SEARCHING FOR ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN PHOTONS
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1 SEARCHING FOR ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN PHOTONS with: Peter Graham, Jeremy Mardon & Yue Zhao and experimental collaborators: Kent Irwin, Saptarshi Chaudhuri, Sami Tantawi, Vinod Bharadwaj
2 OUTLINE 1. Ultra-light hidden photons: theory 2. Searching for ultra-light hidden photons 3. The importance of the longitudinal mode 4. Searching for hidden photon dark matter
3 ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN PHOTONS
4 ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN PHOTONS Hidden Photons: Kinetically-mixed, massive, U(1) gauge boson A : Kinetic mixing ε 1 L = L SM + L A + L kin. mix - 2εF %ν F %ν (- 1 / 4 F / 2 m 2 γ A %2 ) Ultra-light: Macroscopic Compton wavelength λ Compton = 1 m (10-6 ev/m γ )
5 A THOUGHT ON TINY MASSES λ Compton = 1 m (10-6 ev/m γ ) How to generate m γ 10-6 ev? Stuckelberg mass vs. Higgs mechanism m γ generated at string scale m γ generated dynamically Constraints on light Higgs states Higgs decouples as g D 0 Assume light states decoupled
6 WHAT DOES THIS NEW FIELD DO? Macroscopic, mixes with photon Modification of EM (- 1 / 4 F / 2 m γ 2 A %2 ) L = L SM + L A + L kin. mix - 2εF %ν F %ν Mass basis Diagonalize Interaction basis massless photon with coupling ea % J % massive hidden photon with coupling εea % J % interacting photon non-interacting hidden photon ( 0 ε) mass mixing m 2 ε 1 γ
7 2 IMPORTANT POINTS Important point 1 all effects decouple when m γ 2 0 Interaction basis Important point 2 interacting photon a massive hidden photon has 2 transverse modes + 1 longitudinal non-interacting hidden photon mass mixing ( ) m γ 2 0 ε ε 1
8 ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN-PHOTON CONSTRAINTS l Compton = 2pêm g' 0 Jupiter R earth Earth km m mm -2 Coulomb -4 log 10-6 CMB HB -8 Sun log 10 m from ,
9 DETECTING ULTRA-LIGHT HIDDEN PHOTONS
10 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON our motto: Fields leak through shields
11 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON our motto: Fields leak through shields
12 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON our motto: Fields leak through shields
13 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON Signal size: first estimate Source fields (E, B) source ε to produce hidden photon ε for hidden photon to backreact on sensor (E, B) detected ~ ε 2 (E, B) source?
14 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON Signal size: first estimate Source fields (E, B) source ε to produce hidden photon ε for hidden photon to backreact on sensor (E, B) detected ~ ε 2 (E, B) source? (E, B) detected ~ ( ) ε 2 (E, B) source missing factor to give decoupling as m γ 0
15 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON Improve with resonance
16 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON Improve with resonance
17 DETECTING THE HIDDEN PHOTON Signal size: first estimate Source fields (E, B) source ε to produce hidden photon ε for hidden photon to backreact on sensor Q 1 resonant enhancement (E, B) detected ~ ε 2 (E, B) source? (E, B) detected ~ ( ) Q ε 2 (E, B) source missing factor to give decoupling as m γ 0
18 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 2 Interaction basis interacting photon non-interacting hidden photon mass mixing ( ) m γ 2 0 ε ε 1
19 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 2 Interaction basis interacting photon non-interacting hidden photon mass mixing ( ) m γ 2 0 ε ε 1
20 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 2 Interaction basis interacting photon non-interacting hidden photon mass mixing ( ) m γ 2 0 ε ε 1
21 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 2 (E, B) detected ~ (m γ 4 L 2 /ω 2 ) Q ε 2 (E, B) source Light Shining through Walls experiments The ALPs axion search uses this setup (+ static B-field) Can immediately repurpose for hidden photons Laser cavities: probes!m wavelengths Ahlers et al
22 MICROWAVE CAVITIES Microwave cavities are ideal Jaekel & Ringwald amazing resonators: Q~ cavities can be tuned to same frequency cm-m wavelengths same signal scaling as above Early-stage experiments Povey et al ADMX CROWS
23 CERN RESONANT WEAKLY-INTERACTING SUB-EV PARTICLE SEARCH (CROWS)
24 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LONGITUDINAL MODE
25 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 3: LONGITUDINAL WAVES Mass basis massless photon with coupling ea % J % massive hidden photon with coupling εea % J % Interaction basis interacting photon non-interacting hidden photon ( 0 ε) mass mixing m 2 ε 1 γ
