Closing in on axion dark matter

Transcription

1 Closing in on axion dark matter PONT Apr, Avignon, France Javier Redondo (LMU/MPP Munich)

2 Outline - Axions and strong CP problem - Axion DM (and BICEP) - Detecting Axion DM - Solar axions

3 The strong CP hint and axions L SM 2 - U(1) is color anomalous, CP-violating phase is physical 0 q m u e i m d e i u d... g 1 A R = QCD + s 8 G e G QCD Neutron EDM d n O(10 2 )[e fm] d exp n < [e fm] J µ µ J µ 5 q g < 10 10!! - why is soooo small? is there any fundamental reason? massless q? P,CP symmetries? - (not in SM) - set tree level - loop problems - still ~ok Axion a - New axial U(1) c.a. symmetry - spontaneously broken (PGB!) - promoted to field! a/f a - QCD potential! 0 V e ( )

4 Axion mass and couplings (and model dependencies) - Peccei-Quinn symmetry, color anomalous, spontaneously broken at f a L = L SM + QDQ (y Q L Q R +h.c) 4 + µ 2 2 (x) = (x)e i a(x) fa - At energies below f a (KSVZ model) L (@a)2 + s 8 G e G a f a QCD a At energies below, mixing axion mass axion couplings m a ' m f f a L a,i = X N 6meV 109 GeV f a c N,a N µ 5 N a f a + c a 2 F µ e F µ a f a +... nucleons... photons... mesons..

5 Axion mass and couplings (and model dependencies) - Peccei-Quinn symmetry, color anomalous, spontaneously broken at f a L = L SM + QDQ (y Q L Q R +h.c) 4 + µ 2 2 (x) = (x)e i a(x) fa - At energies below f a (KSVZ model) L (@a)2 + s 8 G e G a f a QCD a At energies below, mixing axion mass axion couplings m a ' m f f a L a,i = X N 6meV 109 GeV f a c N,a N µ 5 N a f a + c a 2 F µ e F µ a f a +... nucleons... photons... mesons c a = E/N a

6 Parameter spaces: photon coupling 2 4 Vacuum Birefringence e e Γ inv. [GeV 1 ] log c 2 fa Log 10 g GeV LSW Helioscopes SN Γ burst REAPR, ALPS II IAXO ADMX HF ADMX KSVZ axion Haloscopes non Thermal DM Solar Ν Telescopes x ion Thermal DM HB X Rays Beam Dump SN1987a BBN CMB EBL Log 10 m ALP ev log m a [ev]

7 Parameter spaces: photon coupling <latexit sha1_base64="3fhq4f4gblih0mnrazguvulkoki=">aaab83icbvbns8naen34wetx1aoxxsj4komieix60gmf0xbsudbbsbt0dxn3n4us+ju8efdx6p/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvsjntxnw/nzxvtfwnzdjwextnd2+/cndy1emmkpg04ylqr0qdzxj8ww <latexit sha1_base64="h4fahucnyhmgs9prxscsecx7dfg=">aaab8nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le1gpri8ckpi0kowy2k3bp7ibsboqs+je8efdx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvzjjtxnw/ncra+sbmvnw7tro7t39qpzz f a [GeV] Dark Matter Sun Rochester CAST UF Laboratory 10 c<latexit sha1_base64="r8xtydqmzjyx4w/5s6p56hlpbmk= E/N = 0 (hadronic) <latexit sha1_base64="1im8b/jltwbf4qtbr3yyqxweajq=">aaab/nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/ooixl4tfqjeaikggqleet1lb2eitymazbzdudspuriixb/+kfw8qxv0d3vw3btsctppg4pheddpzworrpr3nyyrmzm7nlxqxs0vlk6tr9vrgnrkpxmtdggnzdjeijhliaaozasasodhkpbh2l0z+455irqw/1yoebdhqctqhggkjte2ty/3rm8c/hb6myawhiik4xxttu+xunthgx+lmpaxy1nv2px8jnmaea8yqui3xsxsqiakpzmry8lnfeot7qetahniuexvk4/uhcncoeewiayprofz/tmqovmoqh6yzrrqnpr2r+j/xsnxnjmgot1jnoj4s6qqmagfhyccisoi1gxicsktmvoh7sckstwqle4i7/fjf4h1uj6rozwg5dp6nuqtbyadugauoqq1cgtrwaayp4am8gffr0xq23qz3swvbymc2ws9yh9+8 LLNL ADMX HB star cooling 1 E/N = 8/3 (GUT) <latexit sha1_base64="vcfzj62idimid1meludmsfciu2o=">aaab+3icbvbns8naen34wetxtecvi0wolzzv0yiirre9syxgfppqnttnu3szcbsbiyt6v7x4uphqh/hmv3hb5qctdwye780wm8+lgjxksr6nhcwl5zxv3fp+fwnza9vc2x2qyswwsxhiqth2kcsmcmirqhhpr4kgwgok5q2vxn7rkqhjq95usutcapu59slgsktds3bdubuovy6dc+iiajzu7ozh1yxazwscoe+qgsmcdi2u+ex0qhwhhcvmkjsdqhupn0vcucziko/ekkqid1gfddtlkcdstsfhj+cbvnrqd4uurube/t2rokdkjpb0z4duqm56y/e/rxmrv+amleexihxpf/kxgyqe4yrgjwqcfus0qvhqfsveayqqvjqvva6hovvyplgpyqdl6/6kwl/m0sibpbapsqakzkad3iigsaegcxggr+ 1 SN m a [ev]

