The roadmap intends to. The roadmap will not

Transcription

1 3/6/06 1

2 Frank Avignone Jose Bernabeu Thomas Berghoefer Leonid Bezrukov Pierre Binetruy Hans Bluemer Karsten Danzmann Franz v. Feilitzsch Enrique Fernandez Werner Hofmann John Iliopoulos Uli Katz Paolo Lipari Manel Martinez Antonio Masiero Benoit Mours Francesco Ronga Andre Rubbia Subir Sarkar Guenther Sigl Gerard Smadja Nigel Smith Christian Spiering Alan Watson 3/6/06 2

3 The roadmap intends to Sell the field to the outside world Promote coordination and cooperation Promote the development of infrastructures Identify critical points for decisions The roadmap will not Declare decisions w. r. t. experiments and techniques which have to be taken by the cooperating/competing expert groups working in the field 3/6/06 3

4 Don t confuse this with the question What belongs to Astroparticle Physics? There is no unique answer to this question. 3/6/06 4

5 i.e. Hess, Auger Charged Cosmic Rays GeV-TeV gamma (incl. DM indirect) WIMP CAST satellite MeV/GeV γ (Agile, Glast) MeV/GeV CR (Pamela, AMS) extreme energies (EUSO) Solar axions underwater underice UG lab HE neutrinos atm. neutrinos (incl. DM indirect) DM direct UG lab Solar ν Supernova ν 3/6/06 5

6 No particles from heaven but: - same infrastructure (ββ) - closely related question (tritium decay) Reactor m ν Laser axions Accelerator UG lab ββ Oscillations (accelerators) NO proton decay 3/6/06 6

7 Interferometer low frequency (LISA) Interferometers (Geo-600, VIRGO) Resonance Antennas 3/6/06 7

8 Nuclear astrophysics Covered in nuclear physics programmes In some countries listed under APP as well Dark Energy Missions Necessary to set the stage for APP missions Fully covered by astronomy community Not our charge In some countries under one roof with APP missions We say what we support DE missions but do not specify Others Varying fundamental constants Gravity at short distances (may be included) 3/6/06 8

9 3/6/06 9

10 1) What is the Universe made of? 2) Do protons have a finite lifetime? 3) What are the properties of the neutrinos? What is their role in cosmic evolution? dark matter (dark energy) other exotics antimatter Mass (direct/ßß) Mixing (reactor nu) 4) What is the origin of high energy cosmic rays? What is the view of the sky at extreme energies? CR, γ, ν 5) What do neutrinos tell us about the interior of Sun and Earth, and about Supernova explosions? 6) What is the nature of Gravity? Can we detect gravitational waves? What will they tell us about violent cosmic processes? 3/6/06 10

11 Introduction Cosmology and early Universe Properties of particles: neutrino mass (direct and double beta) on their own request: reactor oscillations dark matter and other exotic particles (WIMPs, axions, also Q-Balls, magnetic monopoles,.) proton decay Low energy neutrinos from Sun, SN, Earth Non-thermal Universe (gamma, neutrinos, cosmic rays) Properties of the gravitational force (interferometers and resonant detectors) 3/6/06 11

12 Answers to Questionnaires 130-page document, all APP experiments with European participation Communication with Community TAUP, ILIAS meetings in Munich and Gran Sasso, CERN strategy group, Second draft of recommendations After implementing community comments sent in response to first draft 80% of full text (80-90 pages) 3/6/06 12

13 Draft 100% full text mid March Work on full draft, including statistical material based on the questionnaires until end of April Meeting of Roadmap Committee in May. Finalizaion of text. Full text to the community for discussion. Final phase to be determined. Another open presentation on Town-Meeting? In any case, the roadmap paper should be finished in early autumn. 3/6/06 13

14 Neutrino Mass: single beta 2.3 ev Tritium Troitzk Mainz 0.2 ev KATRIN Rhenium? Mibeta Manu ev? MARE ev price tag KATRIN 34 M 3/6/06 14

15 Recommendations direct ν mass KATRIN is unique experiment Strong support for KATRIN to extend the sensitivity down to 0.2 ev Explore potential of bolometric detectors 3/6/06 15

16 Recommendations mixing parameters Double Chooz is in most advanced stage compared to other reactor experiments Make use of the corresponding discovery window, build it as soon as possible 3/6/06 16

17 Neutrino Mass: Double Beta past present next 5 years next 10 years? price tag M HDMS GERDA Gerda+Majorana Cuoricino 10 ton? Cuore Cuore enrich. NEMO Super-NEMO EXO-200 * EXO 1-10 ton* COBRA. TGV. * USA with Swiss participation price tag M 3/6/06 17

