PLC Papers Created For:

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1 PLC Papers Created For: Year 11 P1 Revision Complete by the set date

2 CORE AQA P1.1.1 Recall what infrared radiation is and describe objects that absorb/emit it The diagram shows how infrared radiation can be reflected, transmitted and absorbed by glass. 100% radiation in 70% transmitted 9% reflected Image from: 1. What percentage of infrared radiation is absorbed by the glass? 2. Complete the sentence below by choosing the correct word or phrase: increases The absorbed infrared does not change the temperature of the glass. decreases 3. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences below. dark shiny dark matt light shiny light matt The best absorbers of infrared radiation have surfaces. The worst absorbers of infrared radiation have. surfaces. 4. The following statement is false. Black surfaces are good reflectors of infrared radiation. Change one word in this statement to make it true and write it correctly. Total 5 marks

3 CORE AQA P1.1.2 Use the kinetic theory to explain the different states of matter 1. The boxes below show how particles are arranged in solids and gases. SOLID GAS In the box below draw how the particles are arranged in a liquid. In all the questions below, circle the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence. the same amount of 2. All of the particles in a liquid have no kinetic energy. different amounts of moving randomly. 3. In a gas the particles are vibrating about a fixed position. not moving. moving randomly. 4. In a solid the particles are vibrating about a fixed position. not moving.

4 stronger than 5. The forces between particles in a liquid are equal to the forces between particles in a solid. weaker than slower 6. At higher temperatures particles move with less kinetic energy faster (5 marks) 7. Why is it difficult to compress a solid? Total 8 marks

5 CORE AQA P1.1.3 Describe how energy is transferred by particles The diagram below shows an experiment used to investigate the transfer of heat energy by conduction. The metal rods were coated in wax. As the rods conducted heat energy from the heater, the wax melted. The dark lines show how much wax had melted after 3 minutes. copper iron aluminium brass 1. Explain how heat energy is transferred along the copper rod 2. List the four metals in order of their conductivity. ELECTRIC HEATER (3 marks) 3. Give one variable that should be controlled to produce repeatable results. 4. Which metal shown in the diagram above would be the most suitable to make a saucepan handle? Explain your answer. (3 marks) Total 8 marks

6 CORE AQA P1.1.3 Describe the factors that affect the rate of heat transfer 1. Which will lose heat faster? A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a fridge at 4⁰C A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a freezer that is at -10⁰C A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a room that is at 16⁰C Explain your answer. 2. Explain why water at 80 C will cool down faster in a bowl than in a cup. 3. Explain why a bowl of hot water will cool down faster on a metal mat than a plastic mat... Total 6 marks

7 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Describe what U values are and what they mean in terms of energy The table below shows information about different methods of insulating a house. Part of the house Type of insulation Cost of insulation / Amount saved per year / Pay-back time / years Roof Loft insulation 75 3 Windows Double glazing Walls Draughts under doors Draught-proofing Name the type of insulation used to reduce heat loss through the walls? 2. Calculate the payback time for installing double-glazing windows? 3. Use the values in the table to calculate how much it costs to install loft insulation. 4. Use the values in the table to calculate how much is saved per year by installing draught-proofing. 5. Explain how loft insulation reduces energy lost through the roof. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

8 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Describe what solar thermal heating is and how it works The diagram below shows a solar heating panel used to heat a house. water black surface water tank shiny surface Copper heat exchanger pipes 1. Describe why the panel has a black surface. 2. Describe why the surface behind the pipes is shiny. 3. Suggest why the pipe is inside the solar panel for a long as possible. 4. Explain why the pipes of the heat exchanger are made from copper. Total 6 marks

9 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Use the equation E = m x c x ϴ to calculate specific heat capacity A pupil used the equipment below to heat up metal blocks of mass 1kg. Image from: 1. She used a lead block first. During the experiment the temperature of the lead increased by 25⁰C. The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J/kg ⁰C. Calculate the energy transferred to the lead in the experiment. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the unit. 2. The experiment was repeated using different metals. The specific heat capacities of the metals are shown in the table below. Metal Specific heat capacity (J/kg ⁰C) Aluminium 900 Iron 450 Lead 130 (3 marks) Which of the metals would heat up the fastest? Explain your answer using the information in the table... Total 5 marks

10 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Draw and interpret Sankey diagrams to show useful and wasted energy The Sankey diagram below shows the energy transfers in a motor lifting a weight. Electrical energy 340J gravitational potential energy heat 1. Calculate the amount of energy wasted as heat. sound 2. Calculate the useful energy transferred. 3. Calculate the total amount of wasted energy? 4. Complete the sankey diagram to show a motor that wastes less energy than the one shown above. electrical energy 340J Total 5 marks

