Fourth Edition. Helmut Kopka Patrick W. Daly

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1 d I Guide to Jb.T X Fourth Edition Helmut Kopka Patrick W. Daly.. l'y Addison-Wesley Boston Sn Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City

2 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: u.s. Corporate and Government Sales (800) corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales ;nternat;onal@pearsaned.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kopka, Helmut. Guide to LaTeX/Helmut Kopka, Patrick W. Daly.-4th ed. p.cm. Include bibliographical references and index. ISBN (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. LaTeX (Computer file) 2. Computerized typesetting. 1. Daly, Patrick W. II. Title Z253.4.L38K ' dc Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published Simultaneously in Canada. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ ISBN Text printed in the United States on recyled paper at Courier Stoughton in Stoughton, Massachusetts. 7th Printing November 2006 S

3 548 Appendix G. Command Summary Table G.5 Dimensions (2.4.1) - p. 25. mm millimeter bp big point (1 in = 72 bp) em centimeter dd (ll57 dd = 1238 pt) in inchl1 in = 2.54 cm) ee cicero (1 cc = 12 dd) pt point (1 in = pt) sp (1 pt = sp) pc pica (1 pc = 12 pt) em ex The current width of a capital M The current height of the letter x Table G.6 Accents (2.5.7) - p. 27. o =\'{o} 6=\'{o} O=\h{O} o=\"{o} 6=\-{o} 6 =\={o} 6=\.{o} o=\u{o} o=\v{o} o=\h{o} oo=\t{oo} Q=\e{o} 9=\d{o} Q=\b{o} o=\r{o}- Table G.? Special letters from other languages (2.5.6) - p. 27..' c ={\oe} CE={\OE} <E={\ae}.tE={\AE} a={\aa} A ={\AA} i =! ' " ={\o} 0 ={\O} 1 ={\ l} L ={\L} B={\ss} SS={\55} i.,=?' Table G.8 Special symbols (2.5.5) t \dag \5 \eopyright + \ddag \P \pounds Table G.9 Command symbols (2.5.4) $ \$ % \% {\{ - \- & \& # \# } \} Table G.I0 Greek letters (7.3.1) - p Lowercase letters X \alpha e \theta 0 0 T \tau {3 \beta 9 \vartheta IT ' \pi v \upsilon y \gamma \iota w \varpi 1> \phi 8 \delta K \kappa p \rho cp \varphi E \epsilon,\ \lambda e \varrho X \ehi E \varepsilon Ii \mu (J \sigma IJl \psi ( \zeta v '\nu \varsigma w \omega TJ \eta \xi Uppercase letters r \Gamma A \Lambda L \5igma 'I' \Psi \Delta \Xi.Y \Upsilon n \Omega e \Theta II \Pi <I> \Phi

4 G.2. Summary tables and figures 549 "'\ Table G.ll Binary operation symbols' (7.3.3) - p ± \pm n \cap /0 \ci rc 0 \bigcirc / =+= \mp u \cup i \bull et 0 \Box I x \times l:tj \up1us <> \diamond 0 \Diamond \div n \sqcap <I \lhd h. \bigtriang1eup \cdot u \sqcup!> \rhd V \bigtriang1edown \ast v \vee \un1hd <I \triang1e1eft \star /\ \wedge!2: \unrhd!> \triang1eright * t \dagger $ \op1us 0 \oslash \ \setminus :j: \ddagger e \ominus 0 \odot I \wr II \ama1g \otimes 'The underlined commands can only be used with packages 1 atexsym or amsfonts. Table G.12 Relational symbols' (7.3.4) - p \le \leq \ge \geq =1= \neq - \sim «\11» \gg - \doteq "" \simeq c \subset :) \supset \approx ::::: \asymp 5; \subseteq ;2 \supseteq - \cong \smi 1 e c \sqsubset =:J \sqsupset - \equiv \frown!; \sqsubseteq ;;J \sqsupseteq oc \propto IXI \bowtie E \in 3 \ni -< \prec >- \succ f-- \vdash --l \dashv ::S \preceq \succeq 1= \mode1s \perp II \para11e1 \1 \mid I ' The underlined commands can only be used with packages 1 atexsym or amsfonts. Table G.B Negated relational symbols (7.3.4) - p I. \not< :f \not> f= \not= i \not\le i:. \not\ge 1= \not\equiv I< \not\prec f \not\succ 1- \not\sim t. \not\preceq i \not\succeq f. \not\simeq i \not\subset j) \not\supset >/; \not\approx 1;. \not\subseteq i>. \not\supseteq i= \not\cong rt \not\sqsubseteq i>. \not\sqsupseteq '! \not\asymp re \not\in rt \notin Table G.14 Brackets (7.4.1) - p ( ( ) ) \ lf1 oor \rf1oor [ [ ] ] \lcei1 \rceil { \{ } \} \langle \ rangle I I II \1 1 \uparrow 11' \Uparrow / / \ \backslash j \downarrow V. \Downarrow 1 \updownarrow it \Updownarrow

