Science: Physics GCSE Curriculum Map. Physics Unit P1

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1 Science: Physics GCSE Curriculum Map Physics Unit P1 P1 Infrared radiation Surfaces and radiation States of matter Conduction Convection Evolving Describe that all objects emit and absorb infrared radiation Describe that the amount of infrared radiation emitted in a given time increases with the temperature of the object. Describe that shiny surfaces are the best reflectors of infrared radiation Describe that black surfaces are the best absorbers of infrared radiation Describe a few physical characteristics of solids, liquids and gases Draw particle diagrams Understand that conduction is a process of transferring heat List some poor conductors or insulators. Understand that convection is a process of transferring heat Give a couple of examples of where convection currents occur Secure Proficient Expert Describe infrared radiation as electromagnetic waves Understand that the amount of IR emitted in a given time increases with the temperature of the object. Describe that matt black surfaces are the best emitters and best absorbers of infrared radiation Describe that shiny surfaces are the worst emitters, worst absorbers and best reflectors of infrared radiation. Describe the physical characteristics of solids, liquids and gases Draw accurate particle diagrams Describe that non metal solids are generally poor conductors because they rely on atomic vibration to carry energy. Understand that convection currents are the movement of particles in fluids Describe the process of connection in terms of particle movement in liquids and gases, and explain why convection cannot happen in solids. Explain that the hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it emits in a given time. Explain how the choice of a surface colour can affect the rate of temperature change of an object. Explain the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases gives rise to their properties, including density and whether they flow. Describe that metals are good conductors because they have free electrons that carry energy Describe how expansion and changes in density cause convection currents. Explain the arrangements and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases in terms of intermolecular forces Explain why metals are good conductors of energy in terms of electron behaviour. Give a detailed description of convection in terms of particle movement, expansion and density changes.

2 Evaporation and condensation Energy transfer by design State that evaporation is the change of state from a liquid into a gas and condensation is the change of state from a gas into a liquid State a few factors that affect the rate of energy transfer State the factors that increase the rate of evaporation i.e. the temperature of the liquid, the surface area of the liquid, the flow of gas above the liquid s surface Describe most factors that affect the rate of energy transfer. State how to reduce/increase the rate of energy transfer in a variety of situations Describe the processes of evaporation and condensation in terms of particle behaviour. Understand that during evaporation, the most energetic particles escape Explain in detail how evaporation has a cooling effect on a liquid. reducing the average kinetic energy of the remaining particles and so reducing the temperature. Explain in detail how the design of vacuum flask reduces the rate of energy transfer. P1 Specific heat capacity. Heating and insulating buildings Evolving Understand that materials will heat up at different rates when mass and energy is kept constant State a few methods to reduce energy transfer from a house List some methods of saving energy in a house and give a brief evaluation of techniques Secure Proficient Expert Understand that the material that an object Is made of affects the amount of energy required to raise its temperature Recognise that each material has a specific heat capacity State that more energy is required to raise the temperature of objects with a greater mass Explain that different materials of the same mass require different amounts of energy to raise their temperatures by the same amount. State that the insulating properties can be measured using U values List most methods of saving energy in a house and give a brief evaluation of techniques Calculate the energy required to raise a known mass of material by a known temperature. State the general relationship between U values and insulation properties. Calculate the mass or temperature change of a material Explain energy transfer using U values for materials

3 Forms of energy Conservation of energy Useful energy Energy and efficiency Electrical power Using electrical energy Cost effectiveness matters Describe one or two forms of energy Use words commonly used to describe energy in a range of situations Understand how energy is transferred in common situations Understand that energy is conserved in all energy transfers. Understand that energy is wasted heating the surroundings in energy transfers Identify useful and wasted energy in transfer State how we can reduce energy consumption State that the watt is the unit of power Recognise that a cost effective appliance is efficient and provides good value for money Find the payback time of various energy saving measures Draw simple energy transfer diagrams showing changes in energy. Understand that gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy are often transferred, as when objects fall. State that energy cannot be created or destroyed Describe that wasted energy spreads out and is no longer of use. Understand that energy that escapes to the surroundings by heating is not available for other energy transfers and so is useless. Describe what is meant by the efficiency of a device Calculate the efficiency of a device. Understand that that the power rating of an appliance is a measure of how much energy it transfers each second Calculate the power output of appliances using the equation P=E t Calculate the efficiency of an electrical appliance from power or energy data. Calculate the amount of energy used by a mains appliances (in kwh) Calculate the cost of the electricity used. Compare appliances or techniques to find out which is most cost effective based on running costs and capital costs Draw and interpret Sankey diagrams Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the efficiency equation. (HT only) Perform calculations involving the rearrangement of the equation. (HT only) Carry out rearrangement of the appropriate equations. (HT only) Take into account other cost factors such as environmental impact in their assessments. P1 Evolving Secure Proficient Expert