11 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Recall that energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred The pictures below show three appliances that transform electrical energy into other useful forms of energy. Images from: State the useful energy transformation in the drill? 2. Describe the useful energy transformation in an iron? 3. State the useful energy transformations in a TV? 4. The drill does not transform all the input electrical energy usefully. Name one type of energy that is produced that is not useful for the drill. 5. Describe what happens to this wasted energy. Total 7 marks

12 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Use data in equations to calculate efficiency of a device The diagram shows a halogen light bulb and a low-energy light bulb. Images from: Use words from the list to complete the sentences. light electrical heat potential sound kinetic Both light bulbs transform energy into. energy. Most of the energy transferred by the halogen light bulb is lost as.. 2. The low energy light bulb is more efficient than the halogen bulb. Describe why the low energy bulb is more efficient than the halogen bulb. (3 marks) 3. The energy efficient light bulb has an input of 60J of electrical energy. 15J of this are converted to light. Calculate the efficiency of the light bulb. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. (2 mark) Total 7 mark

13 CORE AQA P1.3.1 Calculate energy transfer E = P x t for mains electricity 1. State the useful energy output in a toaster. 2. A toaster has a power rating of 1500W and is used for 120 seconds. Use the information in the diagram to calculate the energy transferred by the toaster. Choose the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the correct unit in your answer. (3 marks) 3. An electric fire produces has a power rating of 2.8kW and is used for one and a half hours. Use the information in the diagram to calculate the energy transferred by the fire. Choose the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the correct unit in your answer. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

14 CORE AQA P1.3.1 Calculate the cost of mains electricity 1. The power of three electrical devices is given in the table. Device Toaster Fan MP3 player Power rating 1.2 kw 30 W 10 W 2. Which device transfers the most electrical energy in 20 minutes? 3. The pictures below show the electricity meter readings in May and August kwh kwh MAY AUGUST How many units of electricity were used between May and August? 4. One unit costs 12p. Calculate the cost of the electrical energy between May and August. Show clearly how you worked out your answer.

15 5. A 2500W heater is switched on for 2 hours. Calculate the number of units (kwh) of energy transferred by the heater. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Total 6 marks

16 CORE AQA P Describe energy changes in everyday appliances The table below shows the power rating of different electrical appliances. Appliance Power rating / W Lamp 20 Toaster 1100 DAB radio 20 Heater 1000 Fan All of the appliances transform electrical energy into useful energy. Give the useful energy output of each appliance. Lamp:.... Toaster:.. DAB radio:.. Fan:.. 2. Which device transfers energy the quickest? Give a reason for your answer. (4 marks) Total 6 marks

17 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how power stations generate steam from water to turn turbines 1. Name three fossil fuels. 2. Name two nuclear fuels. 3. Biofuels are an alternative to fossil fuels. What is a biofuel? 4. The flow chart below shows the stages in producing electricity in a coal power station. coal is burnt to produce Coal heat is burnt to produce heat Electricity is transferred via the National Grid Fill in the three missing boxes. (3 marks)

18 Total 7 marks

19 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how the sun and geological activity can be used to generate electricity 1. This question is about how we generate electricity. Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. turbine hot generator cold geothermal steam... energy involves pumping cold water into the ground where it is heated by hot rocks. The water turns to. This turns a which is connected to a. (4 marks) 2. A car park in the middle of a country park uses solar cells to power the ticket machine. Image from: 3. What form of energy is used to power the ticket machine? 4. Give one disadvantage of solar power. 5. Suggest two reasons why solar power was chosen for the car park ticket machine. (2 mark) Total 8 marks

20 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Explain how using energy resources has different effects on the environment This question is about the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources. Complete the table below to give one advantage and one disadvantage of each method of generating electricity. Method of Generating Electricity Tidal Advantage Disadvantage Nuclear Coal Wind (8 marks) Total 8 marks

21 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how wind and water can be used to generate electricity The photograph shows some wind turbines. They use the kinetic energy of the moving air to generate electricity. Image from: 1. Give one reason why wind turbines are unsuitable for meeting all of our electricity demands. 2. Suggest two benefits of using wind turbines to produce electricity in the UK. 3. Some people object to wind turbines being built at all. Suggest two reasons why people may object to wind turbines being built close to their homes. 4. Wind turbines are sometimes put offshore in the sea. Give an advantage of building wind turbines offshore. Total 6 marks

22 CORE AQA P1.4.2 Describe the different parts of the National Grid and how it works A B C D Image from: 1. The diagram above shows the parts of the National Grid. Identify A, B, C and D. A. B C D (4 marks) 2. Complete the sentences below using the numbers in the box V 20000V 230V The voltage at A is. This gets changed to.. at B where it is distributed around the country. At D the voltage is changed to for use in the home. Total 6 marks

23 CORE AQA P1.4.2 Explain how transformers work and their use in the National Grid The diagram below shows the National Grid. Image from: 1. What type of transformer is at point Y? 2. What type of transformer is at point X? 3. Complete the following sentence. In a step-up transformer the voltage across the primary coil is... than the voltage across the secondary coil. 4. Describe why transformers are used in the distribution of electricity. 5. Describe how the current is changed by the transformers X and Y? Total 6 marks

