Testing Series with Mixed Terms
|
|
- Dorothy Kelley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Testing Series with Mixed Terms Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 1 / 17
2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence 3 Alternating Series 4 The Ratio and Root Tests 5 Conclusion Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 2 / 17
3 Introduction Except for geometric series, the tests we have developed so far only applied to series with positive terms. How do we handle series with mixed terms? From today on, unless stated otherwise, series will have mixed terms. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 3 / 17
4 Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence Given a series Σa n = a 1 + a 2 + a , consider the series of absolute values: Σ a n = a 1 + a 2 + a Which one is more likely to converge, why, what approach to testing series with mixed terms does it suggest? Remark Obviously, if a n is a series of positive terms, then a n = a n. We will use this obvious fact below. In working with absolute values, it is important to remember some of its properties we list here for convenience. Let a, b and c denote real numbers and n a positive integer. Then: ab = a b a n = a n a < c c < a < c a = a b b If a 0 then a = a If a < 0 then a = a Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 4 / 17
5 Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence What is a n if a n = ( 1)n n! Definition (Absolute Convergence) and if a n = ( 1)n x n? n! A series a n is said to be absolutely convergent if the series of absolute values ( a n = a 1 + a 2 + a ) is convergent. Definition (Conditional Convergence)) A series a n is said to be conditionally convergent if it converges but the series of absolute values ( a n ) diverges. Theorem If a series converges absolutely, then it also converges in other words if Σ a n converges then Σa n also converges. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 5 / 17
6 Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence Remark Let us make a few remarks: 1 It now seems that we have two types of convergence? What is the difference? 2 Both types of convergence imply that the series (infinite sum) exists and is finite. In fact, for this class, you will not use the extra properties that absolute convergence has. 3 For a series of positive terms, both notions are the same. 4 The theorem provides a way to study the convergence of series with mixed terms. If we have to study the convergence of Σa n. We can look at Σ a n. If it converges, then it means that Σa n converges absolutely and thus converges. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 6 / 17
7 If looking Philippe B. at Laval the (KSU) series of absolute Series with values Mixed Terms does not provide an answer, Today we7 / 17 Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence ( 1) n 1 Is n divergent? ( 1) n 1 Is divergent? n 2 absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or ( 1) n 3n Is 4n 1 divergent? absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or
8 Alternating Series Definition (Alternating Series) An alternating series is a series whose terms are alternatively positive and negative. We usually write an alternating series as ( 1) n 1 b n = b 1 b 2 + b 3 b 4...or ( 1) n b n = b 1 + b 2 b 3...where b n > is an alternating series is an alternating series. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 8 / 17
9 Alternating Series Theorem (Alternating Series Test) If ( 1) n 1 b n, where b n > 0 satisfies: 1 b n+1 b n for all n from some point on, and 2 lim n b n = 0 then the series is convergent. Determine if the alternating ( 1) n 1 harmonic series n converges. Determine if converges. ( 1) n 3n 4n 1 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 9 / 17
10 Alternating Series Theorem (Approximating Alternating Series) If S = ( 1) n 1 b n and b n satisfies the conditions of the alternating series test, then R n = S S n b n+1 In other words, the error by approximating the sum of a convergent alternating series by the sum of the first n terms is no greater than the n + 1 term. ( 1) n 1 Find the sum of n! with an error less than.001. The next two tests are extremely important, especially the first one. It is the most widely used test. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 10 / 17
11 The Ratio and Root Tests Theorem (Ratio Test) Let a n be a series of non-zero terms and suppose that L = lim a n+1 n a n exists or is infinite then: 1 If L < 1, a n converges absolutely 2 If L > 1, a n diverges 3 If L = 1, the test provides no conclusion. Remark The ratio test works best with series which involve factorials and other products. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 11 / 17
12 The Ratio and Root Tests Theorem (Root Test) Let a n be a series and suppose that L = lim then: 1 If L < 1, a n converges absolutely 2 If L > 1, a n diverges 3 If L = 1, the test provides no conclusion. n n an exists or is infinite Remark If L = 1 in the ratio test, do not try the root test, L will also be 1. Remark The root test works with series whose general term is a power of n. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 12 / 17
