Rosetta Rendezvous with a comet
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1 Rosetta Rendezvous with a comet Harald Krüger Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Göttingen Picture: Comet McNaught, Akira Fujii
2 Outline 1. What do we know about comets? Composition, orbits, origin and evolution! 2. Why do we study comets?! 3. Rosetta mission overview and target comet Spacecraft, scientific instruments, orbit, target comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko! 4. Philae s landing on comet 67P/C-G on 12 November 2014! 5. First Philae science results! 6. Summary and Outlook
3 1. What do we know about comets?
4 The pieces of a comet Light and particles from the Sun Gas(Ions)-tail (~ 50 Mio. km) Coma ( km)! Dust tail Invisible nucleus (1-10 km)! Image: Comet Hale-Bopp, MPIA/Calar Alto
5 Inventory of cometary nuclei 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Rosetta) Halley (Giotto) Borelly (Deep Space 1) Wild 2 (Stardust) Tempel 1 (Deep Impact, Stardust-NExT) Hartley 2 (Deep Impact)! Image: Science
6 Orbits and origin of comets 3 types of orbits: - Jupiter family comets orbital period < 20 years; Origin: Kuiper belt - Short-period comets orbital period 20 to 200 years; Origin: Kuiper belt - Long-period comets orbital period > 200 years Origin: Oort cloud! Comets spend most of their time far from the Sun Little evolution since their formation ( deep-frozen in the fridge of the solar system ) Long-period Short-period Jupiter family
7 Some facts about comets (before Rosetta) Dirty snowball (or icy mudball?): ~ 85% water ice, 4% CO, 3% CO 2, 1% N 2, rest minerals and organic compounds Cometary activity driven by sublimation of volatiles (water, CO, CO 2 ) when the nucleus approaches the Sun Nucleus loses ~ 1% of its mass per revolution about the Sun Very dark surface, albedo ~ 4 % Very porous on average (ρ ~ 400 kg/m 3 ). A comet nucleus would swim on an Earth ocean like an iceberg Comets are the most pristine material left over from the formation of the solar system Origin: Kuiper belt (short-period and Jupiter family comets) and Oort cloud (long-period comets)
8 2. Why do we study comets? How do comets work? - Development of activity, in particular jets - Surface structure and evolution, distribution of activity regions on the surface - Life time of comets! How did comets and the solar system form? - Internal structure of the nucleus and nucleus material - Composition of cometary material! Did comets bring water and the building blocks of life to Earth? - Organic and isotopic composition
9 How do we investigate comets? Astronomical observations In-situ investigations by spacecraft Comet Hale-Bopp Rosetta at Churyumov-Gerasimenko
10 3. The Rosetta Mission
11 Pictures: ESA/Astrium
12 Pictures: ESA/Astrium 2 March 2004
13 Rosetta orbiter instruments Name Instrument PI Institute, Country OSIRIS Optical camera MPS, Germany ALICE UV spectrometer SRI, USA VIRTIS Optical and NIR spectrometer IAS-CNR, Italy MIRO Microwave spectrometer JPL, USA ROSINA Gas mass analyser University Bern, Switzerland COSIMA Dust mass spectrometer MPS, Germany MIDAS Atomic force microscope Dust particle morphology IWF, Austria CONSERT Nucleus sounding with radio waves LPG, CNRS, France GIADA Dust particle detector INAF, Italy RPC Plasma instruments: Ion and electron sensor (IES), Ion composition analyser (ICA), Langmuir probe (LAP), Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP), Magnetometer (MAG) IRF, Sweden; SRI, USA; TU Braunschweig, D; Imperial College, GB; LPCE/CNRS, France RSI Radio wave experiment University Köln, Germany
14 SESAME sensor DIM The lander Philae COSAC and PTOLEMY gas analyzers CIVA camera SD2 CIVA camera ROMAP CONSERT antenna SESAME sensor CASSE/PP MUPUS sensors APXS ROLIS camera MUPUS hammer SESAME sensor CASSE/PP SESAME sensor CASSE/PP SD2 drill Picture: ESA/ATG
15 10 years interplanetary cruise Mars Sonne Erde Jupiter Animation: Thomas Albin, MPS
16 The target comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Discovery 1969 Nucleus size Rotation period Orbital period Perihelion distance Aphelion distance ca. 4 km ca h (12.5 h until early 2014) 6,45 yr 1,24 AU 5,68 AU Orbit inclination 7º Present orbit since 1959 (perihelion at 3.5 AU before) Next perihelion Aug Jupiter-family comet ESA/Rosetta NAVCAM Sept 2014
17 Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko An irregularly shaped object Shape model 67P/C-G Aug 2014 ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/ UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