4 Fuel for electricity Energy from wind and water Power from the Sun and the Earth Energy and the environment The National Grid Big energy issues Name fossil fuels State that fossil fuels can be used to produce electricity Understand that other fuels (e.g. biofuel) can also be used to generate electricity in a similar way Describe how wind turbines can be used to generate electricity State that water can be used to generate electricity in a variety of ways List a few the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods of electricity generation. Describe how a solar panel works Describe how a solar cell can be used to produce electricity how geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity List a few the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods of electricity generation State simply how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe that the National Grid is used to distribute electricity around the country Understand that there some factors that need to considered when deciding on how to meet future energy needs. Describe how a fossil fuel based power station operates Describe the similarities and differences between different power stations. Describe how the different ways in which the flow of water can generate electricity List the majority of advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Describe the difference between a solar cell and a solar panel Understand how solar cells can be used to generate electricity at high cost and in relatively small amounts Describe the different ways in which geothermal energy can generate electricity List the majority of advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Explain how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe the ways in which using renewable energy resources affect the environment. Explain the potential hazards associated with the use of nuclear waste. Explain the advantages of providing electricity via a National Grid Describe the role of pylons, cables and transformers in the National Grid Understand that there are a range of factors that need to considered when deciding on how to meet future energy needs. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power in comparison with fossil fuels. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Explain the issues relating to nuclear power and renewable energy sources. Explain why transformers are used to increase and decrease the voltage of alternating current. How we utilise our electricity supplies to meet our demands Explain why electricity is transferred at very high voltage. Evaluate the possible resources and come to a conclusion about which are viable

5 The nature of waves State the two types of wave and give examples Describe the advantages and disadvantages of producing electricity by different techniques Describe that waves transfer energy from one point to another without the transfer of matter give examples of mechanical and electromagnetic waves give examples of longitudinal waves and transverse waves and describe the differences between them. options for generation of electricity in the future. Explain in detail the motion of particles in longitudinal and transverse mechanical waves. P1 Measuring waves Wave properties: reflection Wave properties: refraction. Wave properties: Evolving Draw a simple wave Label a diagram of a wave to show the wavelength and amplitude Describe waves by their wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed State simply what reflection is Know that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal for plane mirrors Identify what the normal is in a ray diagram Know that refraction is the changing of direction of a wave at an interface between different materials Know that diffraction is the spreading effect of waves Secure Proficient Expert Calculate the wave speed when given the frequency and speed. Draw a diagram showing reflection which shows the angle of incidence, the angle of reflection and the normal Know that the angle of incidence is the angle between the normal and the incident ray of light that the angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal Explain that the image in a mirror is virtual Draw diagrams showing how light is refracted when entering and leaving a transparent substance. Know that a prism disperses white light into a spectrum because each frequency is refracted by a different amount. Draw a diagram showing how waves diffract when they pass Apply the wave speed equation in a range of situations including rearrangement of the equation. (HT only) Draw a diagram to show the formation of the image of a point object in a plane mirror. Explain why refraction takes place Draw a diagram showing the refraction of light by a prism and explain the process that causes this effect. Understand that the diffraction Describe the factors that affect the amount

