Remote Sensing Through Satellite Technology

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Remote Sensing Through Satellite Technology"

Amie Peters
6 years ago
Views:

1 Remote Sensing Through Satellite Technology REMOTE SENSING The study of something without making actual contact with the object Making measurements of the physical

1 1 Remote Sensing Through Satellite Technology REMOTE SENSING The study of something without making actual contact with the object Making measurements of the physical properties of an object from a remote distance Satellite technology is an example of remote sensing Satellites measure properties of the Earth and transmit the data to receiving stations

2 2 The Process of Remote Sensing A. There are interactions with the atmosphere B. The energy reaches the target, or object on Earth being studied and interacts with the target based on the target s s properties. C. Energy scattered by or emitted from the target is then collected by the sensor D. The sun, or the satellite itself, is the energy source that provides electromagnetic energy E. The sensor transmits the electronic information to a receiving and processing station. Here, it is processed into an image F. The processed image is then interpreted to learn about the target G. The information is applied so that we better understand the target, learn something new about the target, or solve a particular problem ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Radiation energy that is emitted in wave form by all substances The basis for all remote sensing of the earth

3 Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electrical field, E and a magnetic field, M. Both of these fields travel at the speed of light, c.

3 3 Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electrical field, E and a magnetic field, M. Both of these fields travel at the speed of light, c. Different kind of electromagnetic radiation can be distinguished by wavelength and frequency. Wavelength (λ) Wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which is the distance between two consecutive wave crests Frequency (v) Frequency is the number of waves that that pass a point in a given amount of time Wavelength and frequency are related by the following formula: c=λv c- speed of light λ- wavelength v- frequency The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is an arrangement of all the types of electromagnetic radiation ordered according to wavelength

4 Microwaves Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeters! The longer microwaves, those closer to a foot in length, are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven.

4 4 Microwaves Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeters! The longer microwaves, those closer to a foot in length, are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven. Infrared (IR) Light Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light, that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light Far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.

5 5 Far Infrared: Thermal Far infrared waves are thermal. We experience this type of infrared radiation every day in the form of heat! The heat that we feel from sunlight, a fire, a radiator or a warm sidewalk is infrared. The temperature-sensitive nerve endings in our skin can detect the difference between inside body temperature and outside skin temperature. Infrared light is sometimes used to heat food - special lamps that emit thermal infrared waves are often used in fast food restaurants! Short Infrared Shorter, near infrared waves are not hot at all - in fact you cannot even feel them. These shorter wavelengths are the ones used by your TV's remote control.

6 6 Visible Light Visible light is light that our eyes can see Visible light makes up an extremely small part of the electromagnetic spectrum Range from about 0.4 to 0.7µm Blue, red and green are the primary colors of light. All other colors can be made by combining them in various proportions. here for an interesting activity. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light. Ultraviolet (UV) Light Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths than visible light. Though these waves are invisible to the human eye, some insects, like bumblebees, can see them! Though some ultraviolet waves from the Sun penetrate Earth's atmosphere, most of them are blocked from entering by various gases like Ozone. Some days, more ultraviolet waves get through our atmosphere. Scientists have developed a UV index to help people protect themselves from these harmful ultraviolet waves.

7 A B Infrared and Remote Sensing To make infrared pictures like the one above, we can use special cameras and film that

This provides a picture that our eyes can interpret. there is more detail in the clouds in the infrared.

Since the primary source of infrared radiation is heat or thermal radiation, any object which has a temperature radiates in

7 7 A B Infrared and Remote Sensing To make infrared pictures like the one above, we can use special cameras and film that detect differences in temperature, and then assign a different brightness or false colors to them. This provides a picture that our eyes can interpret. there is more detail in the clouds in the infrared. This is great for studying cloud structure. Since the primary source of infrared radiation is heat or thermal radiation, any object which has a temperature radiates in the infrared. Even objects that we think of as being very cold, such as an ice cube, emit infrared. When an object is not quite hot enough to radiate visible light, it will emit most of its energy in the infrared. Visible Light and Remote Sensing

8 Infrared and Remote Sensing Measures radiation emitted from the Earth at a wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere. Allows surface temperatures to be measured from space.

8 8 Infrared and Remote Sensing Measures radiation emitted from the Earth at a wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere. Allows surface temperatures to be measured from space. Can be used with out light What Are Satellites? Satellites are smaller objects traveling around larger objects Satellites may be man-made made or natural, like the moon The two main types of satellites are polar- orbiting and geostationary Satellites are designed for three general purposes: science, applications, or communications

Artificial Satellites Artificial Satellites are humanhuman-made space craft that are built and sent into space by people.