18 Double Beta Experiments degenerate inverted m ee in ev Inverted hierarchy Degenerate F.Feruglio, A. Strumia, F. Vissani, NPB % CL direct Normal hierarchy Negligible errors from oscillations; width due to CP phases Lightest neutrino (m 1,m 3 ) in ev 3/6/06 18

19 Start next 5 years: GERDA, Cuore, Super-NEMO, EXO-200,.. Following generation: GERDA+Majorana, Cuore-enr., EXO-1ton, COBRA,... 3/6/06 19

20 Recommendations double beta GERDA, CUORE, Super-NEMO (possibly COBRA) explore mass range mev and can form a solide base for the next step towards mev mev range requires active mass of order one ton, good resolution, low BG. Need several isotopes. Price tag M. Gain experience within next 5 years. Strong participation of Europeans in these detectors! Reduce uncertainty in matrix elements 3/6/06 20

21 NaI Direct Dark Matter Search (1) DAMA/LIBRA ANAIS DAMA-1ton? Ultimate price tag M Bolometers CRESST Edelweiss Ge IGEX-DM HDMS Genius-TF ROSEBUD R&D EURECA pb pb 3/6/06 21

22 Direct Dark Matter Search (2) Noble Gases Zeplin-1 Zeplin-3 Xenon* WARP ArDM 1ton Directional Drift I, II Drift III Zeplin-4 ArDM 10 ton Drift 1 ton pb pb Ultimate price tag M pb pb pb pb 3/6/06 22 particularly interesting if DM has been seen by others

23 EURECA 3/6/06 23

24 10-4 LHC Cross section (pb) Projection 2002 (R. Gaitskell) Sensitivity to WIMP-DM cross section /6/06 24

25 Direct Dark Matter Search (3) Superheated grains (R&D) SIMPLE (Lisbon) PICASSO (Montreal) Axion Searches CAST PVLAS HERA/LHC magnets? 3/6/06 25

26 Recommendations Dark Matter (1) Indications (annual modulation) seen by DAMA, DAMA/LIBRA running ( first results 2008). Cross check at another place, with different technical solutions etc. would be appreciated (ANAIS?) Recommendation for 1-ton NaI will be due in 2008/09 3/6/06 26

27 Recommendations Dark Matter (2) Emphasis on detectors with excellent BG suppression and order of 1 ton mass. Bolometric approach: Strong support for convergence of CRESST and EDEL- WEISS to a single project (EURECA) Liquid Noble gases: converence to an ultimate single proposal is strongly ecouraged - either Xenon and Argon. 3/6/06 27

28 Recommendations Dark Matter (3) Directional detectors: directional signature (as annual modulation) are smoking guns. Directional detectors with large masses would be built to confirm a signal seen with large-mass, non-directional devices. Further development of this technique is encouraged. Indirect detection yields complementary information to direct detection! Don t forget other DM candidates (as axions) 3/6/06 28

29 Recommendations Dark Energy Observations in this area traditionally use astronomical techniques which have been outside particle physics, but particle physicists, both experimentalists and theorists, have joined this field and are playing a major role. There is growing activity in the astroparticle physics community in this area, and we welcome initiatives to address this question together with the astrophysics and cosmology community. 3/6/06 29

30 Charged Cosmic Rays Neutrinos Gammas 3/6/06 30

31 High Energy Photon Sky: Source Count vs. Year X rays MeV-GeV TeV (modified from M. De Naurois, astro-ph/ ) 3/6/06 31

32 Gamma Telescopes operating soon start 2010 HESS MAGIC HESS-2 Magic-2 Large Array(s) _ Whipple Veritas ARGO/YBJ price tag 5-12 M Satellite: AGILE Satellite: GLAST Satellite: GILDA Ultimate price tag 2 x 100 M 3/6/06 32

33 Recommendations Gamma Rays With H.E.S.S and MAGIC, Europe is in a leading position. Rich scientific harvest within the last years. Strong support for a next-generation facility of Cherenkov telescopes, covering both hemispheres. Form a common European consortium! Explore cooperation with similar efforts in Japan and USA! Development of alternative techniques (wide angle approach) complementing Cherenkov telescopes should be pursued. 3/6/06 33

34 High Energy Neutrino Telescopes Baikal-NT200 NT200+ Amanda IceCube (2010)* Baikal GVD (~2015) * European contributions 15-20% at this point no ApPEC members involved HyperCube? (radio+acoust) Antares (2007) Nestor Nemo KM3 ( ) price tag M Integration of radio and acoustic detection into optical telescopes Neutrino interactions in atmosphere (Auger,EUSO), in the moon (radio antennas),... 3/6/06 34

35 Achieved and expected sensitivities to diffuse fluxes RICE AGASA 2002 Amanda, Baikal RICE GLUE 2004 AUGER ν τ Anita, NuMoon 2007 Amanda,Antares, Baikal, Nestor 2012 km 3 Auger + new techn. 3/6/06 35