13 The Ratio and Root Tests ( 1) n n 3 Test 3 n. 2 n Test n! 1 Test (ln n) n. n=2 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 13 / 17
14 The Ratio and Root Tests Find x so that Find x so that Find x so that n=0 x n n! converges. 2 n x n converges. n=0 ( 1) n (x 1) n converges. n Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 14 / 17
15 Conclusion When testing a series, proceed in the following order. 1 If the series is a known series you know exactly what to do. 2 Use the test for divergence. If lim a n 0, then a n will diverge. n 3 If the series is an alternating series, use the alternating series test. 4 For other series with negative terms look at the series of absolute values. If it converges, the original series also will. 5 Series which involve factorials and other products (but not rational functions in n) should be tested with the ratio test. 6 Series for which the general term is a power of n (but not rational functions in n) should be tested with the root test. 7 Series with positive terms, similar to a p-series or a geometric series should be compared to a p-series or a geometric series. 8 Series for which the general term is a function which can be easily integrated should be tested with the integral test. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 15 / 17 i=1
16 Practice Using the outline above, decide which test you would use on the given series. If they are known series, identify them. 2 n n n n=0 n=2 n=2 4 n+1 5 n 1 n ln n 2n + 1 3n n 2 1 ( 1) n n n n=2 ( 3) n n 3 n (2n)! ( 1) n 1 1 n + 4 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 16 / 17
17 Exercises See the problems at the end of my notes on series with mixed terms. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Series with Mixed Terms Today 17 / 17
Testing Series With Mixed Terms
Testing Series With Mixed Terms Philippe B. Laval Series with Mixed Terms 1. Introduction 2. Absolute v.s. Conditional Convergence 3. Alternating Series 4. The Ratio and Root Tests 5. Conclusion 1 Introduction
More informationRepresentation of Functions as Power Series
Representation of Functions as Power Series Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Functions as Power Series Today / Introduction In this section and the next, we develop several techniques
More informationConsequences of the Completeness Property
Consequences of the Completeness Property Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Consequences of the Completeness Property Today 1 / 10 Introduction In this section, we use the fact that R
More informationIntroduction to Vector Functions
Introduction to Vector Functions Limits and Continuity Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Vector Functions Today 1 / 14 Introduction Until now, the functions we studied took a real number
More informationFunctions of Several Variables: Limits and Continuity
Functions of Several Variables: Limits and Continuity Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Limits and Continuity Today 1 / 24 Introduction We extend the notion of its studied in Calculus
More informationPower Series. Part 1. J. Gonzalez-Zugasti, University of Massachusetts - Lowell
Power Series Part 1 1 Power Series Suppose x is a variable and c k & a are constants. A power series about x = 0 is c k x k A power series about x = a is c k x a k a = center of the power series c k =
More informationSequences: Limit Theorems
Sequences: Limit Theorems Limit Theorems Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Limit Theorems Today 1 / 20 Introduction These limit theorems fall in two categories. 1 The first category deals
More informationIntroduction to Vector Functions
Introduction to Vector Functions Differentiation and Integration Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Vector Functions Today 1 / 14 Introduction In this section, we study the differentiation
More informationReview of Functions. Functions. Philippe B. Laval. Current Semester KSU. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Functions Current Semester 1 / 12
Review of Functions Functions Philippe B. Laval KSU Current Semester Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Functions Current Semester 1 / 12 Introduction Students are expected to know the following concepts about functions:
More informationThe Laplace Transform
The Laplace Transform Laplace Transform Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Definition of the Laplace Transform Today 1 / 16 Outline General idea behind the Laplace transform and other
More informationThe Laplace Transform
The Laplace Transform Inverse of the Laplace Transform Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Inverse of the Laplace Transform Today 1 / 12 Outline Introduction Inverse of the Laplace Transform
More informationModule 9 : Infinite Series, Tests of Convergence, Absolute and Conditional Convergence, Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Module 9 : Infinite Series, Tests of Convergence, Absolute and Conditional Convergence, Taylor and Maclaurin Series Lecture 26 : Absolute convergence [Section 261] Objectives In this section you will learn