24 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Compare longitudinal and transverse waves 1. What do all waves transfer as they move? 2. The diagram below shows two types of waves being produced using a slinky spring. A B State the name of each type of wave shown above. Wave A: Wave B: 3. On both slinky diagrams, draw an arrow to show the direction of energy transfer. Label the arrow E. 4. On both slinky diagrams, draw an arrow to show the direction of oscillation. Label this arrow O. 5. Give one example of wave the same type as Waves A and B. Example of a wave similar to Wave A: Example of a wave similar to Wave B: Total 9 marks

25 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe and explain how to use the wave equation v = f x λ 1. The diagram below shows a sound wave on an oscilloscope screen. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the amplitude of the wave. Label the arrow A. Label a wave peak. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the wavelength of the wave. Label the arrow W. (3 marks) 2. The frequency of the sound wave in the diagram is 425 Hz. What does this mean? 2. The sound wave has a frequency of 425Hz and a wavelength of 0.8m. Calculate the speed of the wave. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the unit. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

26 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe and explain reflection, refraction & diffraction of waves 1. This question is about the properties of waves. Complete the sentence below by choosing the correct word or phrase: inverted A plane mirror is curved flat 2. The diagram below shows a ray of light shining on a plane mirror. a) Draw the normal line on the mirror b) Use a ruler to complete the ray diagram to show how the ray is reflected c) Add arrows onto the diagram to show the direction of the rays. (3 mark) 3. A pupil conducted the experiment below to investigate the behaviour of light passing through a perspex block. Light box normal Perspex block

27 Add arrows to show the direction of the rays. 4. Complete the diagram to show what happens to the ray of light when it comes out of the perspex block. (1 marks) 5. Describe what would happen if the ray of light from the light box was shone alone the normal line? 6. What happens to the speed of the light ray as it moves from glass into air? Total 8 marks

28 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe the uses of EM waves in communication 1. Which type of electromagnetic waves can be used for satellite communications? 2. The diagram below shows a transmitter and receiver. satellite ionosphere transmitter receiver Explain how both radio waves and microwaves can be sent from the transmitter to the receiver. You may answer this question using the diagram above. (3 marks) 3. State the harmful effect of infrared radiation? 4. Give a danger of microwaves. Total 6 marks

29 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe the properties of EM waves & the EM spectrum 1. The diagram below shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves Visible light Ultra-violet Gamma Increasing frequency 1. Complete the electromagnetic spectrum. 2. Name the electromagnetic wave used in remote controls. 3. Name the type of electromagnetic wave used in satellite communication. 4. All electromagnetic waves have features in common. The table below lists features of waves. Tick the boxes to show the correct statements. Property They are all transverse waves They have different speeds in a vacuum They have different frequencies They all have the same wavelength They can all be reflected, refracted and diffracted They can all travel through a vacuum True ( ) Total 6 marks

30 CORE AQA P1.5.2 Describe and construct ray diagrams for reflection in a plane mirror The diagram below shows a bird looking in a mirror at his claw. Image from: 1. Draw arrows on the ray drawn to show the direction. 2. Draw the normal line 3. Complete the ray to show how the bird is able to see his claw. (4 marks) 2. Describe the image formed in a plane mirror Total 6 marks

31 CORE AQA P1.5.3 Describe the properties of sound waves and what pitch and echoes are 1. Complete the sentence below by ticking the correct box. Sound waves are. transverse longitudinal A signal generator was connected to a loudspeaker. The signal generator was adjusted to change the sound wave produced by the signal generator. A microphone connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) was used to detect the sound waves from the loudspeaker. The diagram shows the traces for the CRO. The settings on the CRO were the same in each case. Three different sound wave were produced. Image from: Use the correct number 1, 2 or 3 to answer the following questions. 2. Which wave has the lowest amplitude?.. 3. Which wave has the highest frequency?.. 4. Which wave is the quietest?.. 5. Which wave has the shortest wavelength?.. 6. Which two waves have the same volume?.. Total 6 marks

32 CORE AQA P1.5.4 Explain how red shift and CMBR provide evidence for the Big Bang 1. Describe how scientists think the universe began according to the Big Bang theory. 2. Light from distance galaxies is red shifted. What does this tell us about the galaxy? 3. Choose the correct word from the box below to complete the sentence. shrinking expanding changing colour Red shift gives us evidence that the Universe is.. 4. Light from galaxies further away shows a greater red shift. What does this tell us? 5. Name one other piece of evidence other than red-shift that supports the Big Bang Theory. 6. Observations help scientists answer questions about the Universe but scientists cannot answer every question. Which one of the following questions cannot be answered by scientists? Tick one box. How old is the Universe? Why was the Universe created? How fast does light travel through the Universe? Total 6 marks