8 Parameter spaces: generic f Cold DM predictions Burst Duration Hot-DM ê CMB ê BBN SK SN1987A 1.0 PreInflation-PQ? Hg ae L Globular Clusters Hg ag L 0.5 PostInflation-PQ? White Dwarfs Hg ae L Hg ae L Solar Neutrino flux Hg ag L 0.0 ADMX ADMX-II IAXO CAST Telescope Beam Dump m - Axions (if existing) are very light and very weakly interacting!

9 Axion cold dark matter I Realignment mechanism (Field space) (x) = (x)e i a(x) fa a,v R obs 40µeV m a 1.184

10 Axion cold dark matter I Realignment mechanism Cosmic Strings Domain Walls (Field space) (Position space) (T>QCD) (T<QCD) a = 3 2 a = a =0 a = 2 a =0 (x) = (x)e i a(x) fa a,v R obs 40µeV m a 1.184

11 Axion cold dark matter I Realignment mechanism Cosmic Strings Domain Walls (Field space) (Position space) (T>QCD) (T<QCD) a = 3 2 a = a =0 a = 2 a =0 a,v R obs 40µeV m a a,dw +ST obs { 40µeV m a 400µeV m a Sikivie, Harari et at. Shellard, Davis et at. Kawasaki, Hiramatsu et at

12 Axion cold dark matter II (PQ before inflation) Realignment mechanism Cosmic Strings Domain Walls (Field space) (Position space) (T>QCD) (T<QCD) a = 3 2 a = a =0 a = 2 a =0 a,v R obs 2 I 10µeV m a Size of our universe after inflation fits inside one of these domains - CSs and DWs are diluted by expansion - Whole universe has 1 initial value for a

13 Axion DM: Predictions and experiments cg ADMX ADMX BFRT ADMX-II ADMX-HF CARRACK Excluded (too much axion DM) KSVZ DFSZ HS HKS Post-Inflation-PQ DS Pre-Inflation-PQ m

14 The isocurvature problem after BICEP2 - Axion fluctuates during inflation (entropy perturbations) P iso = dhn ai n a dha2 i a 2 I = H2 I 2 a 2 I = H2 I 2 f 2 a 2 I insisting on axion DM I = I (f a ) f a (H I ) f a M P Constraint, BICEP2 f a H I - Solutions : EXCLUDED - f a <H I - Break PQ explictly - f a (,..) / f a,i M P - Non-minimal kinetic coupling to gravity g µ G µ a@ a! M 2 a f a,i H I f a /M a - Entropy production after QCD phase transition...

15 Detecting DM through the photon coupling - In an external B field, photons non propagation eigenstates (l. neutrinos) L I = g a 4 F µ e F µ a = g a B E a - Axion-photon conversion probability P (a! ) 2 gb! sin 2 m 2 a - Photon regeneration experiments (ALPS-II at DESY) and solar axions (later) ql 2 get a boost by resonant regeneration! P! QP - DM axions are non-relativistic 2 gb P (a! ) sin 2 ma L 2 m a m a = 6 mev(10 9 GeV/f a ) a g a B m a ' B 10 Tesla c 2

16 Dark Matter cavity experiments - In a magnetic field B, DM axions trigger electric fields of order E V B m 5Tesla c with frequency 2 2 and bandwidth P B 5T c 2 A 1m 2 Watt - Haloscope technique (Sikivie 1982)! ' m a! 10 6 m a -RESONANT CAVITY (boost by the quality factor Q of the cavity, up to Q~10 6 ) -ULTRALOW NOISE MW DETECTORS (signal close to quantum limit) steps - PROBLEM: boost only in a small! around P resonant frequency - Need to scan over resonant frequencies in small ste - NEED MANY EXPERIMENTS (mass ranges)!