Communications Satellite Hubble Space Telescope NPOESS Satellite Polar-Orbiting Satellites Polar orbiting satellites travel

them. PolarPolar-orbiting satellites are placed into a lowlow-earth orbit.

9 Artificial Satellites Artificial Satellites are humanhuman-made space craft that are built and sent into space by people. These spacecraft can be crewed, such as the Space Shuttle, or uncrewed, uncrewed, such as NASA NASA s Hubble Space Telescope Communications Satellite Hubble Space Telescope NPOESS Satellite Polar-Orbiting Satellites Polar orbiting satellites travel in a circular pattern over the North and the South Poles, so they can look at large portions of the Earth as it turns below them. PolarPolar-orbiting satellites are placed into a lowlow-earth orbit. They orbit at about 800 kilometers (500 miles) above the Earth. They travel at about 17,000 miles per hour. METOP NPOESS NPOESS Local Equatorial Crossing Time NPOESS 9

10 Geostationary Satellites Geostationary satellites orbit the Earth at about 22,300 miles above the equator. Seen from Earth, the satellite appears to be floating over a certain spot on the equator.

10 10 Geostationary Satellites Geostationary satellites orbit the Earth at about 22,300 miles above the equator. Seen from Earth, the satellite appears to be floating over a certain spot on the equator. They are primarily used for weather and communication. Scientific Satellites Most well-known type of satellite Information from these satellites clarify the Earth s s history, present condition, and what the future may hold Other scientific satellites look away from the Earth, studying the sun, stars, planets and other aspects of the universe

11 Application/Weather Satellites Application satellites are used to test and develop ways to improve global weather forecasting These satellites are vital in predicting where and when tropical

satellites to carry television cameras to photograph the Earth s s cloud cover for research and forecasting Later satellites, like the series of Nimbus satellites first launched in 1964, had

These satellites improved upon storm and hurricane forecasting and played a major role in the study of ozone depletion Communications Satellites First commercial satellites Aluminum-coated

11 11 Application/Weather Satellites Application satellites are used to test and develop ways to improve global weather forecasting These satellites are vital in predicting where and when tropical storms, hurricanes, floods, cyclones, tidal waves and forest fires may strike The Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS), launched in 1960, was the first of a series of meteorological satellites to carry television cameras to photograph the Earth s s cloud cover for research and forecasting Later satellites, like the series of Nimbus satellites first launched in 1964, had infrared cameras as well. These satellites improved upon storm and hurricane forecasting and played a major role in the study of ozone depletion Communications Satellites First commercial satellites Aluminum-coated balloons were the first communications satellites The first commercially- launched satellite was Telestar 1, launched by AT&T in It transmitted photos and phone calls between America and Europe. This satellite was capable of 600 phone channels or one television channel Today, satellites like Intelsat provide up to 120,000 simultaneous two-way way telephone circuits

12 12 Satellite Motion A satellite is a projectile. A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity. Satellite Motion The force of gravity accelerates the satellite towards Earth. While a satellite does fall towards the Earth, it never falls into Earth. This is because the Earth is round (it curves).

National Polar Orbiting-Operational Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) The next

13 13 Satellite Motion In order for a satellite to successfully orbit the Earth, it must travel a horizontal distance of 8000 meters before falling a vertical distance of 5 meters. National Polar Orbiting-Operational Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) The next generation environmental satellite system Serving civil, military and scientific community Polar orbiting satellites observing Earth from space

14 THREE AGENCIES--ONE MISSION Combines Combines civilian civilian and and military military environmental environmental remote remote sensing sensing into into aa single single national national system system Combines Combines separate separate and and often often duplicative duplicative capabilities capabilities Program Program managed managed by by the the Integrated Integrated Program Program Office IPO) Office ((IPO) METOP Background NPOESS NPOESS Local Equatorial Crossing Time NPOESS will provide civilian leaders and military commanders timely, accurate, and reliable environmental data to protect U.S. lives and property and ensure the Nation Nation s environmental, economic, national, and homeland security. NPOESS is a pathfinder interagency program with contributions from DOC, DOD, and NASA. NPOESS 14

15 Civilian Benefits Timely, accurate, and cost- effective public

loss of human life and property and advance the national economy

environmental monitoring and Global Change Assessment Protect Safety

improve prediction of wind speed and direction.

landfall forecast skill will save an estimated $1 million per mile of

15 15 Civilian Benefits Timely, accurate, and cost- effective public warnings and forecasts of severe weather events, reduce the potential loss of human life and property and advance the national economy Support of general aviation, agriculture, and maritime communities aimed at increasing U.S. productivity Commitment to support long-term data continuity for environmental monitoring and Global Change Assessment Protect Safety of Life and Property Improved Microwave Imagery/Sounding products will improve prediction of wind speed and direction. Improve the Accuracy of Severe Weather Warnings Increase in hurricane landfall forecast skill will save an estimated $1 million per mile of coastline that does not have to be evacuated. Improved early warnings mitigate the devastating effects of floods through disaster planning and response. JDW JDW