More informationIntegration Using Tables and Summary of Techniques
Integration Using Tables and Summary of Techniques Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Summary Today 1 / 13 Introduction We wrap up integration techniques by discussing the following topics:
More informationDifferentiation - Quick Review From Calculus
Differentiation - Quick Review From Calculus Philippe B. Laval KSU Current Semester Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Differentiation - Quick Review From Calculus Current Semester 1 / 13 Introduction In this section,
More information16.4. Power Series. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Power Series 6.4 Introduction In this Section we consider power series. These are examples of infinite series where each term contains a variable, x, raised to a positive integer power. We use the ratio
More informationDifferentiation - Important Theorems
Differentiation - Important Theorems Philippe B Laval KSU Spring 2012 Philippe B Laval (KSU) Differentiation - Important Theorems Spring 2012 1 / 10 Introduction We study several important theorems related
More informationFunctions of Several Variables
Functions of Several Variables Partial Derivatives Philippe B Laval KSU March 21, 2012 Philippe B Laval (KSU) Functions of Several Variables March 21, 2012 1 / 19 Introduction In this section we extend
More informationArc Length. Philippe B. Laval. Today KSU. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Arc Length Today 1 / 12
Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Arc Length Today 1 / 12 Introduction In this section, we discuss the notion of curve in greater detail and introduce the very important notion of arc
More informationChapter 10. Infinite Sequences and Series
10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 1 Chapter 10. Infinite Sequences and Series 10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence Note. The convergence tests investigated
More informationDifferentiation and Integration of Fourier Series
Differentiation and Integration of Fourier Series Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Fourier Series Today 1 / 12 Introduction When doing manipulations with infinite sums, we must remember
More information10.1 Sequences. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers: a 1, a 2, a 3,..., a n, a n+1,... Each of the numbers is called a term of the sequence.
10.1 Sequences A sequence is an ordered list of numbers: a 1, a 2, a 3,..., a n, a n+1,... Each of the numbers is called a term of the sequence. Notation: A sequence {a 1, a 2, a 3,...} can be denoted
More informationAbsolute Convergence and the Ratio & Root Tests
Absolute Convergence and the Ratio & Root Tests Math114 Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky February 20, 2017 Math114 Lecture 15 1/ 12 ( 1) n 1 = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + Math114 Lecture 15 2/ 12
More information16.2. Infinite Series. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Infinite Series 6.2 Introduction We extend the concet of a finite series, met in Section 6., to the situation in which the number of terms increase without bound. We define what is meant by an infinite
More informationFunctions of Several Variables
Functions of Several Variables Extreme Values Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Extreme Values Today 1 / 18 Introduction In Calculus I (differential calculus for functions of one variable),
More informationAbsolute Convergence and the Ratio Test
Absolute Convergence and the Ratio Test MATH 211, Calculus II J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2018 Bacground Remar: All previously covered tests for convergence/divergence apply only
More informationIntroduction to Vector Functions
Introduction to Vector Functions Limits and Continuity Philippe B Laval KSU Spring 2012 Philippe B Laval (KSU) Introduction to Vector Functions Spring 2012 1 / 14 Introduction In this section, we study
More informationAn Outline of Some Basic Theorems on Infinite Series
An Outline of Some Basic Theorems on Infinite Series I. Introduction In class, we will be discussing the fact that well-behaved functions can be expressed as infinite sums or infinite polynomials. For
More informationRelationship Between Integration and Differentiation
Relationship Between Integration and Differentiation Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) FTC Today 1 / 16 Introduction In the previous sections we defined
More information10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence
10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence The Theorem Theorem The series converges if: n=1 1 The u n s are all positive 2 u n u n+1 n N, N Z 3 u n 0 ( 1) k+1 u n = u 1 u 2 + u 3 First
More informationLimit of a Function Philippe B. Laval
Limit of a Function Philippe B. Laval Limit of a Function 2 1 Limit of a Function 1.1 Definitions and Elementary Theorems Unlike for sequences, there are many possibilities for the limit of a function.