18 Das Ziel der Reise: Der Komet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko ESA/Rosetta NAVCAM Sept 2014
19 Bild: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/ UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
20 Bild: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/ UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
21 Comet activity ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/ LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA 10 Sept 2014
22 ESA/Rosetta NAVCAM Sept 2014
23 4. Philae s landing on 12 Nov 2014
24
25 Rosetta: Close Der orbits Landeplatz to Philae deployment Roter Kreis: 500m Durchmesser Animation: ESA
26 Philae s descent as seen from the orbiter ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/ LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
27 First touchdown Touchdown time: 12 Nov 2014; 15:34 UTC ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/ LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
28 The nominal landing site First touchdown ~100m away from targeted landing site Red circle: 500 m radius Bild: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/ LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
29 Nominal landing site from 40 meters altitude Generally smooth terrain covered with gravel Gravel and blocks with varying frequency Features resembling pits Partially buried blocks 10 m ESA/Rosetta/Philae/ROLIS/DLR
30 Dust raised at landing Dust cloud raised from surface ESA/Rosetta NAVCAM 12 Nov 2014
31 At the final landing site billion years old The oldest object where a man-made spacecraft has ever landed 20 years old ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA
32 At the final landing site Cliff with linear fractures ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA
33 At the final landing site ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA/CNES/FD
34 At the final landing site ESA/Rosetta/Philae/CIVA/CNES/FD
35 5. First Philae science results
36 Structure of the cometary soil(?) (As seen before Philae landing) Drawing: DLR
37 Cometary Sampling and Composition Experiment (COSAC) The Lander Philae CIVA Camera SESAME Sensor SD2 CIVA Camera ROMAP CONSERT Antenna SESAME Sensor SESAME Sensor MUPUS Sensor SD2 Drill MUPUS Sensor APXS MUPUS Image: DLR SESAME Sensor Soil sampling with drill (SD2) Thermal treatment (pyrolysis) of sample in dedicated ovens Chromatography of released gases Electron ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectra of released gases
38 Abundances of cometary volatiles Glycine: smallest amino acid found in proteins was identified in dust samples retruned to Earth from comet Wild 2 by Stardust mission (Elsila et al., 2009) Water Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Methane Acetylene Ethane Methanol Formaldehyde Ethylene glycol Formic acid Methyl formate Acetaldehyde Formamide Ammonia Hydrogen cyanide Isocyanic acid Hydrogen isocyanide Acetonitrile Cyanoacetylene Hydrogen sulfide Carbonyl sulfide Sulfur dioxide Thioformaldehyde Sulfur Mumma & Charnley, 2011
39 6. Summary and Outlook Comets: - Most pristine material left over from the formation of our solar system - Dirty snowball : mostly porous water ice with contributions by rocky material (?) - Sublimation of volatiles from nucleus surface due to heating by solar radiation; leads to formation of gas and dust coma surrounding the nucleus; material from the coma forms the tails due to solar radiation and solar wind pressure! 67P/C-G: - Much more irregularly shaped than expected (two bodies sticking together?); rugged terrain with pits, landslides, boulders and a dust layer above a hard surface - Localized activity; comet more active at large heliocentric distance than expected! Rosetta: first landing on a cometary nucleus - So far very successful long-term investigation of the comet nucleus and its environment with many different measurement techniques May 2014 to mid 2016 Rosetta orbiter mission at the comet 12 Nov 2014 Philae landing at 3 AU heliocentric distance July 2015 to Sept 2015 Philae extended mission???
40 Thank you! Bild: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/ UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA; Montage: Axel M. Quetz, Sterne und Weltraum 67P/C-G and the skyline of Frankfurt
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