16 National Security Benefits Shift tactical and strategic focus from coping with weather to anticipating and exploiting atmospheric and space environmental conditions Weather permeates all aspects

16 16 National Security Benefits Shift tactical and strategic focus from coping with weather to anticipating and exploiting atmospheric and space environmental conditions Weather permeates all aspects of military operations. NPOESS data will provide situational awareness which is critical to: Strategic Planning Tactical Superiority Technological Benefits Advanced cutting edge sensors increases accuracy Higher spatial resolution since polar stellites are closer to the Earth 95% of data delivered within 28 minutes And many other benefits Percent of EDR Products Delivered 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% End-to to-end EDR Latency 95% of data delivered within 28 min > 77% of data delivered within 15 min Average < 10.5 min Earliest Data Delivered < 2 min Time from Observation to Delivery (minutes) 50

17 How Will the NPOESS Satellites Send Data? 1. Sensors collect raw data which are packaged by computers on board the satellite 3. Raw data are converted into digital form at the ground station 2.

data are sent through fiber optic cables to users Civilian and Military Agencies 5.

17 17 How Will the NPOESS Satellites Send Data? 1. Sensors collect raw data which are packaged by computers on board the satellite 3. Raw data are converted into digital form at the ground station 2. Radio waves carry the raw data stream to the ground station Some data will be available for retrieval at military field terminals Mobile or Laptop Field Terminal Ground Station 4. data are sent through fiber optic cables to users Civilian and Military Agencies 5. data are used to create useful images Safety Net: Ground Stations The circles The represent circles the represent areas the in areas which in data which may data be may transmitted be from transmitted the from satellite the to satellite the to ground stations. the ground stations. The data The are data stored are on stored satellites on until satellites the until satellite the is satellite over is one over of one the of 14 the ground 14 stations ground (safety net). stations (safety net).

NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) NPP, or the NPOESS Preparatory Project, is an instrument risk reduction mission. In 2006, the NPP satellite will be launched.

18 NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) NPP, or the NPOESS Preparatory Project, is an instrument risk reduction mission. In 2006, the NPP satellite will be launched. The NPP satellite will have the following four sensors onboard: VIIRS CrIS Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (IPO) Cross-track IR Sounder (IPO) ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (NASA) OMPS Ozone Mapping and Profile Suite (IPO) Scientists will use the NPP satellite as a test satellite. Any problems that are found with the satellite and sensors or with the ground stations may be corrected before NPOESS is launched. Users may also evaluate the information that they are receiving from the satellite. The NPP satellite will take over gathering data for NASA s EOS Terra/Aqua/Aura missions Satellites and their Sensors CMIS ATMS CrIS VIIRS OMPS ERBS VIIRS CMIS CrIS ATMS SESS OMPS ADCS SARSAT ERBS SS ALT TSIS APS NPOESS 1330 Configuration SingleSatellite SatelliteDesign Designwith withcommon CommonSensor Sensor Single Locations Locations 18

19 NPOESS Instruments VIIRS Visible IR Imaging Radiometer Suite Imagery Sea-surface temperature Aerosol optical thickness Aerosol particle size Surface albedo Cloud base height Cloud cover/layers

19 19 NPOESS Instruments VIIRS Visible IR Imaging Radiometer Suite Imagery Sea-surface temperature Aerosol optical thickness Aerosol particle size Surface albedo Cloud base height Cloud cover/layers Cloud Effective particle size Cloud top height Cloud top pressure Cloud top Temperature Ice surface temperature Land surface temperature Ocean color/chlorophyll Precipitable water Sea ice characterization Snow cover/depth Surface type Active fires Suspended Matter Vegitative index Net heat flux

20 OMPS Ozone Mapping And Profiler Suite Ozone total column profile CRIS Cross Track IR Sounder ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder Atmosphere Vertical Moisture Profile Atmosphere Vertical Temperature Profile Pressure (Surface/profile) 20

21 21 Resources CD ROM Sentinels Against the Storm NASA Facts Online, NASA Fact Sheets, Satellites, m.htm, 7/13/2004 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 7/13 r1_1_e.html Imagers Project 7/ Jeopardy game physics of satellite Projectile facts Jill Twetten and Tress Potter

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM All waves travel the SAME speed (the speed of light) 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec) in a vacuum

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM All waves travel the SAME speed (the speed of light) 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec) in a vacuum 10 4 Hz 10 6 Hz 10 8 Hz 10 12 Hz 10 14 Hz 10 16 Hz 10 18 Hz 1 million 1 trillion