More informationBecause of the special form of an alternating series, there is an simple way to determine that many such series converge:
Section.5 Absolute and Conditional Convergence Another special type of series that we will consider is an alternating series. A series is alternating if the sign of the terms alternates between positive
More informationReview of Power Series
Review of Power Series MATH 365 Ordinary Differential Equations J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Fall 2018 Introduction In addition to the techniques we have studied so far, we may use power
More informationFunctions of Several Variables
Functions of Several Variables Extreme Values Philippe B Laval KSU April 9, 2012 Philippe B Laval (KSU) Functions of Several Variables April 9, 2012 1 / 13 Introduction In Calculus I (differential calculus
More information3. Infinite Series. The Sum of a Series. A series is an infinite sum of numbers:
3. Infinite Series A series is an infinite sum of numbers: The individual numbers are called the terms of the series. In the above series, the first term is, the second term is, and so on. The th term
More informationThe Cross Product. Philippe B. Laval. Spring 2012 KSU. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) The Cross Product Spring /
The Cross Product Philippe B Laval KSU Spring 2012 Philippe B Laval (KSU) The Cross Product Spring 2012 1 / 15 Introduction The cross product is the second multiplication operation between vectors we will
More information16.2. Infinite Series. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Infinite Series 6. Introduction We extend the concet of a finite series, met in section, to the situation in which the number of terms increase without bound. We define what is meant by an infinite series
More informationInfinite Series - Section Can you add up an infinite number of values and get a finite sum? Yes! Here is a familiar example:
Infinite Series - Section 10.2 Can you add up an infinite number of values and get a finite sum? Yes! Here is a familiar example: 1 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 03 0. 003 0. 0003 Ifa n is an infinite sequence, then
More informationAbsolute Convergence and the Ratio Test
Absolute Convergence and the Ratio Test MATH 211, Calculus II J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2018 Bacground Remar: All previously covered tests for convergence/divergence apply only
More informationFirst Order Differential Equations
First Order Differential Equations Linear Equations Philippe B. Laval KSU Philippe B. Laval (KSU) 1st Order Linear Equations 1 / 11 Introduction We are still looking at 1st order equations. In today s
More informationReview (11.1) 1. A sequence is an infinite list of numbers {a n } n=1 = a 1, a 2, a 3, The sequence is said to converge if lim
Announcements: Note that we have taking the sections of Chapter, out of order, doing section. first, and then the rest. Section. is motivation for the rest of the chapter. Do the homework questions from
More informationThe integral test and estimates of sums
The integral test Suppose f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function on [, ) and let a n = f (n). Then the series n= a n is convergent if and only if the improper integral f (x)dx is convergent.
More informationInfinite Series Summary
Infinite Series Summary () Special series to remember: Geometric series ar n Here a is the first term and r is the common ratio. When r
More informationMATH115. Infinite Series. Paolo Lorenzo Bautista. July 17, De La Salle University. PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 July 17, / 43
MATH115 Infinite Series Paolo Lorenzo Bautista De La Salle University July 17, 2014 PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 July 17, 2014 1 / 43 Infinite Series Definition If {u n } is a sequence and s n = u 1 + u 2
More informationAssignment 4. u n+1 n(n + 1) i(i + 1) = n n (n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 2) + 1 = (n + 1)(n + 2) 2 n + 1. u n (n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1) = n
Assignment 4 Arfken 5..2 We have the sum Note that the first 4 partial sums are n n(n + ) s 2, s 2 2 3, s 3 3 4, s 4 4 5 so we guess that s n n/(n + ). Proving this by induction, we see it is true for
More informationLagrange s Theorem. Philippe B. Laval. Current Semester KSU. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Lagrange s Theorem Current Semester 1 / 10
Lagrange s Theorem Philippe B. Laval KSU Current Semester Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Lagrange s Theorem Current Semester 1 / 10 Introduction In this chapter, we develop new tools which will allow us to extend
More informationMath Absolute Convergence, Ratio Test, Root Test
Math 114 - Absolute Convergence, Ratio Test, Root Test Peter A. Perry University of Kentucky February 20, 2017 Bill of Fare 1. Review and Recap 2. Dirichlet s Dilemma 3. Absolute Convergence 4. Ratio Test
More informationSolutions to Homework 2
Solutions to Homewor Due Tuesday, July 6,. Chapter. Problem solution. If the series for ln+z and ln z both converge, +z then we can find the series for ln z by term-by-term subtraction of the two series:
More informationSECTION 9.2: ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES and PARTIAL SUMS
(Chapter 9: Discrete Math) 9.11 SECTION 9.2: ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES and PARTIAL SUMS PART A: WHAT IS AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE? The following appears to be an example of an arithmetic (stress on the me ) sequence:
More informationRatio Test Recall that every convergent series X a k either
Ratio Test Recall that every convergent series X a either X converges absolutely a converges, thus so does X a,or X converges conditionally a converges, but X a does not We will loo at two tests (Rato
More informationIntegration. Darboux Sums. Philippe B. Laval. Today KSU. Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Darboux Sums Today 1 / 13
Integration Darboux Sums Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Darboux Sums Today 1 / 13 Introduction The modern approach to integration is due to Cauchy. He was the first to construct a
More informationConsequences of Orthogonality
Consequences of Orthogonality Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Consequences of Orthogonality Today 1 / 23 Introduction The three kind of examples we did above involved Dirichlet, Neumann
More information8.1 Sequences. Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1.
