J. Wise, R. Kahler, T. Abel (Stanford)
20 2. Black holes: Introduction Squeeze Earth into a size of a grape Squeeze Sun into the size of Manhattan Gravity so strong that nothing (even light) can escape In astronomy, two types of black holes: Stellar remnants (a few Suns = a few Manhattans) Supermassive black holes (more than a million Suns)
21 Led by R.Genzel (Germany), A.Ghez (UCLA) 2. Supermassive black holes: How do we know they exist? It appears that every (massive) galaxy has one in the center A million to a billion masses of the Sun stuffed into the size of the Solar System Exert gravity on surrounding stars In our Galaxy: individual stars In other galaxies: sum of all stellar motions Tend to be bigger in bigger galaxies Movie of stellar orbits around the black hole in our Galaxy:
22 2. Supermassive black holes: How do we know they exist? It appears that every (massive) galaxy has one in the center A million to a billion masses of the Sun stuffed into the size of the Solar System NGC 1277 Distance from the center van den Bosch et al Exert gravity on surrounding stars In our Galaxy: individual stars In other galaxies: sum of all stellar motions Tend to be bigger in bigger galaxies Gultekin et al (Nuker team, inc. S. Tremaine, IAS)
23 2. Supermassive black holes: How do we know they exist? It appears that every (massive) galaxy has one in the center A million to a billion masses of the Sun stuffed into the size of the Solar System Exert gravity on surrounding stars In our Galaxy: individual stars Amazing fact #2: Supermassive black holes are much more mundane than the mysterious title would suggest In other galaxies: sum of all stellar motions Tend to be bigger in bigger galaxies
24 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal The movie of a black hole forming out of a cluster of stars is the first one on this page: Shapiro & Teukolsky Black hole eats surrounding gas Gas produces radiation (lots of it!)
25 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Artist: Weiss (NASA), Ak (Penn State) Black hole eats surrounding gas Gas produces radiation (lots of it!)
26 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Black hole eats surrounding gas Gas produces radiation (lots of it!) Artist: L. Cook / Gemini Observatory
27 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Black hole eats surrounding gas Amazing fact #3: 1 gram of matter releases enough energy (radiation) as it falls into a black hole to throw 5 kilograms of matter out of the galaxy Gas produces radiation (lots of it!)
28 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes There is enough energy in infalling matter to reheat / clear up the entire galaxy of gas Black hole winds can suppress formation of overly massive galaxies Number of galaxies per decade in mass Small, faint galaxies Large, massive galaxies Luminosity function of galaxies Benson et al. 2003
29 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes Theory: New gas is fuel for both the stars in the galaxy and the black hole Galaxy grows, black hole grows Black hole becomes too powerful, blows away remaining gas Bomb that keeps going for a million to ten million years Left with massive galaxy, massive black hole, no gas Many beautiful simulations of merging galaxies: The one I showed in the talk is the third category Major Mergers with BH V. Springel (also T.J.Cox, P.Hopkins)
30 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes Theory: New gas is fuel for both the stars in the galaxy and the black hole Galaxy grows, black hole grows Black hole becomes too powerful, blows away remaining gas Bomb that keeps going for a million to ten million years Left with massive galaxy, massive black hole, no gas V. Springel (also T.J.Cox, P.Hopkins)
31 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes Observations: Several groups looking for blackhole-driven winds Modern observational astronomy: many wavelengths probing different aspects / physical conditions in this problem Queue automated observing For this project: classical observing on Gemini, Magellan
32 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory Liu / Zakamska / Greene 2013
33 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory Liu / Zakamska / Greene 2013
34 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory
35 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory
36 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory
37 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory Liu / Zakamska / Greene 2013
38 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? Gas at 20,000 deg -- unlike stars, gas does not produce a lot of emission Measure: Extent over the galaxy Measure: Amount of gas Measure: Velocities Looks smooth but probably is not Such observations provide measurements for comparing with theory Artist: L. Cook / Gemini Observatory
39 3. Putting it all together: Interplay between galaxies and their black holes What do we actually observe? In our Galaxy: see relic of ancient black-hole driven explosion? Gamma-ray bubbles (Fermi Gamma Ray observatory) D. Finkbeiner (Harvard), illustration by NASA Microwave haze (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)
40 Summary Galaxies are luminous knots of the cosmic web (largely dark matter) Massive galaxies contain supermassive black holes in their centers Both galaxies and black holes formed from gas that cooled and condensed Amazing fact #4: The pictures and movies aren t just pictures and movies... They are solutions to equations As matter falls into black hole, the released energy clears the gas from the galaxy
41 Summary Galaxies are luminous knots of the cosmic web (largely dark matter) Massive galaxies contain supermassive black holes in their centers Both galaxies and black holes formed from gas that cooled and condensed As matter falls into black hole, the released energy clears the gas from the galaxy
42 Summary Galaxies are luminous knots of the cosmic web (largely dark matter) Massive galaxies contain supermassive black holes in their centers Both galaxies and black holes formed from gas that cooled and condensed As matter falls into black hole, the released energy clears the gas from the galaxy
43
44 Gone with the wind Black holes and their gusty influence on the birth of galaxies Nadia Zakamska Johns Hopkins University
45 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. M87, SDSS However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Relativistic outflows ( jets ) Radiation from the infalling matter: black holes need food to be active
46 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Relativistic outflows ( jets ) Radiation from the infalling matter: black holes need food to be active This is a pretty wimpy jet...
47 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Centaurus A, Sterne & Welraum 2008 Relativistic outflows ( jets ) Radiation from the infalling matter: black holes need food to be active
48 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Centaurus A, Sterne & Welraum 2008 Relativistic outflows ( jets ) Radiation from the infalling matter: black holes need food to be active
49 2. Supermassive black holes: What can they do? Most of the time sit passively in the center, exerting gravity Once something falls in, it can t get out -- including light. However, matter just outside black hole can be very vocal Centaurus A, Sterne & Welraum 2008 Relativistic outflows ( jets ) Radiation from the infalling matter: black holes need food to be active
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