33 CORE AQA P1.5.4 Explain what the Doppler effect and red-shift are 1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using the words in the box. towards away from longer shorter The light that reaches Earth from distant galaxies is shifted.. the red end of the spectrum. This Means that the wavelength of the observed wave is.. When a police car moves from a person standing on the pavement, the wavelength gets shorter. (3 marks) 2. Light from galaxies and stars includes dark lines. The diagram below shows the spectrum produced by the a galaxy. blue red On the diagram below, draw how these lines would appear if the galaxy was moving towards us. blue red 3. How would this change if the galaxy was moving towards us faster? Total 5 marks

34 PLC Papers Created For: Year 11 P1 Revision Complete by the set date

35 CORE AQA P1.1.1 Recall what infrared radiation is and describe objects that absorb/emit it The diagram shows how infrared radiation can be reflected, transmitted and absorbed by glass. 100% radiation in 70% transmitted 9% reflected Image from: 1. What percentage of infrared radiation is absorbed by the glass? 2. Complete the sentence below by choosing the correct word or phrase: increases The absorbed infrared does not change the temperature of the glass. decreases 3. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences below. dark shiny dark matt light shiny light matt The best absorbers of infrared radiation have surfaces. The worst absorbers of infrared radiation have. surfaces. 4. The following statement is false. Black surfaces are good reflectors of infrared radiation. Change one word in this statement to make it true and write it correctly. Total 5 marks

36 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 5 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 21% (1) 2 Increases (1) 3 Dark matt (1) Light shiny (1) 4 Any one from (1): Black surfaces are good ABSORBERS of infrared radiation; Black surfaces are good EMITTERS of infrared radiation; Shiny/silver/light surfaces are good RELFECTORS of infrared radiation.

37 CORE AQA P1.1.2 Use the kinetic theory to explain the different states of matter 1. The boxes below show how particles are arranged in solids and gases. SOLID GAS In the box below draw how the particles are arranged in a liquid. In all the questions below, circle the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence. the same amount of 2. All of the particles in a liquid have no kinetic energy. different amounts of moving randomly. 3. In a gas the particles are vibrating about a fixed position. not moving. moving randomly. 4. In a solid the particles are vibrating about a fixed position. not moving.

38 stronger than 5. The forces between particles in a liquid are equal to the forces between particles in a solid. weaker than slower 6. At higher temperatures particles move with less kinetic energy faster (5 marks) 7. Why is it difficult to compress a solid? : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 50% of particles are touching with no overlapping particles and no big spaces (1) 2 Different amounts of (1) 3 Moving randomly (1) 4 Vibrating about a fixed position (1) 5 Weaker than (1) 6 Faster (1) 7 No spaces between particles, OWTTE (1)

39 CORE AQA P1.1.3 Describe how energy is transferred by particles The diagram below shows an experiment used to investigate the transfer of heat energy by conduction. The metal rods were coated in wax. As the rods conducted heat energy from the heater, the wax melted. The dark lines show how much wax had melted after 3 minutes. copper iron aluminium brass 1. Explain how heat energy is transferred along the copper rod 2. List the four metals in order of their conductivity. ELECTRIC HEATER (3 marks) 3. Give one variable that should be controlled to produce repeatable results. 4. Which metal shown in the diagram above should be used to make a saucepan handle? Explain your answer. (3 marks) Total 8 marks

40 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 8 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 (free) electrons (1) move Collide with other free electrons or (lattice) ions (1) Making the atoms vibrate more. 2 Copper, aluminium, brass, iron (correct order only. Accept reverse order) (1) 3 Any one (1) from: Diameter of rod; Size of the rod; Width of the rod Length of rod Mass Cross-sectional area 4 Iron (1) Poor conductor/not many free electrons (1) Handle will not get hot quickly/handle will heat up slower OWTTE (1)

41 CORE AQA P1.1.3 Describe the factors that affect the rate of heat transfer 1. Which will lose heat faster? A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a fridge at 4⁰C A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a freezer that is at -10⁰C A cup of tea at 80⁰C in a room that is at 16⁰C Explain your answer. 2. Explain why water at 80 C will cool down faster in a bowl than in a cup. 3. Explain why a bowl of hot water will cool down faster on a metal mat than a plastic mat... Total 6 marks

42 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Cup of tea in the freezer (1) Bigger temperature difference (1) 2 Bigger surface area (1) So loses energy to the surroundings at a faster rate (1) 3 Metal is a better conductor than plastic (1) So heat energy will be transferred from the bowl at a faster rate. (1)

43 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Describe what U values are and what they mean in terms of energy The table below shows information about different methods of insulating a house. Part of the house Type of insulation Cost of insulation / Amount saved per year / Pay-back time / years Roof Loft insulation 75 3 Windows Double glazing Walls Draughts under doors Draught-proofing Name the type of insulation used to reduce heat loss through the walls? 2. Calculate the payback time for installing double-glazing windows? 3. Use the values in the table to calculate how much it costs to install loft insulation. 4. Use the values in the table to calculate how much is saved per year by installing draught-proofing. 5. Explain how loft insulation reduces energy lost through the roof. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

