ELI: EXTREME LIGHT INFRASTRUCTURE. generation and acceleration Luigi Palumbo University of Rome La Sapienza and INFN, Italy

Transcription

1 ELI: EXTREME LIGHT INFRASTRUCTURE New frontiers of particle acceleration and radiation sources generation and acceleration Luigi Palumbo University of Rome La Sapienza and INFN, Italy Pisa - SIF - September 23, 2014

2 Outline ELI within UE FP7 research program ELI-Beamlines: Laser-driven particle acceleration and sources - Laser driven X-ray sources - Laser-plasma acceleration - Laser driven proton sources ELI-Attoseconds: Ultrafast Science with Laser driven sources - Laser driven proton sources applications - Laser driven neutron sources applications ELI-Nuclear Physics: High Intensity Gamma-ray source - EuroGammaS Project - R&D on C-Band RF cavities - R&D on RF Gun Conclusions 2

3 ESFRI, the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures, is a strategic instrument to develop the scientific integration of Europe and to strengthen its international outreach. The mission of ESFRI is to support a coherent and strategy-led approach to policy-making on research infrastructures in Europe, and to facilitate multilateral initiatives leading to the better use and development of research infrastructures, at EU and international level. ESFRI covers: Social sciences and humanities, Materials and physical sciences (ESS, XFEL, FAIR, ELI, billion) Energy and engineering Environmental, Earth Life sciences.

4 ELI: Implementation Phase Three Pillars ELI High Energy Beam-Line Facility (ELI- Beamlines) (Czech Republic): highly competitive source of extremely short pulse X- rays, accelerated electrons, or protons for applications (also biomedical). ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI- ALPS) (Szeged, Hungary): ultrafast light sources (coherent XUV and X-ray radiation) including single attosecond pulses, to investigate electron dynamics in atoms, molecules, plasmas and solids. ELI Nuclear Physics Facility (ELI-NP) (Magurele, Romania): laser and gamma beams (low bandwidth, energies in the 20 MeV range) with unique characteristics perform frontier laser, nuclear and fundamental research.

5 Timeline and milestones initiation parallel implementation joint operation ELI-Beamlines ESFRI ELI-PP ELI-ALPS ELI ELI-NP PP MoU ELI-DC International Association ELI- ERIC 5

6 ELI Consortium members and expression of interest 6

7 ELI Beamlines (Czech Republic) High Energy Beam Science development and usage of dedicated laser-driven beam lines with ultra short pulses of high energy radiation and particle acceleration 7

8 The laser systems in the Czech Republic will consist of high repetition and high-intensity lasers (nominally 10-PW) The laser front end will deliver 5-fs pulses with high contrast, at a repetition rate 1 khz, and will feed pulses into amplifiers and Beamlines of the laser chain. The designed ELI facility will involve two blocks providing the peak power of 10-PW. These blocks will provide energy of J in fs pulses at the repetition rate of up to 0.1 Hz. These blocks will serve to test and prototype technologies for the ELI high-intensity facility that is intended to deliver 200 PW peak power. The pulse length at the output of these systems will be adjustable for the needs of research of the electron and proton acceleration.

9 Electric field gradient 1 EV/m 1 TV/m 100 GV/m Accelerating field limits (original) Vacuum breakdown LWFA SM-LWFA DLA SWA Laser- Plasma accelerators 10 GV/m 1 GV/m W-band linac 100 MV/m 10 MV/m 1 MV/m 200 MHz proton linac NLC CLIC SLAC (SLC) RF accelerators R.B. Palmer, AIP Conf. Proc. 91, (1982) 100cm 10cm 1cm 1mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 0.1m 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300 GHz 3THz 30THz 300THz 3PHz Wavelength Frequency

10 Laser-driven electron acceleration Laser-driven electron acceleration has made its breakthrough on tens of TW laser systems in 2004 and reaching 1 GeV in 2006 V. Malka, LOA L. Silva, IST 2004 Leemans et al., Nature Physics

11 Self-injection Bubble regime S.P.D. Mangles et al., Nature, 431, 535 (2004); C.G.R. Geddes et al., Nature, 431, 538 (2004); J. Faure et al., Nature, 431, 541 (2004);

12 GeV scale acceleration Jasmine - a hybrid (CPU+GPU) e.m. particle in cell codes, F.Rossi, P. Londrillo (Univ. and INFN, Bologna)

13 Laser-plasma acceleration A plasma allows generating Electric fields much higher than conventional accelerator cavities E. Lefebvre, CEA/DAM 1 meter long RF cavity Gain = 50 MeV 100 mm 100 microns Plasma cavity Gain = 30 MeV Tajima and Dawson, PRL (1979)

14 Experience at INFN and CNR: Laser Plasma experiments at SPARC Lab

15 FLAME TARGET AREA Radiation protection walls Main beam (>250 TW) Vacuum transport line Beam transport to sparc bunker Interaction vacuum chamber Compressor vacuum chamber

