Thursday, November 18, jednoliko gibanje po kružnici

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1 jednoliko gibanje po kužnici

2 jednoliko gibanje po kužnici Jednoliko gibanje po kužnici je gibanje tijela konstantnom (jednolikom) bzinom po kužnoj putanji. Opez! Konstantan je samo iznos vektoa bzine, ne i njegov smje! Umjesto bzinom, ovo gibanje možemo definiati i peiodom ophodnje T 2π Veza bzine i peioda: v = T

3 centipetalna sila 1. Newtonov zakon Tijelo se ne giba pavoctno ukupna sila koja djeluje na njega 0 Centipetalna sila 2. Newtonov zakon Centipetalno ubzanje F C = mv2 Centipetalna sila je ukupna sila koja je potebna da bi se tijelo mase m gibalo bzinom v po kužnoj putanji polumjea. Ona je uvijek usmjeena pema sedištu kužnice i mijenja se kako se tijelo giba.

4 centipetalna sila Centipetalna sila nije nova sila u piodi! Naziv centipetalna sila označava ezultantnu silu koja je usmjeena pema sedištu kužne putanje. Ona se može sastojati od sile napetosti, sile tenja, okomite sile ili gavitacijske sile (jedne od njih ili kombinacije) Pimje: Sila napetosti kao centipetalna sila! F C = T = mv2

5 centipetalno ubzanje a = v 2 v 1 Δt = Δ v Δt Δv v Δl Δv = v Δl a R = Δ v Δt = v Δl Δt a R = v2 v - obodna bzina, - polumje kužnice

6 konceptualno pitanje Neka uže kojim je pičvšćena kuglica pukne u tenutku kao što je pikazano na slici. Kuglica će nastaviti gibanje kao u slučaju: (i) a, (ii) b, (iii) nastaviti gibanje po kužnoj putanji

7 pimje Odedite smje bzine i ubzanja automobila kada se nalazi u točkama 1 i 2 ako se giba konstantnom bzinom u smjeu obatnom od kazaljke na satu. Vaši odgovoi neka budu specificiani pema stanama svijeta (N, S, W, E).

8 kutna bzina Kutna bzina je pomjena kuta u vemenu: ω = Δθ Δt Tijelo puni kug (2π adijana) pijeđe u vemenu T (peiod gibanja). Ako je gibanje jednoliko: 2π ad = 360º l = θ l = θ = 1 ad l = 2π π = 2π ad ω = 2π = 2π f = const. T f = fekvencija

9 centipetalno ubzanje 2π = vt ω = v a cp = v2 = ω 2 Centipetalno ubzanje izaženo pomoću kutne bzine

10 pimje: automobil u zavoju f s Automobil u zavoju - = 51 m Centipetalna sila koja dži automobil u zavoju dolazi od statičke sile tenja između kotača automobila i ceste. (a) v = F c m F C = µ s F N n F N = mg f s mg (b) Statički koeficijent tenja μ s 0.95 suha cesta Statički koeficijent tenja μ s 0.10 led na cesti suha cesta: led na cesti:

11 pimje: automobil u nakošenom zavoju bez tenja n u n cos u Postoji odeđena bzina za koju će se automobil gibati u zavoju bez tenja! u m g n sin u mg Sile koje djeluju na automobil su gavitacijska sila i okomita sila. Komponenta okomite sile daje centipetalnu silu. F C = n sinθ = mv2 n cosθ = mg v = g tanθ = ( 316m) ( 9.80m s 2 )( tan 31 ) = 43m s

12 satelit u kužnoj putanji F C = G mm E 2 = mv2 Gavitacijska sila daje centipetalnu silu. Da bi se satelit odžao u obiti moa imati točno definianu obitalnu bzinu: v = GM E GPS stands fo Global Positioning System. GPS is a satellite based system which was oiginally consideed to be complete when it had 24 satellites. Now the "constellation" is always kept close to 32 satellites. Thee ae also gound monitoing stations. GPS positions ae calculated pecisely fom signals eceived fom a minimum of 3 satellites. GPS satellites obit the eath at appoximately 12,600 miles in oute space.