6 diffraction Sound Musical sound The electromagnetic spectrum Light, infrared, microwave and radio waves Describe how sound travels State a few electromagnetic waves State the names of the electromagnetic spectrum State the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength List a few ways in which infrared, microwaves and radio waves are used in communication systems. through gaps Know that diffraction is the spreading effect of waves produced when they pass through a gap or past an obstacle State the range of hearing for a typical human Describe the properties of a sound wave, including its longitudinal nature Understand that sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel through and so cannot pass through a vacuum (space) Describe the properties of a sound wave in terms of frequency and amplitude. State that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through a vacuum. List several uses of infrared, microwaves and radio waves in communication. effect is greatest when the waves are of a similar size to the gaps Describe the behaviour of a sound wave, including reflection and refraction. Explain how sound is produced by different types of musical instruments and compare the sounds they produce, including pitch and loudness. Rearrange and use the wave speed equation. of diffraction that takes place Rearrange and use the wave speed equation (including standard form) Explain how infrared, microwaves and radio waves are used in communication. P1 Communications Evolving Understand that microwaves and short wave radio waves are used in mobile phone networks and that satellite TV signals are carried by microwaves Secure Proficient Expert Draw a diagram to show how light or infrared waves travel along an optical fibre. Understand how the atmosphere affects the range that different Explain how optical fibres can be used to carry waves, allowing them to be

7 The expanding universe The Big Bang Understand that the universe is a vast collection of billions of galaxies each containing billions of stars State that the universe is expanding State that the universe is thought to have begun in an awesome event called the Big Bang Understand that the expansion of the universe supports the Big Bang theory waves can travel Describe why the light from distant galaxies is shifted in wavelength Describe that the evidence gained from red shift analysis shows that the universe is expanding. Describe the evidence for the expansion of the universe and how it supports the Big Bang theory State the evidence that the cosmic microwave background radiation is a primary piece of evidence for this conclusion. contained and travel around bends due to total internal reflection. Explain that redshift evidence shows that the universe is expanding. Explain the evidence that the cosmic microwave background radiation is a primary piece of evidence for this conclusion. Explain that the velocity of distant galaxies can be measured by analysis of the red shift of light from those galaxies Describe limitations in the Big Bang theory.

8 P2 Distance Time Graphs Know how to interpret the gradient of a distance time graph Know how to calculate the speed of an object using the speed formula. Know how to use a distance time graph to compare the speeds of different objects Physics Unit P2 Evolving Secure Proficient Expert State that the gradient of a distance time graph represents the speed. Use the speed formula to calculate the average speed of an object. Re arrange and use the speed formula. How to interpret the gradient of a distance time graph. Compare the speed of different object using the gradient of a distance time graph. Re arrange and use the speed formula Velocity and acceleration Know that velocity is the speed in a particular direction. State that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity Explain the difference between the velocity of an object and the speed. Calculate the acceleration of an object using the acceleration equation Rearrange and use the acceleration equation More about velocity time graphs Be able to use velocity time graphs to compare accelerations. Describe the acceleration of an object from a velocity time graph. Explain how data logging equipment can be used to measure the velocity of an object. How to interpret the gradient of a velocitytime graph. How to calculate the distance travelled by an object from the area under a velocity time graph. (HT only) Use velocity time graphs to compare distance travelled. (HT only) Using graphs Know how to calculate the speed from a distance time graph (HT only) How to calculate the speed from a distancetime graph (HT only) How to calculate the acceleration of an object from a velocity time graph (HT only) Calculate the gradient of a distance time How to calculate the distance travelled from a velocitytime graph (HT only) Find the area under a velocity time graph for constant velocity and use this to calculate the distance travelled by an object (HT only)

9 graph and relate this to the speed of an object Calculate the gradient of a velocity time graph and hence the acceleration. Find the area under a velocity time graph for constant acceleration and use this to calculate the distance travelled by an object (HT only) P2 Forces between objects Identify the unit of force as the newton(n) Know that forces between objects are equal and opposite. Know that friction is a contact force between surfaces Evolving Secure Proficient Expert State the unit of force and that forces occur in equal and opposite pairs Describe how frictional forces act between objects. Explain examples of equal and opposite forces acting when two objects interact. Resultant forces Describe how the resultant force will affect the movement of the object. Know that a zero resultant force does not cause acceleration. Be able to find the resultant force on an object. Find the resultant force acting on an object when there are two forces acting in the same direction or in opposite directions. Describe examples where an object acted on by two forces is at rest or in uniform motion Explain examples where the motion of an object acted on by two forces along the same line is changes by the acting of the forces. That a non zero resultant force causes acceleration Force and acceleration Know how to use the equation F = ma to determine the acceleration of an object. Calculate the force required to produce a given acceleration of an object of known mass. State that objects of larger mass require greater forces to produce a given acceleration. The relationship between the resultant force on an object and its acceleration. Re arrange and use the equation F = ma. Determine the direction of the