5 550 Appendix G. Command Summary - \leftarrow <= \Leftarrow - \rightarrow => \Rightarrow - \leftrightarrow '} \Leftrightarrow >-+ \mapsto \hook1eftarrow - \leftharpoonup - \leftharpoondown Table G.1S Arrows' (7. 3.5) - p \gets -- \10ng1eftarrow 1 \uparrow <== \Long1 eftarrow ft \Uparrow \to - \ 10ngrightarrow! \downarrow \right1eftharpoons \leadsto = \Longri ghtarrow v. \Downarrow -- \1 ong1 eftri ghtarrow 1 \updownarrow. <==> \Long1 eftri ghtarrow U \Updownarrow >---+ \ longmapsto /' \nearrow \hookri ghtarrow \, \searrow - \ri ghtharpoonup,/ \swarrow - \ri ghtharpoondown '\ \nwarrow *The underlined commands can only be used with packages 1 atexsym or amsfonts. Table G.16 Miscellaneous symbols' (7. 3.6) - p N \a1eph, \prime V \fora11 0 \Box h \hbar 0 \emptyset :3 \exists 0 \Diamond t \imath \l \nab1a -, \neg f:::" \triang1e J \jmath J \surd b \f1at... \c1ubsuit -e \e11 0 \partia1 q \natura1 + \diamondsuit p \wp T \top #.\sharp., \heartsuit.. \Re 1- \bot II \1 \spadesuit \Im f-- \vdash L \ang1e I><l \Join U \mho --I \dashv \ \backs1ash 00 \infty *The underlined comniands can only be used with packages 1 atexsym or amsfonts. Table G.l? Mathematical symbols in two sizes (7.3.7) - p I L \sum n n \bigcap 0 0 \bigodot f \int U U \bigcup Q9 \bigotimes f \oint U U \bigsqcup EEl E9 \bigop1us [1 n \prod V V \bigvee ltj l±j \bigup1us U U \coprod 1\ 1\ \bigwedge Table G.IB Function names (7. 3.8) - p \arccos \cosh \det \inf \limsup \Pr \tan \arcsin \cot \dim \ker \In \sec \tanh \arctan \coth \exp \19 \log \sin \arg \csc \gcd \lim \ max \sinh \cos \deg \hom \liminf \min \sup

