Detectors for astroparticle physics
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1 Detectors for astroparticle physics Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia Universität Zürich Kern und Teilchenphysik II, Zürich Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
2 Outline 1 Liquid xenon for dark matter search 2 Water Cherenkov detectors as neutrino observatory 3 Cherenkov telescopes for gamma astronomy Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
3 Outline 1 Liquid xenon for dark matter search 2 Water Cherenkov detectors as neutrino observatory 3 Cherenkov telescopes for gamma astronomy Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
4 Dark matter indications from astronomy Star rotation curves Measurement: 21 cm H-line Dark matter halo explanation Bullet cluster Indirect dark matter evidence Baryonic matter in red (X-rays) Matter distribution in blue (gravitational lensing) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
5 Dark matter particle candidates WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) DM particle candidates: Theories beyond the standard model predict new particles, the lightest is a dark matter candidate Example: Neutralino χ of Supersymmetry Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
6 WIMP search Indirect detection Direct detection Production at LHC χχ e+ e, pp χn χn p + p + a lot χ Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
7 Direct detection WIMP Detection via scatter off nuclei Reaction rate: R = N φ(e)σ(e)de N: number of target atoms φ(e): flux of dark matter σ(e): cross section Recoiling energy: E R = m N m χ m N +m χ m χ v 2 m N : mass of the target nuclei m χ : WIMP mass v: WIMP velocity Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
8 Xenon as detection medium Detection via scatter off nuclei Self-shielding High stopping power 178 nm UV photons No wavelength-shifter Simple cryogenics 180 K = - 93 Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
9 Scintillation in xenon Nuclear recoil Ionization: N + + N N + and e s N + 2 N e N** + N N * Excitation: N e N* 2 N ** N * + heat N * +N N* 2 N* 2 2N + hν N* 2 2N + hν singlet 3 ns triplet 25 ns singlet 3 ns triplet 25 ns Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
10 Two phase noble gas TPC Scintillation signal (S1) Charges drift to the liquid-gas surface Proportional signal (S2) Electron recombination is stronger for nuclear recoils Electron- / nuclear recoil discrimination Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
11 XENON experiment XENON100: 65 kg active volume Currently taking science data Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) m.w.e. shielding from cosmic rays Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
12 XENON100 detector 30 cm drift length and 30 cm 165 kg total (30-50 kg fiducial volume) Shield: copper, polyethylene and led Material screening and selection Cooling outside the shield Active liquid xenon veto 1 inch PMTs 30 cm meshes Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
13 XENON100 detector 30 cm drift length and 30 cm 165 kg total (30-50 kg fiducial volume) Shield: copper, polyethylene and led Material screening and selection Cooling outside the shield Active liquid xenon veto 1 inch PMTs Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics 30 cm meshes Zürich / 32
14 Response to different types of particles AmBe neutron source Gamma ray sources Neutrons loose energy producing nuclear recoils Pair production, Compton effect and photoabsorption Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
15 Dark matter data Calibration data Background data (11.2 days) Band determination using: 60 Co and AmBe data No nuclear recoils in the expected region Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
16 Limit on the mass and cross section of WIMPs Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
17 Outline 1 Liquid xenon for dark matter search 2 Water Cherenkov detectors as neutrino observatory 3 Cherenkov telescopes for gamma astronomy Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
18 Cherenkov effect Charged particles which move faster than the speed of light in the medium v > c n emit Cherenkov light Cherenkov angle: cos θ = 1 βn Threshold for different particles: E thr = n n 2 1 m 0c 2 In water (n = 1.3): Particle Threshold [MeV] e ± 0.77 µ ± 159 π ± 210 Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
19 Size: 41 m height and 39 m Mass: 50 ktons of pure water 22 kton fiducial mass photosensors of 0.5 m m underground Kamioka mine (Japan) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
20 Cherenkov rings in Superkamiokande I 1 GeV muon 600 MeV electron Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
21 Proton decay in Superkamiokande Original motivation to build Kamiokande Process predicted by GUT : Grand Unified Theories Clear identification of the decay p e + π 0 Limit on the proton lifetime: τ(p e + π 0 ) y (90% C.L.) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
22 Cherenkov rings in Superkamiokande II Multi-ring event Through-going muon Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
23 Atmospheric neutrinos Atmospheric neutrinos are produced in cosmic ray showers: a primary proton hits the top of the atmosphere and a shower of particles is created including π s and µ s. π µ ν µ µ e ν e ν µ Detection: neutral current reaction: ν x (ν x ) e ν x (ν x ) e with x = e, µ, τ Detection: charged current reactions: ν e p ne + ν e 16 O 16 F e ν e 16 O 16 N e + + ν µ and ν τ charged current reactions Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
24 Neutrino oscillations ν e, ν µ and ν τ : flavour eigenstates ν 1, ν 2 and ν 3 : mass eigenstates ( ) Survival probability: P e µ = sin 2 2θ sin 2 m 2 L 4E sin 2 2θ: mixing of neutrino flavours m 2 : splitting of neutrino mass eigenstates L: propagation distance E: neutrino energy the amount of neutrinos expected depends on their angle (length of the path through the atmosphere) and on their energy Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
25 Atmospheric neutrino results Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
26 Outline 1 Liquid xenon for dark matter search 2 Water Cherenkov detectors as neutrino observatory 3 Cherenkov telescopes for gamma astronomy Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
27 Gamma astronomy with Cherenkov telescopes Energy region: TeV Gamma rays: no charge not affected by magnetic fields Physics: Pulsar wind nebula (crab) Active galactive nuclei (AGNs) Supernova remnants Pulsars Binary systems Gamma ray burst?... Results can be correlated with other wavelengths (e.g. radio, optical, X-ray...) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
28 Imaging Cherenkov telescope Detection of particle cascades in the atmosphere Atmosphere as calorimeter Cherenkov-Light (1 5 ns) Statistical analysis of the shower images Large effective area Several experiments arround the world: Veritas, HESS, MAGIC Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
29 The MAGIC telescopes Two telescopes: stereo mode Mirrors of 17 m diameter Cameras using photomultiplier tubes Light construction: 65 t each Complete rotation in 30 seconds Location: La Palma (Canary islands) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
30 Showers in the MAGIC-1 telescope > 99% of cosmic rays are hadrons Electromagnetic showers have to be distinguished from hadronic showers Image analysis is used for discrimination Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
31 MAGIC result (example) Makarian 501 Close blazar (type of AGN) Data from May - July 2005 High flux variation (double in few minutes) Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
32 More information: XENON100: Superkamiokande: MAGIC: Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia (UZH) Detectors for astroparticle physics Zürich / 32
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