16 Gas-jet interaction at FLAME Laser pulse propagation in the gas: optical emission (TS) Laser Electrons Currently studying gas type and density dependence

17 Accelerated electron bunch Bunch impact on lanex at 47 cm 5 mrad Improved divergence: better than 1 mrad (previous run was 6 mrad)

18 Summary of self-injection Reliable production of >200 MeV electron bunches with mrad divergence; Stability, spectral width and energy control (vs density) in progress;

19 SPARC_LAB Sources for Plasma Accelerators and Radiation Compton with Lasers And Beam External Injection into plasma 300 TW, < 25 fs Ti:Sa laser Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (COMB beams) High Brightness electron beam from SPARC 19

20 Plasma acceleration SPARC_LAB External Injection into plasma 300 TW, < 25 fs Ti:Sa laser Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (COMB beams) High Brightness electron beam from SPARC 20

21 Plasma acceleration SPARC_LAB External Injection into plasma 300 TW, < 25 fs Ti:Sa laser Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (COMB beams) High Brightness electron beam from SPARC 21

22 Laser-driven proton sources Ultra-intense short pulse laser proton beams are generated on hundreds of TW systems and make their breakthrough in 2000 achieving up to 60 MeV from µm targets Year 2000 Bulk Target (Al) Surface contaminant (H 2 O) Properties: High number (~10 13 ) High energy (~60 MeV) Produced in short time (~ ps) Laminar (100 times better than conventional accelerator) Laser: few J / ~1 ps (>10 TW) - - H + ion I 2 >10 18 W cm -2 mm Target Normal Sheath Acceleration 22 e -

23 Laser-driven proton acceleration Scaling laws indicate that higher-power systems should generate ions suitable for many applications ELI Whitebook

24 A proton treatment point-of-view Laser-driven beams Maximum energy 250 MeV 400 AMeV OK Current order of na OK Monochromaticity ΔE/E 10-2 Broad beam: optical solutions, target solutions?, both? Stability, reproducibility, control, dosimetry Less that 3% Feasible with R&D Radiobiology Almost known? G A P Cirrone, PhD - INFN-LNS (Italy) - 2

25 2 5 Today Tomorrow? G A P Cirrone, PhD - INFN-LNS (Italy) -

26 ELIMED is a network ELIMAIA ELI-Beamlines (Prague) G A P Cirrone, PhD - INFN-LNS (Italy) - 2

27 ELIMAIA ELI- Beams ELIMED site G A P Cirrone, PhD - INFN-LNS (Italy) - 2

28 Research area 1: Target and laser interaction Research area 2: Beam handling and diagnostic Research area 3: Dosimetry and radiobiology Transport Beam Line preliminary layout G A P Cirrone, PhD - INFN-LNS (Italy) - 2

29 Laser-driven neutron sources Laser driven neutrons can be generated over a secondary reaction of lasergenerated protons interacting with a «catcher» element such as LiF (Lithium Fluoride). Laser-generated neutrons have innovative properties (short (ps) bunch, high intensity) and can be used for pumpprobe experiments or homeland security M. Roth et al., Bright Laser-Driven Neutron Source Based on the Relativistic Transparency of Solids, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, (2013)

30 Laser-driven X-ray ELI Beamlines Plasma sources Harmonics (gas) LUX Beamline currently being set up LUX/XFEL PM Quadrupoles 500 T/m gradient Electron Spectrometer X-rays from relativistic e-beams X-Rays Laser ~100 TW class Plasma Target capillary, gas jet, gas cell Undulator 5 mm period, K = 0.4 electron beam parameters: 430 MeV, few pc charge 0.2 mm.mrad norm emi ance photons (2016) bandwidth stabilized to 2%

31 ELI-Attosecond - particle acceleration program

32 What can be innovative applications for ELI-ALPS We can profit of some unique parameters 1. Short bunch time (5-20fs laser) 2. Versatile source 3. High proton flux (10 11 protons/shot - 5 Hz) 4. High energy (e.g. protons MeV)

33 Radiography of dense material Temporal evolution of phenomena on a singleshot (TOF) can be obtained by energy dependent time-of-flight with ps temporal resolution mm spatial resolution High energy protons = early time Collimating proton target Hohlraum & imploding fuel capsule Film detector t=0 +1 ps +3 ps + 6 ps Low energy protons = late time 1 mm M. Borghesi 33

34 Material Science stress test Use laser-generated protons as source of high-energy flux in a short time, reproducing extreme conditions as found in nuclear reactors

35 Neutron spectroscopy of biological molecules Secondary reaction of protons generate very high-neutron fluxes with very short duration which enhances the temporal resolution of neutron spectroscopy by many orders of magnitude

36 Homeland security Short neutron bunches can be used to probe nuclear elements, since they will generate fission. The nuetrons generated in this process can be distinguished from the neutrons revealing nuclear material

37 Radiobiological Laser-generated protons can be used for Radiobiological studies, testing the option of using laser-generated protons for medical purposes

38 Laser-generated protons for cultural heritage Laser-generated protons can be used for an improved non-destructive analysis of archeological artifacts using PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) and PIGE (Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission). Their tunability allows probing ranges of micrometer up to several tens of µm with high resolution. 38

39 Ultra-controlled growth of nanocrystals Nanocrystals can be grown using proton irradiation. The short proton bunch duration of laser-generated protons allows a much more precise growth of nanomaterials than currently available.