6 G.2. Summary tables and figures 551 Table G.19 Math accents (7.3.9) - p. 13l. a \hat{a} a \breve{a} Ii \grave{a} Ii \bar{a} a \check{a} a \acute{a} ii \ti1de{a} a \vec{a} a \dot{a} a \ddot{a} a \mathring{a} The symbols in the following tables are made available with the package amssymb. Table G.20 A.JI1S arrows \dashrightarrow \dash1eftarrow l= \left1eftarrows!::; \leftrightarrows $= \L1eftarrow \twohead1eftarrow <-< \leftarrowtai1..." \1 ooparrow1 eft \leftrightharpoons n \curvearrow1eft U \circ1earrow1eft '1 \Lsh ti \upuparrows 1 \upharpoon1eft 1 \downharpoon1eft -0 \mu1timap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightrightarrows +:t \right1eftarrows \rightrightarrows +:t \right1eftarrows \twoheadrightarrow >-> \rightarrowtai1 '1-+ \1 ooparrowright \right1eftharpoons r. \curvearrowright U \circ1earrowright I \Rsh U \downdownarrows t \upharpoonright \downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow Negated arrows +f- \n1eftarrow +> \nrightarrow /: \nleftarrow ;f:;> \nrightarrow +/+ \n1eftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow Table G.21 A.JI1S binary op ation symbols -i- \dotp1us "- \sma11setminus Inl \Cap I1!J \Cup 7\ \barwedge '::!.. \veebar 7\ \doub1ebarwedge El \boxminus \boxtimes [::J \boxdot H3 \boxplus * \divideontimes C>< \ltimes :xl \rtimes A \leftthreetimes A \rightthreetimes A \curlywedge y \curlyvee e \circleddash \circledast \ci rcl edci rc \centerdot \intercal T

7 552 Appendix G. Command Summary Table G.22.Jt..MS Greek and Hebrew letters F \di gamma X \ varkappa :l \beth.,. \da 1 eth ). \gi me 1 Table G.23.Jt..MS delimiters \u1corner \ urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner :::l IIIo ex:: Table G.24 \leqq \eqs1ant1ess \lessapprox \lessdot \lessgtr \lesseqqgtr \risingdotseq \backsim \subseteqq \sqsubset \cur1yeqprec \precapprox \triang1e1efteq \Vvdash \sma11frown \Bumpeq \geqslant \gtrsim \gtrdot \gtrless \gtreqq1ess \circeq \thicksim \supseteqq \sqsupset \cur1yeqsucc \succapprox \trianglerighteq \shortmid \between \varpropto \therefore \blacktriangleright.jt..ms relational symbols \leqs1ant ;:S \lesssim _ \approxeq «< \111 < :>»> > <: \lesseqgtr \doteqdot \fallingdotseq \backsimeq \Subset \preccurlyeq \precsim \vartriangleleft \vdash \smallsmi1e \bumpeq \geqq \eqs1antgtr \gtrapprox \ggg \gtreqless \eqcirc \triangleq \thickapprox \Supset ;p \succcurlyeq 2: \succsim \vartriangleright II-- \Vdash II \shortparallel m \pitchfork \blacktriang1eleft 3 \backepsilon \because

8 Table G.25 G.2. Summary tables and figures 553 5l.Jv1S negated relational symbols 1:- \nless f, \nleq 4; \nleqslant \nleqq :$ \lneq \lneqq 1= i= \lvertneqq \lnsim I \lnapprox -{ \nprec :j;,\npreceq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim '"'"' -!- \nshortmid f \nmid If \nvdash It: \nvdash 1J \ntriangleleft $ \ntrianglelefteq $; \nsubseteq c \subsetneq -+- \varsubsetneq c =1= \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq 'j> \ngtr 1:., \ngeq \ngeqslant 1;: \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox }- \nsucc 4: \nsucceq 4: \nsucceq \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong.ft \nshortpara 11 e 1 M' \npara11 el It: \nvdash IIF \nvdash tj \ntriangleright tt \ntrianglerighteq 12- \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \supsetneq \varsupsetneq -+- \supsetneqq $ \varsupsetneqq =1= Table G.26 Miscellaneous 5l.Jv1S symbols 11 \hbar h \hslash!:::. \vartriangle V \triangledown 0 \square 0 \lozenge \circleds L \angle -4 \measuredangle \nexists U \mho ::l \Finv i) \Game \Bbbk, \backprime 0 \varnothing \bl acktri angl e T \blacktriangledown \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar <t \sphericalangle * C \complement 0- \eth / \diagup \diagdown '" "*