44 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Cavity wall insulation (1) 2 40 years (1) (1) 4 45 (1) 5 Fibres / foam trap air (1) Air is a poor conductor as the particles are far apart (1) The air is trapped reducing convection (1)

45 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Describe what solar thermal heating is and how it works The diagram below shows a solar heating panel used to heat a house. water black surface water tank shiny surface Copper heat exchanger pipes 1. Describe why the panel has a black surface. 2. Describe why the surface behind the pipes is shiny. 3. Suggest why the pipe is inside the solar panel for a long as possible. 4. Explain why the pipes of the heat exchanger are made from copper. Total 6 marks

46 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Good / best absorber (1) Of infrared (radiation) (1) 2 Reflects (1) Infrared radiation into the pipes (1) 3 Absorb as much IR radiation as possible OWTTE (1) 4 Good conductor (1) OR To allow transfer of heat energy from the hot water to the water inside the water tank (1)

47 CORE AQA P1.1.4 Use the equation E = m x c x ϴ to calculate specific heat capacity A pupil used the equipment below to heat up metal blocks of mass 1kg. Image from: 1. She used a lead block first. During the experiment the temperature of the lead increased by 25⁰C. The specific heat capacity of lead is 130 J/kg ⁰C. Calculate the energy transferred to the lead in the experiment. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the unit. 2. The experiment was repeated using different metals. The specific heat capacities of the metals are shown in the table below. Metal Specific heat capacity (J/kg ⁰C) Aluminium 900 Iron 450 Lead 130 (3 marks) Which of the metals would heat up the fastest? Explain your answer using the information in the table... Total 5 marks

48 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 E = 1 x 25 x 130 = 3250 J Correct numerical answer (2) If final answer wrong, allow (1) for correct substitution Joules or J (1) do not allow j 3 Lead (1) As it has the lowest specific heat capacity (1)

49 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Draw and interpret Sankey diagrams to show useful and wasted energy The Sankey diagram below shows the energy transfers in a motor lifting a weight. Electrical energy 340J gravitational potential energy heat 1. Calculate the amount of energy wasted as heat. sound 2. Calculate the useful energy transferred. 3. Calculate the total amount of wasted energy. 4. Complete the sankey diagram to show a motor that wastes less energy than the one shown above. electrical energy 340J Total 5 marks

50 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 5 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 160J (1) 2 100J (1) 3 240J (1) 4 Width of arrow must add up before/after (1) Gpe arrow must be equal to or greater than 6 squares in width (1)

51 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Recall that energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred The pictures below show three appliances that transform electrical energy into other useful forms of energy. Images from: State the useful energy transformation in the drill? 2. Describe the useful energy transformation in an iron? 3. State the useful energy transformations in a TV? 4. The drill does not transform all the input electrical energy usefully. Name one type of energy that is produced that is not useful for the drill. 5. Describe what happens to this wasted energy. Total 7 marks

52 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Kinetic energy (1) 2 Electrical to heat (1) 3 Light (energy) (1) Sound (energy) (1) 4 Heat/thermal energy (1) 5 Goes into the surroundings (1) Heats them up (1)

53 CORE AQA P1.2.1 Use data in equations to calculate efficiency of a device The diagram shows a halogen light bulb and a low-energy light bulb. Images from: Use words from the list to complete the sentences. light electrical heat potential sound kinetic Both light bulbs transform energy into. energy. Most of the energy transferred by the halogen light bulb is lost as.. 2. The low energy light bulb is more efficient than the halogen bulb. Describe why the low energy bulb is more efficient than the halogen bulb. (3 marks) 3. The energy efficient light bulb has an input of 60J of electrical energy. 15J of this are converted to light. Calculate the efficiency of the light bulb. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. (2 mark) Total 7 mark

54 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Electrical (1) Light (1) Heat (1) 2 Transfers a bigger proportion / greater % of useful energy (1) Of energy into useful/into light energy (1) Allow wastes less energy for one mark (2) 25% (2) 25 (1) 0.25% (1)

55 CORE AQA P1.3.1 Calculate energy transfer E = P x t for mains electricity 1. State the useful energy output in a toaster. 2. A toaster has a power rating of 1500W and is used for 120 seconds. Use the information in the diagram to calculate the energy transferred by the toaster. Choose the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the correct unit in your answer. (3 marks) 3. An electric fire produces has a power rating of 2.8kW and is used for one and a half hours. Use the information in the diagram to calculate the energy transferred by the fire. Choose the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the correct unit in your answer. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