36 Flux * E_ (GeV/ cm_ sec sr) 10-4 Dumand Frejus Macro Rice AGASA Rice GLUE 10-6 Baikal/Amanda Anita, Auger IceCube/Km3 Sensitivity to HE diffuse neutrino fluxes 1 EeV TeV /6/06 36

37 Recommendations HE Neutrinos Complete sky coverage (including central parts of Galaxy) requires large Northern Nu-telescope Pool European resources to a single, optimized large project, KM3NeT! KM3NeT construction has to be preceeded by successful operation of small detectors or prototype arrays. Enforce European role in the most advanced project, IceCube, which is based on the sucess of AMANDA. Support further development of innovative techniques for extreme energies (radio, acoustic, ) 3/6/06 37

38 Cosmic Ray Experiments a) Low energy TRACER CREAM ATIC PAMELA AMS balloons price tag: ~20 M, 200 M b) Towards the end of the galactic spectrum Kascade-Grande IceTop/IceCube Tunka 3/6/06 38

39 Cosmic Ray Experiments c) High and Ultra-high energies: Beyond the Galaxy Auger South Auger North NuMoon/LOFAR d) New methods LOPES, Codalema LOFAR price tag ~ 50 M per site EUSO (> 2015) price tag 125 M 3/6/06 39

40 Integrated Aperture Integrated Aperture (km^2*str*year) Fly'e Eye AGASA HiRes Auger-S Auger(S+N) EUSO Auger-N TA Year 3/6/06 40

41 Recommendations Cosmic Rays Support to bridge the gap between direct and air shower detection (long flight missions or arrays at highest altitude) Maintain present strong European role in Auger! Establish the scientific case for Auger North. Should it be warranted, Europe should make a significant contribution. Support for R&D for new technologies (as e.g. radio dtection of air showers) We appreciate inclusion of UHE cosmic rays detection by space detectors in ESA Cosmic Visions 3/6/06 41

42 Gravitational Waves a) Bar detectors AURIGA Mini-Grail R&D DUAL SFERA ROG (Nautilus + Explorer) b) Interferometers Price tags LIGO: 260 M (US costing) only US Adv.Ligo: +210 M (dito) 30 M$ Germ. + UK VIRGO: 85 M (cap.invest) LISA: 200 M (ESA costing) US + Europe L.U.I.: 200 M (?) Geo-600 Geo-HF VIRGO VIRGO+ LIGO LISA Pathfinder/LISA Large Underground Interferometer 3/6/06 42

43 Recommendations Grav. Waves GEO and Virgo should turn to observation mode, with a fraction of their time devoted to improvement (GEO-HF, Virgo+ and advanced Virgo) Continued operation of resonant detectors is desirable to reduce dead-time of interferometer network. New acoustic detector concepts should be pursued towards higher sensitivity and broader bandwidth. Design of a large European 3rd generation interferometer facility should start immediately. Welcome LISA which complements Earth bound detectors towards sub-hz range and enables observation of a wealth of sources. 3/6/06 43

44 Low Energy Neutrinos, Proton Decay LVD CTF Borexino SNO GLACIER (100 kton LAr) LENA (50 kt scintillator) MEMPHYS (Water Megatonne) Ultimate price tag M Decision~ /6/06 44

45 Recommendations p-decay and low-energy cosmic neutrinos BOREXINO should be completed as soon as possible and support for full operation be provided. Support future international multi-purpose facility on the Mton scale for improved studies of proton decay and low-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources (solar, SN, Geo). The 3 techniques represented e.g. by MEMPHYS, LENA and GLACIER should be evaluated in the context of common design study. Adress also possibility of accelerator neutrinos! Converge to a common proposal on the time scale /6/06 45

46 DM: Eureca 100% + Noble gas 100% 150 M ββ : Gerda+Majorana 50% + X 100% 100 M One large detector for low en nu and proton decay (35% before 2016) 250 M One large TeV gamma array 100 M * KM3Net 300 M * Auger North (50%) 50 M Gravitational Waves (EGO) 250 M * Smaller projects, R&D 200 M Sum 1400 M 300 M per year (now 135 M ) factor 2 manpower not always included * = discussed for ESFRI list 3/6/06 46

47 Conclusion A lot of advanced, interesting world-class projects. Europeans lead in many fields. Physics harvest has started (TeV gamma) or is in reach. Most techniques are mature. Oversubscription by a factor 2 compared to present APP funding in Europe. Can we make a compelling case for a factor 2? Generate factor 2 pressure! Oversubcription by a factor 2 is not unusual. Possibly, however, we are asked for further ranking (if not we do it, others will do it, and with less competence) 3/6/06 47