8. Sequences Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = Examples: 6. Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence, assuming
More information16.4. Power Series. Introduction. Prerequisites. Learning Outcomes
Power Series 6.4 Introduction In this section we consider power series. These are examples of infinite series where each term contains a variable, x, raised to a positive integer power. We use the ratio
More informationMATH115. Sequences and Infinite Series. Paolo Lorenzo Bautista. June 29, De La Salle University. PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 June 29, / 16
MATH115 Sequences and Infinite Series Paolo Lorenzo Bautista De La Salle University June 29, 2014 PLBautista (DLSU) MATH115 June 29, 2014 1 / 16 Definition A sequence function is a function whose domain
More information11.6: Ratio and Root Tests Page 1. absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent, or divergent?
.6: Ratio and Root Tests Page Questions ( 3) n n 3 ( 3) n ( ) n 5 + n ( ) n e n ( ) n+ n2 2 n Example Show that ( ) n n ln n ( n 2 ) n + 2n 2 + converges for all x. Deduce that = 0 for all x. Solutions
More informationSequence. A list of numbers written in a definite order.
Sequence A list of numbers written in a definite order. Terms of a Sequence a n = 2 n 2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2 n, 2, 4, 8, 16, 2 n We are going to be mainly concerned with infinite sequences. This means we
More informationMath 126 Enhanced 10.3 Series with positive terms The University of Kansas 1 / 12
Section 10.3 Convergence of series with positive terms 1. Integral test 2. Error estimates for the integral test 3. Comparison test 4. Limit comparison test (LCT) Math 126 Enhanced 10.3 Series with positive
More informationAlternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence Á + s -1dn Á + s -1dn 4
.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 787.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence A series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is an alternating
More informationMATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B CALCULUS. Section 4: - Convergence of Series.
MATH 23 MATHEMATICS B CALCULUS. Section 4: - Convergence of Series. The objective of this section is to get acquainted with the theory and application of series. By the end of this section students will
More informationSolved problems: (Power) series 1. Sum up the series (if it converges) 3 k+1 a) 2 2k+5 ; b) 1. k(k + 1).
Power series: Solved problems c phabala 00 3 Solved problems: Power series. Sum up the series if it converges 3 + a +5 ; b +.. Investigate convergence of the series a e ; c ; b 3 +! ; d a, where a 3. Investigate
More informationMultiple Integrals. Introduction and Double Integrals Over Rectangular Regions. Philippe B. Laval KSU. Today
Multiple Integrals Introduction and Double Integrals Over Rectangular Regions Philippe B. Laval KSU Today Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Double Integrals Today 1 / 21 Introduction In this section we define multiple
More informationThe Derivative of a Function Measuring Rates of Change of a function. Secant line. f(x) f(x 0 ) Average rate of change of with respect to over,
The Derivative of a Function Measuring Rates of Change of a function y f(x) f(x 0 ) P Q Secant line x 0 x x Average rate of change of with respect to over, " " " " - Slope of secant line through, and,
More informationChapter 11: Sequences; Indeterminate Forms; Improper Integrals
Chapter 11: Sequences; Indeterminate Forms; Improper Integrals Section 11.1 The Least Upper Bound Axiom a. Least Upper Bound Axiom b. Examples c. Theorem 11.1.2 d. Example e. Greatest Lower Bound f. Theorem
More informationIndependent Component Analysis
Independent Component Analysis Philippe B. Laval KSU Fall 2017 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) ICA Fall 2017 1 / 18 Introduction Independent Component Analysis (ICA) falls under the broader topic of Blind Source
More informationCHAPTER 2 INFINITE SUMS (SERIES) Lecture Notes PART 1
CHAPTER 2 INFINITE SUMS (SERIES) Lecture Notes PART We extend now the notion of a finite sum Σ n k= a k to an INFINITE SUM which we write as Σ n= a n as follows. For a given a sequence {a n } n N {0},
More informationExponential and Logarithmic Functions
Contents 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 6.1 The Exponential Function 2 6.2 The Hyperbolic Functions 11 6.3 Logarithms 19 6.4 The Logarithmic Function 27 6.5 Modelling Exercises 38 6.6 Log-linear
More informationReview Sheet on Convergence of Series MATH 141H
Review Sheet on Convergence of Series MATH 4H Jonathan Rosenberg November 27, 2006 There are many tests for convergence of series, and frequently it can been confusing. How do you tell what test to use?