56 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 8 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Heat / thermal (1) 2 E = P x t = 1500 x 120 = (2) Joules or J not j (1) Allow one mark for correct substitution if final answer is incorrect. Allow answer in kwh if correct. 3 E = P x t = 2.8 x 1.5 = 4.2 (2) kwh (1) Allow one mark for correct substitution if final answer is incorrect. Allow answer in J if correct x (90 x 60) 15, 120, 000 J

57 CORE AQA P1.3.1 Calculate the cost of mains electricity 1. The power of three electrical devices is given in the table. Device Toaster Fan MP3 player Power rating 1.2 kw 30 W 10 W 2. Which device transfers the most electrical energy in 20 minutes? 3. The pictures below show the electricity meter readings in May and August kwh kwh MAY AUGUST How many units of electricity were used between May and August? 4. One unit costs 12p. Calculate the cost of the electrical energy between May and August. Show clearly how you worked out your answer.

58

59 5. A 2500W heater is switched on for 2 hours. Calculate the number of units (kwh) of energy transferred by the heater. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Total 6 marks : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Toaster (kwh) (ecf from 2) x p or (must have p or ) (2) Allow 1 mark for substitution if final answer is incorrect. 4 E = P x t = 2.5 x 2 = 5 units (2) 1 mark for correct substitution if final answer is incorrect.

60 CORE AQA P Describe energy changes in everyday appliances The table below shows the power rating of different electrical appliances. Appliance Power rating / W Lamp 20 Toaster 1100 DAB radio 20 Heater 1000 Fan All of the appliances transform electrical energy into useful energy. Give the useful energy output of each appliance. Lamp:.... Toaster:.. DAB radio:.. Fan:.. 2. Which device transfers energy the quickest? Give a reason for your answer. (4 marks) Total 6 marks

61 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Lamp: Light (1) Toaster: Heat / Thermal (1) DAB Radio: Sound (1) Fan: Kinetic (1) 2 Fan (1) Highest power rating (1)

62 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how power stations generate steam from water to turn turbines 1. Name three fossil fuels. 2. Name two nuclear fuels. 3. Biofuels are an alternative to fossil fuels. What is a biofuel? 4. The flow chart below shows the stages in producing electricity in a coal power station. coal is burnt to produce Coal heat is burnt to produce heat Electricity is transferred via the National Grid Fill in the three missing boxes. (3 marks)

63 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Coal, gas, oil 1 or 2 correctly listed (1) 3 correctly listed (2) 2 Plutonium and uranium (1) Both needed for mark. 3 Fuels from plants and animals that are living or recently living (1) 5 Any three (3) from: Heats water in the boiler / water is boiled Boiler turns to steam Steam turns turbine Turbine turns generator

64 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how the sun and geological activity can be used to generate electricity 1. This question is about how we generate electricity. Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. turbine hot generator cold geothermal steam... energy involves pumping cold water into the ground where it is heated by hot rocks. The water turns to. This turns a which is connected to a. (4 marks) 2. A car park in the middle of a country park uses solar cells to power the ticket machine. Image from: 3. What form of energy is used to power the ticket machine? 4. Give one disadvantage of solar power. 5. Suggest two reasons why solar power was chosen for the car park ticket machine. (2 mark) Total 8 marks

65 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 8 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Geothermal (1) Steam (1) Turbine (1) Generator (1) 2 Light (energy) (from Sun) (1) 3 Any (1) from: Unreliable / not always sunny; Unpredictable; Not efficient/lots of energy is wasted. 4 Any two from Can be used in remote locations (1) No need for long electrical cables (connected to the grid) (1) No fuel cost (1)

66 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Explain how using energy resources has different effects on the environment This question is about the advantages and disadvantages of different energy resources. Complete the table below to give one advantage and one disadvantage of each method of generating electricity. Method of Generating Electricity Tidal Advantage Disadvantage Nuclear Coal Wind (8 marks) Total 8 marks

67 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 8 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Any correct advantage/disadvantage below (1); 8 marks in total Tidal + predictable + no fuel costs + no carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide - high maintenance costs - cannot meet demand - affects wildlife Nuclear + energy rich + reliable + no carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide + can produce energy on demand - need to store radioactive substances - high security costs - could be an accident spreading radioactive waste Coal + reliable + concentrated energy source + can meet demand - will run out - produce carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide Wind + no carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide - noisy - unsightly - unreliable/unpredictable - depends on intensity of wind

68 CORE AQA P1.4.1 Describe how wind and water can be used to generate electricity The photograph shows some wind turbines. They use the kinetic energy of the moving air to generate electricity. Image from: 1. Give one reason why wind turbines are unsuitable for meeting all of our electricity demands. 2. Suggest two benefits of using wind turbines to produce electricity in the UK. 3. Some people object to wind turbines being built at all. Suggest two reasons why people may object to wind turbines being built close to their homes. 4. Wind turbines are sometimes put offshore in the sea. Give an advantage of building wind turbines offshore.