10 acceleration of an object On the road List and describe the factors that affect the stopping distance of a vehicle. Know about the factors that affect the braking distance of moving vehicles. That the resultant force on a vehicle travelling at constant velocity is zero. About the factors that affect the thinking distance of vehicles. Use a chart to find the stopping distance, the braking distance and the thinking distance at a given speed. Explain which are the most important factors for cars moving at a range of speeds. Differentiate between factors that affect the thinking distance, braking distance or both distances. P2 Falling objects State difference between mass and weight. Calculate the weight of an object of a given mass. Evolving Secure Proficient Expert The mass of the object is a constant value whereas the weight depends on the strength of the gravitational field it is in. Explain the difference between mass and weight Describe the forces acting on an object falling through a fluid such as air or water, and how these forces affect the acceleration of the object. Describe how the velocity of an object released from the rest in a fluid changes as it falls Explain why an object reaches a terminal velocity Explain the motion of an object released from the rest falling through a fluid including how the acceleration decreases and becomes zero at terminal velocity Explain why an object falling through a fluid accelerates until it reaches its terminal velocity. Stretching and squashing Know that the extension of an object is the change in length due to a force being applied. Calculate the force required to extend a spring of known spring constant The spring constant is the force per unit extension needed to extend the spring. Describe how a spring extends in terms of the force acting on it and Hooke s Law Use the spring constant and load to calculate the extension of a spring. The extension of a spring is proportional to the force applied to it up to the spring s limit of proportionality

11 Force and speed issues Know that an average speed camera calculates the average speed of a vehicle using timing and distance information That fuel use can be reduced by a range of measures including reducing average speed.. How to judge the effectiveness of anti skid surfaces Discuss a range of speed and travel related issues linking their discussions to scientific knowledge and undertanding Energy and work State that the work done is the amount of energy transferred. That the term work means the amount of energy transferred to an object. That when a force is used to move an object, work is done against friction and this is transferred as heat. Calculate the work done when a force moves an object through a distance. Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the work done equation Gravitation al potential energy Know that the gravitational potential energy of an object depends on its weight and height. State that the gravitational potential energy of an object depends on its weight and height above the ground How to calculate gravitational potential energy from the appropriate equation. Calculate changes in gravitational potential energy. Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the gravitational potential energy equation. P2 Kinetic energy That kinetic energy is the energy a moving object has. That the kinetic energy of an object increases when the object is travelling faster or is more massive. Evolving Secure Proficient Expert How to calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object. Explain how the kinetic energy of an object depends on the speed and mass of the object. Perform calculations using the kinetic energy equation. Describe situations where elastic potential energy is stored Perform calculations using the kinetic energy equation including those that involve rearrangement of the equation. That elastic potential energy is energy stored in an object when work is done to change the shape of the object. Momentum Know that the momentum of an That momentum is conserved in any collision providing State that Apply and

12 object is the product of the mass and velocity of the object. Know that the unit of momentum is the kilogram metre/second (kg m/s) no external forces act on the colliding objects. the colliding bodies) Calculate the momentum of an object of known mass and velocity. momentum is conserved in any collision in a closed system (one where no external forces act on the colliding bodies) rearrange the appropriate equations to two bodies that collide in a straight line. Explosions Know that momentum has size and direction, and the direction of travel is important in collisions. State that the total momentum before and after an explosion is the same provided no external forces act. That there is no change in momentum in an explosion (momentum is always conserved). Describe how the launching of a bullet causes recoil. Explain that momentum is conserved in all interactions that do not include external forces. Apply the conservation of momentum to perform calculations where an explosion occurs causing two objects to recoil from each other. Car safety Describe the safety features of a modern car and their effects. Know that energy can be absorbed by distorting material during impacts. That seat belts and air bags reduce the force of an impact by extending the duration of the impact. Describe how a safety feature works in relation to reducing the forces of impacts by extending the duration of the impact. Describe how road traffic accidents can be investigated using the evidence from the scene. That detailed calculation of damage can be used to assess the speed of a collision Electrical Charges State that when charged objects are brought together, like charges repel and unlike charges attract Explain that when insulating materials are rubbed together, charge can be transferred from one to the other Describe that objects become electrically charged when electrons move from one material to the other. Know that electrical circuits are drawn using standard symbols Recognise the difference between a cell and a battery Electric Circuits Identify the symbols used to represent common circuit components Recognise that the size of an electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge and carry out calculations Use, and be able to re arrange, the equation Q = It