17 Today s cavity experiments Seattle Kyoto - 8T field, 1m L, 0.5 m D - Tuning range 2-4 micro ev - TM020 up to 9 microev - 8T field, 0.73 m L, 0.09 m D GHz + 15% (10 microev) - Rydberg atoms (down to 10 mk?) - No known plans! - SQUID detector - TS K ADMX-HF at Yale NEW! - Data already taken at T =2 K - Dilution refrigerator to mk Data taking run Towards HIGH FREQUENCY - Hybrid cavities to improve Q - Josephson amplifiers

18 Prospects <latexit sha1_base64="3fhq4f4gblih0mnrazguvulkoki=">aaab83icbvbns8naen34wetx1aoxxsj4komieix60gmf0xbsudbbsbt0dxn3n4us+ju8efdx6p/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvsjntxnw/nzxvtfwnzdjwextnd2+/cndy1emmkpg04ylqr0qdzxj8ww <latexit sha1_base64="h4fahucnyhmgs9prxscsecx7dfg=">aaab8nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le1gpri8ckpi0kowy2k3bp7ibsboqs+je8efdx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvzjjtxnw/ncra+sbmvnw7tro7t39qpzz - New experiments are insufficient to cover parameter space f a [GeV] AXION DM-II AXION DM-I c<latexit sha1_base64="r8xtydqmzjyx4w/5s6p56hlpbmk= 10 1 E/N = 0 (hadronic) <latexit sha1_base64="1im8b/jltwbf4qtbr3yyqxweajq=">aaab/nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/ooixl4tfqjeaikggqleet1lb2eitymazbzdudspuriixb/+kfw8qxv0d3vw3btsctppg4pheddpzworrpr3nyyrmzm7nlxqxs0vlk6tr9vrgnrkpxmtdggnzdjeijhliaaozasasodhkpbh2l0z+455irqw/1yoebdhqctqhggkjte2ty/3rm8c/hb6myawhiik4xxttu+xunthgx+lmpaxy1nv2px8jnmaea8yqui3xsxsqiakpzmry8lnfeot7qetahniuexvk4/uhcncoeewiayprofz/tmqovmoqh6yzrrqnpr2r+j/xsnxnjmgot1jnoj4s6qqmagfhyccisoi1gxicsktmvoh7sckstwqle4i7/fjf4h1uj6rozwg5dp6nuqtbyadugauoqq1cgtrwaayp4am8gffr0xq23qz3swvbymc2ws9yh9+8 E/N = 8/3 (GUT) <latexit sha1_base64="vcfzj62idimid1meludmsfciu2o=">aaab+3icbvbns8naen34wetxtecvi0wolzzv0yiirre9syxgfppqnttnu3szcbsbiyt6v7x4uphqh/hmv3hb5qctdwye780wm8+lgjxksr6nhcwl5zxv3fp+fwnza9vc2x2qyswwsxhiqth2kcsmcmirqhhpr4kgwgok5q2vxn7rkqhjq95usutcapu59slgsktds3bdubuovy6dc+iiajzu7ozh1yxazwscoe+qgsmcdi2u+ex0qhwhhcvmkjsdqhupn0vcucziko/ekkqid1gfddtlkcdstsfhj+cbvnrqd4uurube/t2rokdkjpb0z4duqm56y/e/rxmrv+amleexihxpf/kxgyqe4yrgjwqcfus0qvhqfsveayqqvjqvva6hovvyplgpyqdl6/6kwl/m0sibpbapsqakzkad3iigsaegcxggr+ ADMX ADMX2 ADMX-HF CARRACK? m a [ev]

