Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles
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1 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles Andreas Ringwald DESY 3rd ILIAS-CERN-DESY Axion-WIMP Workshop June 21, 2007 Patras, GR
2 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 1 0. Introduction Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will probe physics at the TeV scale at an unprecedented level Origin of particle masses? Nature of dark matter? Neutralinos as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)? Experiments exploiting lowenergy photons and/or large electromagnetic fields may yield complementary information on physics at the sub-ev scale New weakly interacting light particles (WILPs): axions, dilatons, moduli,...?
3 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 2 0. Introduction Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will probe physics at the TeV scale at an unprecedented level Origin of particle masses? Nature of dark matter? Neutralinos as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)? Experiments exploiting lowenergy photons and/or large electromagnetic fields may yield complementary information on physics at the sub-ev scale New weakly interacting light particles (WILPs): axions, dilatons, moduli,...?
4 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 3 0. Introduction Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will probe physics at the TeV scale at an unprecedented level Origin of particle masses? Nature of dark matter? Neutralinos as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)? Experiments exploiting lowenergy photons and/or large electromagnetic fields may yield complementary information on physics at the sub-ev scale New weakly interacting light particles (WILPs): axions, dilatons, moduli,...?
5 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 4 0. Introduction Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will probe physics at the TeV scale at an unprecedented level Origin of particle masses? Nature of dark matter? Neutralinos as Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)? Experiments exploiting lowenergy photons and/or large electromagnetic fields may yield complementary information on physics at the sub-ev scale Weakly Interacting Sub-eV Particles (WISPs): axions, paraphotons, minicharged particles,...? [Ahlers (unpubl.)]
6 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 5 Outline: 1. Low-Energy Electromagnetic Interactions of WISPs WISPs interact with photons via quantum fluctuations 2. Laser Polarization Experiments WISPs may lead to vacuum magnetic dichroism and birefringence 3. Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Photons may convert to neutral WISPs which traverse walls and reconvert into photons behind the latter 4. Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged WISPs may be produced in strong electric fields, traverse a wall and may be detected as dark current behind the latter 6. Conclusions
7 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 6 1. Low-Energy Electromagnetic Interactions of WISPs Photons interact with WISPs via quantum fluctuations into new, very heavy particles or string excitations Precision experiments with sizeable electromagnetic fields (Laser, strong magnetic or electric fields) allow searches for effects of WISPs Size of effects gives information about hidden sectors of nature (masses, couplings, size of extra dimensions) Photon-Paraphoton γ γ Photon-Paraelektron γ Photon-Axion/Dilaton γ φ e e + γ
8 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 7 1. Low-Energy Electromagnetic Interactions of WISPs Photons interact with WISPs Photon-Paraphoton via quantum fluctuations into new, very heavy particles or string excitations γ γ Precision experiments with sizeable electromagnetic fields (Laser, strong magnetic or electric fields) allow searches for effects of WISPs Size of effects gives information about hidden sectors of nature (masses, couplings, size of extra dimensions) Photon-Paraelektron e γ e + Photon-Axion/Dilaton γ φ γ
9 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 8 1. Low-Energy Electromagnetic Interactions of WISPs Photons interact with WISPs Photon-Paraphoton via quantum fluctuations into new, very heavy particles or string excitations Precision experiments with sizeable electromagnetic fields (Laser, strong magnetic or electric fields) allow searches for effects of WISPs Size of effects gives information about hidden sectors of nature (masses, couplings, size of extra dimensions) γ γ Photon-Paraelektron γ Photon-Axion/Dilaton γ γ φ e e +
10 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 9 1. Low-Energy Electromagnetic Interactions of WISPs Photons interact with WISPs Photon-Paraphoton via quantum fluctuations into new, very heavy particles or string excitations γ γ Size of interactions gives information about hidden sector (masses, couplings, size of extra dimensions) Precision experiments with sizeable electromagnetic fields (laser, strong magnetic or electric fields) allow searches for effects of WISPs Photon-Paraelektron γ Photon-Axion/Dilaton γ φ e e +
11 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam along transverse magnetic field: Photon ALP: γ φ Real conversion of laser photons in WISPs Rotation of polarization, since conversion probability depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field direction Virtual conversion of laser photons in WISPs elliptical polarization, since phase velocity depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field B Photon MCP: γ B B Photon Paraphoton e e +
12 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam along transverse magnetic field: Real conversion of laser photons in WISPs Rotation of polarization, since conversion probability depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field direction Virtual conversion of laser photons in WISPs elliptical polarization, since phase velocity depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field [Ahlers (unpubl.)]