More informationGeometric Series and the Ratio and Root Test
Geometric Series and the Ratio and Root Test James K. Peterson Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematical Sciences Clemson University September 5, 2018 Outline 1 Geometric Series
More informationWeek 2: Sequences and Series
QF0: Quantitative Finance August 29, 207 Week 2: Sequences and Series Facilitator: Christopher Ting AY 207/208 Mathematicians have tried in vain to this day to discover some order in the sequence of prime
More informationSequences and infinite series
Sequences and infinite series D. DeTurck University of Pennsylvania March 29, 208 D. DeTurck Math 04 002 208A: Sequence and series / 54 Sequences The lists of numbers you generate using a numerical method
More informationPower Series. Part 2 Differentiation & Integration; Multiplication of Power Series. J. Gonzalez-Zugasti, University of Massachusetts - Lowell
Power Series Part 2 Differentiation & Integration; Multiplication of Power Series 1 Theorem 1 If a n x n converges absolutely for x < R, then a n f x n converges absolutely for any continuous function
More informationChapter 4 Sequences and Series
Chapter 4 Sequences and Series 4.1 Sequence Review Sequence: a set of elements (numbers or letters or a combination of both). The elements of the set all follow the same rule (logical progression). The
More information10.1 Sequences. Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1.
10.1 Sequences Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1 Examples: EX1: Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence,
More informationMath 132 Exam 3 Fall 2016
Math 3 Exam 3 Fall 06 multiple choice questions worth points each. hand graded questions worth and 3 points each. Exam covers sections.-.6: Sequences, Series, Integral, Comparison, Alternating, Absolute
More informationSERIES REVIEW SHEET, SECTIONS 11.1 TO 11.5 OF OZ
SERIES REVIEW SHEET, SECTIONS 11.1 TO 11.5 OF OZ Fill in the blanks and give the indicated examples, including reasons. Don t simply fill in the blanks and give the examples. Take this opportunity to really
More informationConvergence Tests. Academic Resource Center
Convergence Tests Academic Resource Center Series Given a sequence {a 0, a, a 2,, a n } The sum of the series, S n = A series is convergent if, as n gets larger and larger, S n goes to some finite number.
More informationSequences and Series
Sequences and Series What do you think of when you read the title of our next unit? In case your answers are leading us off track, let's review the following IB problems. 1 November 2013 HL 2 3 November
More information10.4 Comparison Tests
0.4 Comparison Tests The Statement Theorem Let a n be a series with no negative terms. (a) a n converges if there is a convergent series c n with a n c n n > N, N Z (b) a n diverges if there is a divergent
More information1. Pace yourself. Make sure you write something on every problem to get partial credit. 2. If you need more space, use the back of the previous page.
***THIS TIME I DECIDED TO WRITE A LOT OF EXTRA PROBLEMS TO GIVE MORE PRACTICE. The actual midterm will have about 6 problems. If you want to practice something with approximately the same length as the
More informationSolving Linear Systems
Solving Linear Systems Iterative Solutions Methods Philippe B. Laval KSU Fall 2015 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Linear Systems Fall 2015 1 / 12 Introduction We continue looking how to solve linear systems of
More information2.2 Some Consequences of the Completeness Axiom
60 CHAPTER 2. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF R 2.2 Some Consequences of the Completeness Axiom In this section, we use the fact that R is complete to establish some important results. First, we will prove that
More information(Infinite) Series Series a n = a 1 + a 2 + a a n +...
(Infinite) Series Series a n = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 +... + a n +... What does it mean to add infinitely many terms? The sequence of partial sums S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4,...,S n,...,where nx S n = a i = a 1 + a 2
More informationCHAPTER 4. Series. 1. What is a Series?
CHAPTER 4 Series Given a sequence, in many contexts it is natural to ask about the sum of all the numbers in the sequence. If only a finite number of the are nonzero, this is trivial and not very interesting.