19 Limitations and Ideas - At high masses: P / A 1 - cavities are small 2 - Q s decrease (conductivity of copper, ASD) 3 - Quantum noise limit increases T QL =! - Ideas: 1 - Long cavities (mode overlapping!) 1 - Dish antenna (forget about Q, make A huge) 2 - hybrid cavities (superconducting parts) - Groups at Yale, LLNL, DESY, CERN, interested on these possibilities - At low masses: (signal is stronger) 1 - cavities and B-field regions become huge - Group at DESY and MPRA Bonn working on 1 microev cavities. (WISPDMX)

20 and some news... - New AXION INSTITUTE being created in Korea (KAIST Campus) - CAPP (Center for Axion and Precision Physics) - Innitiative of Y. Semerzidis (now director) - 10 years + renewable ad inf - Target:... to establish a competitive axion dark matter experiment in Korea and be involved in state of the art axion dark matter experiments around the world. The institute will be involved in the muon g-2 experiments at Fermilab and J-PARC and will play a leading role in the proton EDM experiment.

21 Dish antenna Horns at al JCAP04(2013)016 P center h E a 2 iarea B 5T c 2 2 Area 1m 2 Watt spherical reflecting dish - No need to tune to axion mass - Broadband (many masses at same time) - But no Q enhancement... falls short

22 cg ADMX ADMX BFRT ADMX-II ADMX-HF CARRACK KSVZ DFSZ HS HKS Post-Inflation-PQ DS Pre-Inflation-PQ m

23 Solar axions - solar axion flux well understood - Helioscope technique (Sikivie 1982) (X ray) a B field - Most sensitive helioscope CAST@CERN - LHC decommisioned dipole (L=10 m, B=9 T) - CCD and Micromegas detectors - 3 h/day Sun tracking - X-ray optics

24 CAST reach <latexit sha1_base64="3fhq4f4gblih0mnrazguvulkoki=">aaab83icbvbns8naen34wetx1aoxxsj4komieix60gmf0xbsudbbsbt0dxn3n4us+ju8efdx6p/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvsjntxnw/nzxvtfwnzdjwextnd2+/cndy1emmkpg04ylqr0qdzxj8ww <latexit sha1_base64="h4fahucnyhmgs9prxscsecx7dfg=">aaab8nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le1gpri8ckpi0kowy2k3bp7ibsboqs+je8efdx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvzjjtxnw/ncra+sbmvnw7tro7t39qpzz N / (c m a ) 4 B 2 Area sin2 (ql) (ql) 2 q = m2 a m 2 4! f a [GeV] Rochester CAST-I UF II&III 10 c<latexit sha1_base64="r8xtydqmzjyx4w/5s6p56hlpbmk= E/N = 0 (hadronic) <latexit sha1_base64="1im8b/jltwbf4qtbr3yyqxweajq=">aaab/nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/ooixl4tfqjeaikggqleet1lb2eitymazbzdudspuriixb/+kfw8qxv0d3vw3btsctppg4pheddpzworrpr3nyyrmzm7nlxqxs0vlk6tr9vrgnrkpxmtdggnzdjeijhliaaozasasodhkpbh2l0z+455irqw/1yoebdhqctqhggkjte2ty/3rm8c/hb6myawhiik4xxttu+xunthgx+lmpaxy1nv2px8jnmaea8yqui3xsxsqiakpzmry8lnfeot7qetahniuexvk4/uhcncoeewiayprofz/tmqovmoqh6yzrrqnpr2r+j/xsnxnjmgot1jnoj4s6qqmagfhyccisoi1gxicsktmvoh7sckstwqle4i7/fjf4h1uj6rozwg5dp6nuqtbyadugauoqq1cgtrwaayp4am8gffr0xq23qz3swvbymc2ws9yh9+8 LLNL ADMX 1 E/N = 8/3 (GUT) <latexit sha1_base64="vcfzj62idimid1meludmsfciu2o=">aaab+3icbvbns8naen34wetxtecvi0wolzzv0yiirre9syxgfppqnttnu3szcbsbiyt6v7x4uphqh/hmv3hb5qctdwye780wm8+lgjxksr6nhcwl5zxv3fp+fwnza9vc2x2qyswwsxhiqth2kcsmcmirqhhpr4kgwgok5q2vxn7rkqhjq95usutcapu59slgsktds3bdubuovy6dc+iiajzu7ozh1yxazwscoe+qgsmcdi2u+ex0qhwhhcvmkjsdqhupn0vcucziko/ekkqid1gfddtlkcdstsfhj+cbvnrqd4uurube/t2rokdkjpb0z4duqm56y/e/rxmrv+amleexihxpf/kxgyqe4yrgjwqcfus0qvhqfsveayqqvjqvva6hovvyplgpyqdl6/6kwl/m0sibpbapsqakzkad3iigsaegcxggr m a [ev]

25 How much better than CAST can be done? Towards a next generation axion heliocope (Irastorza et al. JCAP06(2011)013) very significant boost!