13 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam along transverse magnetic field: γ γ Real conversion of laser photons in WISPs Rotation of polarization, since conversion probability depends on relative orientation between polarization B B B and magnetic field direction Virtual conversion of laser photons in WISPs elliptical polarization, since phase velocity depends on relative orientation between polarization γ B γ and magnetic field
14 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam along transverse magnetic field: Real conversion of laser photons in WISPs Rotation of polarization, since conversion probability depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field direction Virtual conversion of laser photons in WISPs elliptical polarization, since phase velocity depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field [Ahlers (unpubl.)]
15 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam along transverse magnetic field: Real conversion of laser photons in WISPs Rotation of polarization, since conversion probability depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field direction Virtual conversion of laser photons in WISPs elliptical polarization, since phase velocity depends on relative orientation between polarization and magnetic field BFRT experiment: [Cameron et al. 93] (Brookhaven, Fermilab, Rochester, Trieste) B 2 T, l = 8.8 m, ω = 2.4 ev, N pass = PVLAS experiment: [Zavattini et al. 06] B = 5 T, l = 1 m, ω = 1.2 ev, N pass = Q&A experiment: [Chen,Mei,Ni 06] B = 2.3 T, l = 1 m, ω = 1.2 ev, N pass = 18700
16 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments No signal in BFRT Signal in PVLAS No signal in Q&A BFRT experiment Rotation (L = 8.8 m, λ = nm, θ = π 4 ) N pass θ [nrad] θ noise [nrad] Ellipticity (L = 8.8 m, λ = nm, θ = π 4 ) N pass ψ [nrad] ψ noise [nrad] Regen.(L = 4.4 m, λ = 500 nm, N pass = 200) θ [rad] rate [Hz] ± π ± [Cameron et al 93]
17 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments No signal in BFRT Signal in PVLAS No signal in Q&A PVLAS experiment Rotation (L = 1 m, N pass = 44000, θ = π 4 ) λ [nm] θ [10 12 rad/pass] 1064 (±?)3.9 ± ± 1.0 (preliminary) Ellipticity(L = 1 m, N pass = 44000, θ = π 4 ) λ [nm] ψ [10 12 rad/pass] ± 0.3 (preliminary) ± 0.6 (preliminary) [PRL 06; IDM 06; NT 07]
18 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments No signal in BFRT Signal in PVLAS No signal in Q&A Q&A experiment Rotation(L = 1 m, λ = 1064 nm, θ = π 4 ) N pass θ [nrad] ± 5.3 [Q&A coll. 06]
19 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)), Effects of Nearly Massless, Spin Zero Particles on Light Propagation in a Magnetic Field B Ext [Maiani,Petronzio,Zavattini 86] B Ext (g/4) φ ( ) F µν F µν φ (+) F µν F µν a) E r E g pγγ > m E r E rotation ε E B Ext E and/or light Mini Charged fermion ( MCF) anti-fermion pair B Ext before after B Ext Check by upcoming polarization experiments photon regeneration experiments b) E r E E g pγγ m > B Ext g pγγ Retardation of E E r E ellipticity ψ E before after [Brandi et al. 01]
20 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)) and/or light MiniCharged Particle (MCP) anti-particle pair, Polarized Light Propagating in a Magnetic Field as a Probe for Millicharged Fermions [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] µ µ iǫea µ Check by upcoming polarization experiments photon regeneration experiments In analogy to theoretically well-studied e + e real and virtual production [...;Toll 52;...;Adler 71;...;Tsai,Erber 74, 75;...]
21 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)), If interpreted in terms of ALP: (g/4) φ ( ) F µν F µν φ (+) F µν F µν and/or light MiniCharged fermion (MCF) anti-fermion pair Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
22 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)), If interpreted in terms of ALP: (g/4) φ ( ) F µν F µν φ (+) F µν F µν and/or light MiniCharged fermion (MCF) anti-fermion pair Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
23 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)) and/or light MiniCharged Particle (MCP) anti-particle pair, If interpreted in terms of MCP: µ µ iǫea µ Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
24 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)) and/or light MiniCharged Particle (MCP) anti-particle pair, If interpreted in terms of MCP: µ µ iǫea µ Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
25 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)) and/or light MiniCharged Particle (MCP) anti-particle pair, If interpreted in terms of MCP: µ µ iǫea µ Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
26 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Laser Polarization Experiments Interpretation in terms of real and virtual production of light neutral spin-zero boson (Axion-Like Particle (ALP)) and/or light MiniCharged Particle (MCP) anti-particle pair, Distinguishing ALPs from MCPs: µ µ iǫea µ Published data: pure ALP or pure MCP ok Preliminary data: pure ALP and pure MCP 0 ruled out; pure MCP 1/2 ok; MCP 1/2 plus ALP 0 + preferred [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] BMV (Toulouse): 11 T pulsed magnet OSQAR (CERN): 9.6 T LHC magnet