13 P2 Resistance More currentpotential difference graphs Identify what is meant by potential difference Describe potential difference in terms of work done Know that the resistance of a filament bulb increases as the temperature rises. Draw the I V characteristic for a filament bulb Evolving Secure Proficient Expert Identify what is meant by resistance and give its unit Use the equation V=IR State how the resistance of a diode depends on the pd applied across it. Draw the I V characteristic for a diode and label it with relevant values for pd State Ohm s Law and use it to analyse what happens when current is reversed in a resistor How the resistance of a thermistor decreases when its temperature increases. How the resistance of an LDR decreases when the light level increases Series circuits Know that in a series circuit the same current passes through all components Know that cells in series add their potentials to give the total voltage Know that the pd of the voltage supply is shared across the components in a series circuit Know that the total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the component resistances Parallel circuits Know that the potential difference across components in parallel is the same Show that the total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the currents in the individual branches Use Ohm s law to be able to calculate the current through a resistor in a parallel circuit Alternating current That direct current involves the flow of electrons in one direction and can be provided by cells or batteries That alternating current involves the rapid change in direction of the current. That UK mains electricity is alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz Identify that the live wire is alternating and the neutral wire is held at zero Measure the period and frequency of an ac source using an oscilloscope or diagrams of oscilloscope traces Use the relationship f =1/T Cables and plugs Identify that sockets and plugs are made Identify that mains cable will either be Identify, in three core wire,that the live wire is BROWN, the neutral wire Describe the purpose of the earth pin Describe why there are different thicknesses of wire, depending on the purpose and current requirements

14 Fuses Electrical power and potential difference from insulating materials Identify that a fuse contains a thin piece of wire that heats and melts if current is too high two or three core Understand that a fuse is always fitted in series with the live wire Describe the relationship between power and energy is BLUE and the earth wire is GREEN and YELLOW Describe the operation of a circuit breaker Evaluate the advantages of circuit breakers over fuses Use and re arrange the equation P = IV Explain the term double insulated Explain how an RCCB operates in terms of current in the live and neutral wires Use P= IV to select the correct fuse for an appliance P2 Electrical energy and charge Observing nuclear radiation The discovery of the nucleus Nuclear reactions More about alpha, beta and gamma radiation Describe current as the rate of flow of charge Use the equation Q = It State that a radioactive substance becomes stable by emitting radiation Describe what Rutherford s results meant about the previous model of an atom Identify an element in terms of protons and neutrons Compare the relative sizes and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons Compare the range in air of Alpha, Beta and Gamma State the absorption materials for each Evolving Secure Proficient Expert Describe the effect of charge flowing through a resistor Recall the three main types of radiation State the three deductions of Rutherford s experiments State and explain what is meant by isotope Show that alpha and beta (but not gamma) are affected by electric and magnetic fields Half life State the definition of half life Evaluate the half life of a material from data Use the equation E = QV Describe the energy transfers that are taking place and show an understanding that energy from the battery equals energy transferred to components State that decay is a random event Identify some sources of background radiation Discuss why Rutherford s model was widely accepted Produce balanced nuclear equations for both alpha and beta decay Show that mass and atomic number are unaffected with gamma decay Describe the process of ionisation Determine which form of radiation is the most ionising