26 IAXO (International AXion Observatory) - A NGAH is feasible! but a major step... - New collaboration being build - IAXO requires a DEDICATED MAGNET - superconducting toroid designed (arxiv: ) - L = 20 m - B = 4 T - 8 independent warm bores (60 cm diameter) - X-ray optics - MICROmegas detectors - Letter of Intent to CERN s SPSC - positive feedback (new!) - recommendations: - encourages to prepare TDR - enlarge collaboration - extend physics reach with new detectors (axion DM?)

27 IAXO realistic prospects <latexit sha1_base64="3fhq4f4gblih0mnrazguvulkoki=">aaab83icbvbns8naen34wetx1aoxxsj4komieix60gmf0xbsudbbsbt0dxn3n4us+ju8efdx6p/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvsjntxnw/nzxvtfwnzdjwextnd2+/cndy1emmkpg04ylqr0qdzxj8ww <latexit sha1_base64="h4fahucnyhmgs9prxscsecx7dfg=">aaab8nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/qh69lbbbu0le1gpri8ckpi0kowy2k3bp7ibsboqs+je8efdx6q/x5r9x2+agrq8ghu/nmdmvzjjtxnw/ncra+sbmvnw7tro7t39qpzz f a [GeV] Rochester CAST UF IAXO 10 c<latexit sha1_base64="r8xtydqmzjyx4w/5s6p56hlpbmk= E/N = 0 (hadronic) <latexit sha1_base64="1im8b/jltwbf4qtbr3yyqxweajq=">aaab/nicbvbns8naen3ur1q/ooixl4tfqjeaikggqleet1lb2eitymazbzdudspuriixb/+kfw8qxv0d3vw3btsctppg4pheddpzworrpr3nyyrmzm7nlxqxs0vlk6tr9vrgnrkpxmtdggnzdjeijhliaaozasasodhkpbh2l0z+455irqw/1yoebdhqctqhggkjte2ty/3rm8c/hb6myawhiik4xxttu+xunthgx+lmpaxy1nv2px8jnmaea8yqui3xsxsqiakpzmry8lnfeot7qetahniuexvk4/uhcncoeewiayprofz/tmqovmoqh6yzrrqnpr2r+j/xsnxnjmgot1jnoj4s6qqmagfhyccisoi1gxicsktmvoh7sckstwqle4i7/fjf4h1uj6rozwg5dp6nuqtbyadugauoqq1cgtrwaayp4am8gffr0xq23qz3swvbymc2ws9yh9+8 LLNL ADMX 1 E/N = 8/3 (GUT) <latexit sha1_base64="vcfzj62idimid1meludmsfciu2o=">aaab+3icbvbns8naen34wetxtecvi0wolzzv0yiirre9syxgfppqnttnu3szcbsbiyt6v7x4uphqh/hmv3hb5qctdwye780wm8+lgjxksr6nhcwl5zxv3fp+fwnza9vc2x2qyswwsxhiqth2kcsmcmirqhhpr4kgwgok5q2vxn7rkqhjq95usutcapu59slgsktds3bdubuovy6dc+iiajzu7ozh1yxazwscoe+qgsmcdi2u+ex0qhwhhcvmkjsdqhupn0vcucziko/ekkqid1gfddtlkcdstsfhj+cbvnrqd4uurube/t2rokdkjpb0z4duqm56y/e/rxmrv+amleexihxpf/kxgyqe4yrgjwqcfus0qvhqfsveayqqvjqvva6hovvyplgpyqdl6/6kwl/m0sibpbapsqakzkad3iigsaegcxggr m a [ev]

28 Conclusions -The existence of axions is hinted by Strong CP problem -Axions generically produce COLD DARK MATTER f a - BICEP2 (high HI) disfavors large - Cavity experiments for axion DM are INSUFFICIENT - Small groups new Axion DM experiments - CAPP initiative - New ideas for higher masses - IAXO can search for mev mass axions (subdominant DM) - Still, parameter space is not completely covered...