27 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam in vacuum or along a transverse magnetic field Place wall in beam pipe: LSW via photon-paraphoton oscillations: γ γ γ γ laser beam will be absorbed neutral WISPs (Paraphotons, ALPs) fly through wall and reconvert on other side of wall into photons, which can be detected [Okun 82;Sikivie 83;Anselm 85;..] photon-alp oscillations: Pioneering experiment: BFRT γ laser φ γ laser Several ongoing experiments B B
28 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam in vacuum or along a transverse magnetic field Place wall in beam pipe: laser beam will be absorbed neutral WISPs (Paraphotons, ALPs) fly through wall and reconvert on other side of wall into photons, which can be detected [Okun 82;Sikivie 83;Anselm 85;..] [Ahlers (unpubl.)] Pioneering experiment: BFRT Several ongoing experiments
29 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam in vacuum or along a transverse magnetic field Place wall in beam pipe: laser beam will be absorbed neutral WISPs (Paraphotons, ALPs) fly through wall and reconvert on other side of wall into photons, which can be detected [Okun 82;Sikivie 83;Anselm 85;..] Pioneering experiment: BFRT Several ongoing experiments Experiment Laser Cavity Magnets ALPS 532 nm; 200 W BFRT 500 nm; 3 W Np = 200 BMV γ/pulse GammeV 532 nm; 3.2 W LIPSS 900 nm; 3 kw B 1 = B 2 = 5 T l 1 = l 2 = 4.21 m B 1 = B 2 = 3.7 T l 1 = l 2 = 4.4 m B 1 = B 2 = 11 T l 1 = l 2 = 0.25 m B 1 = B 2 = 5 T l 1 = l 2 = 3 m B 1 = B 2 = 1.7 T l 1 = l 2 = 1 m OSQAR 1064 nm; 1 kw Np 10 4 B 1 = B 2 = 9.5 T l 1 = l 2 = 7 m PVLAS 1064 nm; 0.02 W Np = B 1 = 5 T, l 1 = 1 m B 2 = 2.2 T, l 2 = 0.5 m Test pure ALPs interpretation of PVLAS Improve limits on paraphotons
30 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Vacuum LSW: Limit on paraphoton Linearly polarized laser beam in vacuum or along a transverse magnetic field Place wall in beam pipe: laser beam will be absorbed neutral WISPs (Paraphotons, ALPs) fly through wall and reconvert on other side of wall into photons, which can be detected [Okun 82;Sikivie 83;Anselm 85;..] Pioneering experiment: BFRT Several ongoing experiments [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,Redondo,AR 07]
31 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Light-Shining-Through-Walls Experiments Linearly polarized laser beam in vacuum or along a transverse magnetic field B 0 LSW: Masso-Redondo model Place wall in beam pipe: laser beam will be absorbed neutral WISPs (Paraphotons, ALPs) fly through wall and reconvert on other side of wall into photons, which can be detected [Okun 82;Sikivie 83;Anselm 85;..] Pioneering experiment: BFRT [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,Redondo,AR 07] Several ongoing experiments
32 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs 31 B 0 LSW: Masso-Redondo model [Ahlers,Gies,Jaeckel,Redondo,AR 07]
33 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
34 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06]
35 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] [Ahlers (unpubl.)]
36 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] ACDC (Accelerator Cavity Dark Current): Cavity and wall available Measurement device available Sensitive probe of MCPs
37 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] ACDC (Accelerator Cavity Dark Current): Cavity and wall available Measurement device available Sensitive probe of MCPs
38 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] ACDC (Accelerator Cavity Dark Current): Cavity and wall available Measurement device available Sensitive probe of MCPs
39 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] ACDC (Accelerator Cavity Dark Current): Cavity and wall available Measurement device available Sensitive probe of MCPs
40 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Dark-Current-Flowing-Through-a-Wall Experiment Minicharged particles don t meet again behind the wall no light shining through the wall Current-Through-a-Wall: In strong electric field of accelerator cavity, minicharged particles may be produced in pairs and accelerated along the beam axis MCP beam leaves cavity and is flowing through thick wall Corresponding electrical current can be measured directly via its induced magnetic field [Gies,Jaeckel,AR 06] ACDC (Accelerator Cavity Dark Current): log 10 ǫ µa na [Gies,Jaeckel,AR in prep.] log 10 m ǫ [ev]
41 Low-Energy Photons as a Probe of WISPs Conclusions The report of the observation of a vacuum magnetic dichroism and birefringence by PVLAS has triggered a lot of theoretical and experimental activities: Particle interpretations alternative to ALP interpretation: e.g. MCP Models, which evade strong astrophysical and cosmological bounds on such particles, have been found. Require typically even more WISPs than just the ones introduced for the solution of the PVLAS puzzle Decisive laboratory based tests of particle interpretation of PVLAS anomaly in very near future. More generally, experiments will dig into previously unconstrained parameter space of above mentioned models Experiments exploiting low energy photons may give information about fundamental particle physics complementary to the one obtained at high energy colliders
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