More informationSeries. 1 Convergence and Divergence of Series. S. F. Ellermeyer. October 23, 2003
Series S. F. Ellermeyer October 23, 2003 Convergence and Divergence of Series An infinite series (also simply called a series) is a sum of infinitely many terms a k = a + a 2 + a 3 + () The sequence a
More informationRoot test. Root test Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1. L > 1 (including L = ) L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
Root test Root test n Consider the limit L = lim n a n, suppose it exists. L < 1 a n is absolutely convergent (thus convergent); L > 1 (including L = ) a n is divergent L = 1 the test is inconclusive.
More informationMath Bootcamp 2012 Miscellaneous
Math Bootcamp 202 Miscellaneous Factorial, combination and permutation The factorial of a positive integer n denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. Define 0! =.
More informationReal Analysis Prof. S.H. Kulkarni Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Lecture - 13 Conditional Convergence
Real Analysis Prof. S.H. Kulkarni Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Lecture - 13 Conditional Convergence Now, there are a few things that are remaining in the discussion
More informationSolving Linear Systems
Solving Linear Systems Iterative Solutions Methods Philippe B. Laval KSU Fall 207 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) Linear Systems Fall 207 / 2 Introduction We continue looking how to solve linear systems of the
More informationAnalysis II: Basic knowledge of real analysis: Part IV, Series
.... Analysis II: Basic knowledge of real analysis: Part IV, Series Kenichi Maruno Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas - Pan American March 1, 2011 K.Maruno (UT-Pan American) Analysis II
More informationLimits and Continuity
Limits and Continuity Philippe B. Laval Kennesaw State University January 2, 2005 Contents Abstract Notes and practice problems on its and continuity. Limits 2. Introduction... 2.2 Theory:... 2.2. GraphicalMethod...
More informationThe Comparison Test. J. Gonzalez-Zugasti, University of Massachusetts - Lowell
The Comparison Test The Comparison Test Let a k and b k be series with positive terms and suppose a N b N, a N+ b N+, a N+2 b N+2,, a) If the bigger series b k converges, then the smaller series a k also
More informationThe Singular Value Decomposition
The Singular Value Decomposition Philippe B. Laval KSU Fall 2015 Philippe B. Laval (KSU) SVD Fall 2015 1 / 13 Review of Key Concepts We review some key definitions and results about matrices that will
More informationA sequence { a n } converges if a n = finite number. Otherwise, { a n }
9.1 Infinite Sequences Ex 1: Write the first four terms and determine if the sequence { a n } converges or diverges given a n =(2n) 1 /2n A sequence { a n } converges if a n = finite number. Otherwise,
More informationIntroduction to Series and Sequences Math 121 Calculus II Spring 2015
Introduction to Series and Sequences Math Calculus II Spring 05 The goal. The main purpose of our study of series and sequences is to understand power series. A power series is like a polynomial of infinite
More informationPower series solutions for 2nd order linear ODE s (not necessarily with constant coefficients) a n z n. n=0
Lecture 22 Power series solutions for 2nd order linear ODE s (not necessarily with constant coefficients) Recall a few facts about power series: a n z n This series in z is centered at z 0. Here z can
More informationPreliminary check: are the terms that we are adding up go to zero or not? If not, proceed! If the terms a n are going to zero, pick another test.
Throughout these templates, let series. be a series. We hope to determine the convergence of this Divergence Test: If lim is not zero or does not exist, then the series diverges. Preliminary check: are
More informationComprehensive Exam in Real Analysis Fall 2006 Thursday September 14, :00-11:30am INSTRUCTIONS
Exam Packet # Comprehensive Exam in Real Analysis Fall 2006 Thursday September 14, 2006 9:00-11:30am Name (please print): Student ID: INSTRUCTIONS (1) The examination is divided into three sections to
More informationFebruary 13, Option 9 Overview. Mind Map
Option 9 Overview Mind Map Return tests - will discuss Wed..1.1 J.1: #1def,2,3,6,7 (Sequences) 1. Develop and understand basic ideas about sequences. J.2: #1,3,4,6 (Monotonic convergence) A quick review:
More informationConvergence of Some Divergent Series!
Convergence of Some Divergent Series! T. Muthukumar tmk@iitk.ac.in 9 Jun 04 The topic of this article, the idea of attaching a finite value to divergent series, is no longer a purely mathematical exercise.
More information2.3 Solving Equations Containing Fractions and Decimals
2. Solving Equations Containing Fractions and Decimals Objectives In this section, you will learn to: To successfully complete this section, you need to understand: Solve equations containing fractions
More information