26 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 3: LONGITUDINAL WAVES Mass basis massless photon longitudinal mode A L with coupling ea % J % with massive hidden photon coupling εe to electric charge with coupling εea % J %
27 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 3: LONGITUDINAL WAVES Mass basis massless photon longitudinal mode A L with coupling ea % J % with massive hidden photon coupling εe to electric charge with coupling εea % J %
28 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 3: LONGITUDINAL WAVES A z εj z E z = - z A 0-0 A z t A 0 =- z A z E z = (-i/ω)(ω 2 -k 2 )A z m γ 2 /ω A z (from of EoM for A ) εe z (ε 2 m γ 2 /ω) J z massless photon longitudinal mode A L with coupling ea % J % with massive hidden photon coupling εe to electric charge with coupling εea % J % Mass basis
29 SIGNAL SIZE TAKE 3: LONGITUDINAL WAVES εe z (ε 2 m γ 2 /ω) J z (E, B) detected ~ (m γ 4 L 2 /ω 2 ) Q ε 2 (E, B) source (E, B) detected ~ (m γ 2 /ω 2 ) Q ε 2 (E, B) source
30 MICROWAVE CAVITIES Microwave cavities are ideal Jaekel & Ringwald amazing resonators: Q~ cavities can be tuned to same frequency self-shielding cm-m wavelengths same signal scaling as above Early-stage experiments Povey et al ADMX CROWS improved from (m γ 4 /ω 4 ) ε 2 to (m γ 2 /ω 2 ) ε 2
31 CERN RESONANT WEAKLY-INTERACTING SUB-EV PARTICLE SEARCH (CROWS) P.Graham, J.Mardon, S. R. & Y. Zhao
32 FUTURE EXPERIMENTS l Compton = 2pêm g' 0 Jupiter R earth Earth km m mm -2 Previous sensitivity projection Coulomb -4 log 10-6 CMB -8 Future high-q microwave cavity experiment HB CROWS Sun ALPS II log 10 m
33 FUTURE EXPERIMENTS Stage 1: Bem=1 T, size ~10 cm, Q=10 10, T= 4K, 1 month l Compton = 2pêm g' 0 Jupiter R earth Earth km m mm -2 Coulomb -4 log CMB Stage 1 experiment CROWS HB Sun ALPS II -10 Stage 2 experiment log 10 m Stage 2: Bem=1 T, size ~1 m, Q=10 12, T= 0.1K, 1 year
34 DM DETECTION WITH A RADIO INSIDE A FARADAY CAGE
35 HIDDEN-PHOTON DARK MATTER Boson with m ev can be good DM (e.g. axion) must be very cold must have very high occupation number Hidden photon could work Hidden-Photon DM is an oscillating E field with ρ DM E 2 Random direction (Lorentz breaking, but hard to tell) Frequency ω=m γ Coherence time t ~ 1/(v 2 ω) ~ 10 6 /ω Cosmology Energy density dilutes as 1/a(t) 2 when H>m γ Avoid this with non-minimal coupling L ( 1 / 12 )R A % 2 Large mass from graviton loops? Overproduced by inflationary perturbations if R=0.2 Is there a safe way to produce it? (I can t answer that yet) Nelson & Scholtz Arias et al
36 HIDDEN-PHOTONS AS DARK MATTER Like an electric field that penetrates conducting shields E ρ DM 2000 V/m Has fixed frequency ω=m γ, δω/ω=10-6 Can excite an electromagnetic resonator electromagnetic cavities ADMX is automatically sensitive! Arias et al restricted to m γ ~ ev (set by cavity size)
37 HIDDEN-PHOTONS AS DARK MATTER Like an electric field that penetrates conducting shields E ρ DM 2000 V/m Has fixed frequency ω=m γ, δω/ω=10-6 Can excite an electromagnetic resonator electromagnetic cavities ADMX is automatically sensitive! Arias et al restricted to m γ ~ ev (set by cavity size) resonators LC circuits much wider and lower frequency range than cavities can probe much lower masses S. Chaudhuri et. al
38 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP oscillating E field (dark matter)
39 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP oscillating E field (dark matter) Metal box to shield backgrounds (Faraday cage)
40 THE SIGNAL INSIDE THE BOX Metal box conduction electrons in wall respond to E field, generating E and B fields oscillating E field
41 THE SIGNAL INSIDE THE BOX Metal box conduction electrons in wall respond to generating oscillating E net effect is a B field inside the box B ~ ε (m γ R) 10-5 T oscillates at ω = m γ
42 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP oscillating E field (dark matter) Metal box to shield backgrounds (Faraday cage) L C Tunable resonant LC circuit (a radio)
43 EXPECTED REACH Stage 1: size ~50 cm, T= 4K, Q=10 6, 1 year scan 0-2 f = m g' ê2p Hz khz MHz GHz Jupiter Earth Coulomb -4-6 CMB HB log No Hidden-Photon DM CROWS Sun Stage 2: size ~1 m, T= 10mK, Q=10 6, 1 year scan Resonant LC circuit log 10 m Stage 1 Stage 2 Axion DM search
44 EXPECTED REACH Stage 1: size ~50 cm, T= 4K, Q=10 6, 1 year scan 0-2 f = m g' ê2p Hz khz MHz GHz Jupiter Earth Coulomb -4-6 CMB HB log No Hidden-Photon DM Stage 3 CROWS Sun Stage 2: size ~1 m, T= 10mK, Q=10 6, 1 year scan Resonant LC circuit log 10 m Stage 1 Stage 2 Axion DM search
45 THANK YOU
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