Debris Detection and Observation Systems. Rüdiger Jehn ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, Darmstadt, Germany,
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1 Debris Detection and Observation Systems Rüdiger Jehn ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, Darmstadt, Germany, 1
2 Space Surveillance Network (SSN) MSX / SBV THULE GLOBUS II CLEAR FYLINGDALES KAENA PT. MAUI & MSSS CAVALIER BEALE SOCORRO SCC LSSC CAPE COD NSSS EGLIN MOSS ASCENSION DIEGO GARCIA COBRA DANE ALTAIR Discovery Radar Tracking Radar Optical Telescope LSSC = Lincoln Space Surveillance Center Millstone, Haystack, HAX MSSS = Maui Space Surveillance System (former AMOS/MOTIF site) NSSS = Naval Space Surveillance System 2
3 FGAN/TIRA radar (Wachtberg/Germany): operated by FGAN (Research Establishment for Applied Science) antenna: 34 m parabolic reflector in a 49 m radome tracking radar: L-band (1.333 GHz), 1.5 MW peak power, 0.45º 3 db beam-width, 1 ms pulse length, 30 Hz pulse repetition, ~2 cm objects at 1,000 km imaging radar: Ku-band (16.7 GHz), 13 kw peak power, 0.031º 3dB beam-width, 256s pulse length, 55 Hz pulse repetition, ~15 cm range resolution Space Debris Applications: tracking support during risk object re-entries (Skylab, Salyut-7, Mir); conjunction event verification imaging support: S/C emergencies (e.g. Adeos); verification of S/C integrity (e.g. Salyut-7, Mir) 3
4 The ESA Space Debris Telescope (Tenerife/Spain) 4
5 F req u en cy S en sitivity Debris Detection and Observation Systems The ESA Space Debris Telescope (Tenerife/Spain) D etections (Jan D ec 2006) correlated uncorrelated S ensitivity cm 15 cm cm correlated 10 cm uncorrelated M agnitude 5
6 International scientific optical network Legend: Green circles ISON observatory working in the project during few years already. Blue circles ISON observatories working first year only. Yellow circles ISON observatories where preparatory work are carried out. Red circles observatories foreign partners of the ISON. Orange circles observatories Russian partners of the ISON. 6
7 Search and survey subsystem for studying of the bright GEO-objects consists of 11 telescopes of 22-cm aperture with FOV of 4 and 5.5 Subsystem for high altitude faint space debris detection and tracking consist of telescopes of m apertures Search and survey subsystem for studying of the bright HEO and LEO objects will consists of 4 telescopes of 12.5-cm aperture with FOV of 15 and 10 telescopes of 25-cm - with FOV of 3 7
8 Telescope versus radar The use of radar for space debris detection is most efficient below 5,000km Above this altitude, especially for debris in GEO, optical methods are used In-situ detectors can be flown everywhere, but cover only the orbit of the host satellite and are normally limited in sensitive area 8
9 Meteoroid And Space debris Terrestrial Environment Reference Model (MASTER) 9
10 SDM predictions: Impact Flux on a Radarsat orbit (1 cm objects) 10
11 Collision Avoidance at ESA Routine CRASS automated operations Conjunction event meeting Manual CRASS operations No Pc > 1:10000 Dr < 300m Setup meeting Process radar tracks (ODIN) Yes Yes Issue warning Alarm SD Office No Radar available P c > P thresh Yes Analyse passes Contact Radar operators No Yes Compute P c,max P c,max > P thresh SD Office No S/C Operations 11
12 Collision avoidance Daily checks for our remote sensing satellites ERS-2 and ENVISAT Predicted flyby of ERS-2 at a Kosmos-3M upper stage (1.4 t) at a distance of 170m on 18 March 2004 at 11:48. Collision velocity of 14.8 km/s. Avoidance manoeuvre (change in velocity 4 x 6.5 cm/s); new miss-distance > 600 m 12
13 Useful web-pages Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Space debris activities at ESA: Orbital debris research at NASA/JSC: Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (The Aerospace Corporation): Homepage of ISTI, Italy: Jonathan's Space Report: Space Track: (Two-Line-Elements) ADELTA Legal Space Law: 13
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