15 Radioactivity at work Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear issues The early universe The life history of a star How the chemical elements formed Identify uses for three forms of radiation Identify that fission is the splitting of a nucleus Identify that fusion is the joining of two nuclei Identify which isotopes are used as fuel in nuclear reactors Identify the steps of fusion that occur in the Sun Identify sources of background radiation Evaluate which type of source is suitable in terms of its half life and what it is stopped by Show that the products of fission go on to split another nucleus State how this chain reaction can be controlled Discuss the problems of fusion reactors on Earth Discuss the dangers of radioactivity inside and outside the body State the definition of a galaxy Identify the forces that act to create stars and galaxies List the steps in the life cycle of a star State that elements up to iron are formed from the collapse of a star Discuss why dating requires a sample that contains an isotope that has a half life similar to the age of the sample Discuss the purpose of both a moderator and coolant in a reactor Discusss the structure of a reactor in terms of safety Evaluate the possibility of fusion reactors being readily available in the future Evalaute the safety of nuclear power stations and discuss how employees can be kept safe Compare the difference in life cycle fo a star similar in size to the Sun and a star that is more massive than the Sun Discuss how elements heavier than iron are formed

16 P3 Evolving Secure Proficient Expert X Rays Identify uses of X Rays State the effect of X rays on living tissue Describe the difference in absorption of X rays (bone and soft tissue) Describe the operation of a CT scan Give advantages and disadvantages of CT scan Ultrasound Refractive Index The Endoscope Lenses Identify two types of lenses State the frequency of ultrasound Define refraction State uses and advantages of an endoscope Define focal length Identify uses of ultrasound in medicine Define refractive index Define critical angle Evaluate the advantages and disadvantage s compared to X rays Discuss refraction in terms of wave speed Link critical angle to total internal reflection Define the terms, real, virtual, magnified, inverted in relation to images State what happens to ultrasound at a boundary Use Snell s law to calculate values Use wave speed formula to analyse oscilloscope traces Analyse the movement of light to and from normal line Use formula to link critical angle and refractive index Give values for magnification using equation Using lenses The eye Construct simple ray diagrams Identify six essential parts of the eye State the function of each part Produce information of image position depending on object position Describe how the eye focusses on objects at different distances Compare cameras and magnifying glasses in terms of the images they produce Construct ray diagrams of light passing through the eye Use equation to calculate the power of a lens

17 More about the eye Identify two sight common sight defects Describe the effect that each defect has on image formation Moments State the definition of a moment Suggest corrections that can be made using lenses Use the equation to calculate the size of a moment Compare the eye and camera Investigate the turning effect of a force practically Suggest why lens can be made flatter and thinner Show that to increase the moment, either F or d can be increased P3 Evolving Secure Proficient Expert Centre of Mass State the definition of the centre of mass Investigate the centre of mass practically for both regular and irregular shapes Suggest where centre of mass would be for unusually shaped objects, e.g boomerang Moments in balance Stability Hydraulics State the principle of moments Define stability in terms of centre of mass Define pressure in terms of force and area Suggest possible units for pressure Use the equation to evaluate unknown quantities Investigate stability practically and make predictions State that the pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directions Investigate the weight of an unknown object by using principle of moments Suggest ideas to make objects more stable Identify systems where hydraulics are used Discuss stability in terms of resultant moments Evaluate hydraulic systems as force multipliers

18 Circular motion The pendulum Electromagn ets The motor effect Electromagn etic Induction Transformers Transformers in action Identify the period as being one complete oscillation State the rules for like and unlike magnetic poles State what the motor effect is Identify where transformers are used Identify and define centripetal force Suggest facors that can alter the magnitude of the centripetal force Relate time period of pendulum to length of pendulum Use the equation f=1/t Investigate practically the factors that affect an electromagnet Suggest improvements to the electromagnet Using Flemings LH rule, evaluate either direction of field, current or force State what is meant by electromagnetic induction State the purpose of a transformer Identify whether transformers are step up or down Suggest why transformers step up the voltage in terms of efficiency Use the transformer equation to calculate unknown values Suggest why an object in circular motion is accelerating when moving at constant speed Investigate practically the time period of a pendulum Suggest, in terms of energy transfers, why a swing will stop oscillating Identify three uses of electromagnets and explain each step of operation Determine how an electric motor works Identify how to increase the size of the force Understand that a pd is produced when a conductor moves in a magnetic field Show that transformers only work with ac and not with dc Suggest why core is iron Identify the differences of a switch mode transformer Evaluate 100% efficient transformers in terms of power in the primary and secondary coils

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