13 pimje v = GM E Hubble space telescope Polumje Zemlje x 10 6 m v = GM E = ( N m 2 kg 2 )( kg) m v = 7.56 x 103 m/s = km/h u obiti od godine nakon početnih poblema senzacionalni ezultati ogomna uloga u populaizaciji znanosti cijena: oko 50 M$ visina obite: 559 km (niska) u posljednjih 10-ak godina u Svemi je poslano više desetaka teleskopa koji mjee u azličitim enegijskim podučjima

14 peiod satelita Bzina satelita v = GM E v = 2π T GM E = 2π T Peiod satelita T = 2π 3 2 GM E Geostacionani satelit kuži oko ekvatoa peiodom T = 1 dan

15 pimje: gps sustav GPS - Global Positioning System GPS Pijemnik je ueđaj koji poačunava svoj položaj na temlju mjeenja udaljenosti od ti ili više GPS satelita. Svaki satelit emitia mikovalni niz adio signala koji je poznat pijemniku. Dok pijemnik pima taj signal, u stanju je odediti vijeme koje potekne od emitianja adio signala sa satelita do pijema na svom položaju. Udaljenost pijemnika od satelita poačunava se na osnovu tog vemena, budući da adio signal putuje poznatom bzinom. Signal takođe nosi infomaciju o tenutnom položaju satelita sa kog se emitia. Ako se zna udaljenost pijemnika od satelita i pozicija satelita, poznato je da se pijemnik nalazi negde na sfei odeđene dimenzije u čijem je centu satelit. Pošto su poznati položaji ti satelita i udaljenost pijemnika od svakog od njih, postupkom tiangulacije može se odediti položaj pijemnika. Tiangulacija se bazia na činjenici da se ti sfee sijeku u najviše dve tačke (od kojih jedna obično nema smisla).

16 pividno bestežinsko stanje a) za vijeme slobodnog pada dizala, ubzanje lifta je g (pema dolje) pa je pividna težina čovjeka 0. b) za vijeme kuženja satelita po obiti, on je takođe u slobodnom padu pema sedištu Zemlje. Pividna težina je takođe 0. U oba slučaja težina je dana iznosom gavitacijske sile koja djeluje na tijelo!

17 umjetna gavitacija F C = mv2 = mg n Simulacija gavitacije Zemlje. Figue 7.12 n Atificial gavity inside a spinning cylinde is povided by the nomal foce. n Rotacijom svemiske stanice oko osi čovjek osjeća pividnu gavitaciju. Ona dolazi od centipetalne sile usmjeene pema centu otacije, kojom stijenka stanice djeluje na čovjeka.

18 konceptualno pitanje Mjesec ne padne na Zemlju zato što: a) se nalazi u Zemljinom gavitacijskom polju, b) ukupna sila na njega je 0, c) daleko je od podučja djelovanja Zemljine gavitacije, d) osim Zemlje vuku ga i ostali planeti i Sunce, e) ništa od navedenog.

19 vetikalno kužno gibanje Tijekom gibanja po petlji bzina se mijenja - nejednoliko gibanje po kužnici. Na motociklistu djeluju okomita sila i težina! F C1 = F N1 mg = mv 2 1, F C 2 = F N 2 = mv 2 2 (1) (2) F C 3 = F N 3 + mg = mv 2 3, F C 4 = F N 4 = mv 2 4 (3) (4),. Ako je dan adijus kužne petlje, koja je minimalna bzina potebna da motociklist pođe petlju?

20 centipetalna sila Zapamtimo! Centipetalna sila je ime za ukupnu silu koja djeluje pema sedištu kužnice po kojoj se tijelo giba. Može biti više sila koje dopinose centipetalnoj - np. okomita sila, sila tenja i gavitacijska sila.

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