69 Total 6 marks : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Unreliable/not always windy (1) 2 No fuel costs (1) No carbon dioxide/sulphur dioxide/polluting gases (1) 3 Visual pollution OWTTE (1) Noisy (1) 4 Any (1) from: Wind is more reliable/more windy (1) Less impact on people (1)

70 CORE AQA P1.4.2 Describe the different parts of the National Grid and how it works A B C D Image from: 1. The diagram above shows the parts of the National Grid. Identify A, B, C and D. A. B C D (4 marks) 2. Complete the sentences below using the numbers in the box V V 230V The voltage at A is. This gets changed to.. at B where it is distributed around the country. At D the voltage is changed to for use in the home. Total 6 marks

71 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 A power station (1) B step up transformer (1) C pylon/transmission cables (1) D step down transformer (1) V, V, 230V (2 for all three correct, 1 mark for 1 correct)

72 CORE AQA P1.4.2 Explain how transformers work and their use in the National Grid The diagram below shows the National Grid. Image from: 1. Name component X and explain the role of component X in the transmission of electricity. (4 marks) 2. Name component Y and explain the role of component Y in the transmission of electricity. (3 marks) 3. The table below lists four different types of transformers. What type of transformer is X? Transformer % of supplied energy wasted as sound % of supplied energy wasted as heat A B C D Which transformer is the most efficient? Give a reason for your answer. (2 mark) Total 8 marks

73 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 8 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Step-up transformer (1) Increases voltage (1) Decreases current (1) Reduces energy losses due to heat (1) 2 Step down transformer (1) Reduces voltage/increases current (1) Safe for homeowners OWTTE (1) 3 B (1) Lowest amount of the supplied energy is wasted / wastes only 6.1% of the energy input (1)

74 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Compare longitudinal and transverse waves 1. What do all waves transfer as they move? 2. The diagram below shows two types of waves being produced using a slinky spring. A B State the name of each type of wave shown above. Wave A: Wave B: 3. On both slinky diagrams, draw an arrow to show the direction of energy transfer. Label the arrow E. 4. On both slinky diagrams, draw an arrow to show the direction of oscillation. Label this arrow O. 5. Give one example of wave the same type as Waves A and B. Example of a wave similar to Wave A: Example of a wave similar to Wave B: Total 9 marks

75 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 9 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Energy (1) 2 Longitudinal (1) Transverse (1) Answers must be in the correct order. 3 Both arrows drawn correctly, left to right and labelled E (2) 4 Arrows must be labelled O. For transverse, oscillation arrows is perpendicular (1) For longitudinal, oscillation arrow is parallel (1) 5 Any EM wave, water, mechanical (1) 6 Sound, water, mechanical (1)

76 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe and explain how to use the wave equation v = f x λ 1. The diagram below shows a sound wave on an oscilloscope screen. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the amplitude of the wave. Label the arrow A. Label a wave peak. Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the wavelength of the wave. Label the arrow W. (3 marks) 2. The frequency of the sound wave in the diagram is 425 Hz. What does this mean? 2. The sound wave has a frequency of 425Hz and a wavelength of 0.8m. Calculate the speed of the wave. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet. Give the unit. (3 marks) Total 7 marks

77 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 7 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 All correctly drawn and labelled (3) 2 Number of waves produced per second/425 waves per second/425 waves made per second/passing a point per second OWTTE (1) 3 V = f x λ = 425 x 0.8 = 340 (2) m/s (1) Allow (1) for correct substitution if final numerical answer is incorrect. This mark is independent of the unit mark.

78 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe and explain reflection, refraction & diffraction of waves 1. This question is about the properties of waves. Complete the sentence below by choosing the correct word or phrase: inverted A plane mirror is curved flat 2. The diagram below shows a ray of light shining on a plane mirror. a) Draw the normal line on the mirror b) Use a ruler to complete the ray diagram to show how the ray is reflected c) Add arrows onto the diagram to show the direction of the rays. (3 mark) 3. A pupil conducted the experiment below to investigate the behaviour of light passing through a perspex block. Light box normal Perspex block

79 Add arrows to show the direction of the rays. 4. Complete the diagram to show what happens to the ray of light when it comes out of the perspex block. (1 marks) 5. Describe what would happen if the ray of light from the light box was shone alone the normal line? 6. What happens to the speed of the light ray as it moves from glass into air? Total 8 marks : Suggested marking guidance (Total 10 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Flat (1) 2 Normal line correct (1) Angle I = Angle r by sight (1) Arrows draw on both incident and reflected ray (1) 3 One arrow correct on one of the rays (1) 4 The light ray emerges from the block at approx. the same as the angle of incidence into the block (1) 5 It would pass straight through/not bend (1) 6 The ray speeds up (1)

80 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe the uses of EM waves in communication 1. Which type of electromagnetic waves can be used for satellite communications? 2. The diagram below shows a transmitter and receiver. satellite ionosphere transmitter receiver Explain how both radio waves and microwaves can be sent from the transmitter to the receiver. You may answer this question using the diagram above. (3 marks) 3. State the harmful effect of infrared radiation? 4. Give a danger of microwaves. Total 6 marks

81 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Microwaves (1) 2 Microwaves Line draw from transmitter to receiver (must touch both) involving the satellite (1) Radio waves Diffraction of the wave as it passes over the hill (1) 3 Burns (1) 4 Heats water inside living cells which can damage them (1) Allow burns (1)

82 CORE AQA P1.5.1 Describe the properties of EM waves & the EM spectrum 1. The diagram below shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves Visible light Ultra-violet Gamma Increasing frequency 1. Complete the electromagnetic spectrum. 2. Name the electromagnetic wave used in remote controls. 3. Name the type of electromagnetic wave used in satellite communication. 4. All electromagnetic waves have features in common. The table below lists features of waves. Tick the boxes to show the correct statements. Property They are all transverse waves They have different speeds in a vacuum They have different frequencies They all have the same wavelength They can all be reflected, refracted and diffracted They can all travel through a vacuum True ( ) Total 6 marks

83 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 10 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Radio, infrared, x-rays. (1) mark for any one, (2) marks for all three 2 IR (1) 3 Microwaves (1) 4 Property True They are all transverse waves / They have different speeds They have different frequencies / They all have the same wavelength They can all be reflected, refracted and diffracted / They can all travel through a vacuum / (1) for each two correct boxes ticked

84 CORE AQA P1.5.2 Describe and construct ray diagrams for reflection in a plane mirror The diagram below shows a bird looking in a mirror at his claw. Image from: 1. Draw arrows on the ray drawn to show the direction. 2. Draw the normal line 3. Complete the ray to show how the bird is able to see his claw. (4 marks) 2. Describe the image formed in a plane mirror Total 6 marks

85 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Correct arrow from mirror to eye (1) 2 Normal drawn (1) 3 Angle I = angle r (1) Correct arrow drawn on reflected ray (1) 4 Any (2) from: Virtual; Upright Same size Laterally inverted

86 CORE AQA P1.5.3 Describe the properties of sound waves and what pitch and echoes are 1. Complete the sentence below by ticking the correct box. Sound waves are. transverse longitudinal A signal generator was connected to a loudspeaker. The signal generator was adjusted to change the sound wave produced by the signal generator. A microphone connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) was used to detect the sound waves from the loudspeaker. The diagram shows the traces for the CRO. The settings on the CRO were the same in each case. Three different sound wave were produced. Image from: Use the correct number 1, 2 or 3 to answer the following questions. 2. Which wave has the lowest amplitude?.. 3. Which wave has the highest frequency?.. 4. Which wave is the quietest?.. 5. Which wave has the shortest wavelength?.. 6. Which two waves have the same volume?..

87 Total 6 marks : Suggested marking guidance (Total 10 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Longitudinal (1) 2 1 (1) 3 3 (1) 4 1 (1) 5 3 (1) 6 2 and 3 (1)

88 CORE AQA P1.5.4 Explain how red shift and CMBR provide evidence for the Big Bang 1. Describe how scientists think the universe began according to the Big Bang theory. 2. Light from distance galaxies is red shifted. What does this tell us about the galaxy? 3. Choose the correct word from the box below to complete the sentence. shrinking expanding changing colour Red shift gives us evidence that the Universe is.. 4. Light from galaxies further away shows a greater red shift. What does this tell us? 5. Name one other piece of evidence other than red-shift that supports the Big Bang Theory. 6. Observations help scientists answer questions about the Universe but scientists cannot answer every question. Which one of the following questions cannot be answered by scientists? Tick one box. How old is the Universe? Why was the Universe created? How fast does light travel through the Universe? Total 6 marks

89 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 6 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Explosion / expansion (1) From a very small space / nothing (1) 2 Longer wavelength/lower frequency/moving away (1) 3 Expanding (1) 4 Moving away faster (1) 5 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation / CMBR (1) 6 Why was the Universe created (1)

90 CORE AQA P1.5.4 Explain what the Doppler effect and red-shift are 1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below using the words in the box. towards away from longer shorter The light that reaches Earth from distant galaxies is shifted.. the red end of the spectrum. This means that the wavelength of the observed wave is.. When a police car moves from a person standing on the pavement, the wavelength gets shorter. (3 marks) 2. Light from galaxies and stars includes dark lines. The diagram below shows the spectrum produced by the a galaxy. blue red On the diagram below, draw how these lines would appear if the galaxy was moving towards us. blue red 3. How would this change if the galaxy was moving towards us faster? Total 5 marks

91 : Suggested marking guidance (Total 5 marks) Question Suggested Answers 1 Towards (1) Longer (1) Towards (1) 2 All lines shifted towards left (1) 3 Bigger blue shift/lines would move to left more (1)