40 Laser driven Ultra-short Electron diffraction Ultra Fast laser-driven Electron Diffraction has a great potential for studying 4D structural dynamics, the combination of high spatial resolution (on a sub-atomic scale, i.e pm) and high temporal resolution (scale of chemical reactions i.e. sub 50 fs) makes it possible to perform online analysis of structural changes and energy redistribution in many chemical and biological systems. 40

41 ELI Nuclear Physics (Romania) Laser-Induced Photonuclear Physics nuclear physics methods to study laser-target interactions, new nuclear spectroscopy, new photonuclear physics 41

42 Courtesy V. Zamfir ELI-NP ELI-NP γ beam: the quest for higher flux and narrow bandwidths

43 Gamma- ray Energy: 1-20 MeV rms Bandwidth: 0.3% Spectral Density : 10 4 photons/s ev Outstanding electron 720 MeV with high phase space density (all values are projected, not slice!) Scattering off a high quality J-class psec laser pulse

44 108 Authors, 327 pages Luca Serafini Editor

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46 Existing know-how 1st COMPTON SCATTERING SOURCES FACILITY : LADON@LNF (1987) In 1967, Renato Malvano, Carlo Mancini, and Carlo Schaerf pointed out that, by exploiting the power inside laser cavities and the intense electron beams circulating in storage rings, one could produce intense polarized gamma-ray beams for photonuclear-reaction experiments. The first beam of this kind was built in 1987 at Frascati's Adone storage ring. The Argon laser beam under test The LADON Crystal Ball

47 The SPARC-LAB Thomson Source layout

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49 155 MeV electron beam on the THMFLG03 screen at the Interaction Point of the SL_Thomson beamline, Q ~ 230 pc. Cristina Vaccarezza

50 Existing know-how 50

51 Note: scale is for guidance only ERLP SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM v.0.2 (15/06/2006) extracted from AO-180/10078/E YAG-02 Q-02 BOOSTER YAG-03 H&V-03 Q-03 Q-01 DIP-01 Q-04 BPM-03 DIP-02 YAG-?? DIP-02 Q-02 Q-05 V-01 BPM-03 FCUP-01 BPM-04 H&V-04 ARC 2 V-02 Q-03 BPM-03 Q-06Q-07 Q-08 Q-09 DIP-3 BPM-06 DIP-03 Q-04 ST4 BPM-05 SEXT-02 OTR-02 OTR-01 Q-01 Q-02 Q-03 BPM-01 H&V-01 Q-10 YAG-04 Q-04 Q-05 DUMP-01 Q-11 BPM-05 H&V-05 INJECTOR Q-12 ST1 OTR-01 BPM-01 H&V-01 LINAC OTR-02 OTR-02 BPM-02 DIP-01 DIP-02 DIP-03 H&V-02 BPM-01 1 m DIP-01 BPM-02 DIP-03 H&V-02 DIP-02 Q-01 Q-02 Q-03 Q-04 BPM-01 DIP-01 BPM-02 OTR-03 OTR-04 SEXT-01 OTR-01 DMP Q-01 Q-02 Q-03 OTR-01 ST1 ARC1 Q-01 V-01 V-02 Q-02 BPM-03 DIP-02 BPM-04 Q-03 H&V-02 BPM-02 SOL-02 YAG-01 H&V-06 BUNCHER H&V-01 BPM-01 SOL-01 Q-01 OTR-01 SEXT-01 BPM-02 DIP-01 BPM-01 ARC 2 BPM-02 H&V-02 OTR-01 ST 3 Q-04 Q-03 BPM-01 H&V-01 Q-02 Q-01 WIGGLER ST 3 Q-07 BPM-05 H&V-05 ST 2 Q-06 BPM-04 H&V-04 TCM-01 PLM-01 Q-05 DIP-04 DIP-03 OTR-03 BPM-03 V-03 DIP-02 DIP-01 BPM-02 H&V-02 Q-04 Q-03 OTR-02 BPM-01 H&V-01 Q-02 OTR-01 Q-01 ST 2 ARC1 Q-04 OTR-02 SEXT-02 BPM-05 DIP-03 BPM-06 GUN CBS X-ray E-BEAM CBS Wiggler 532 nm IR FEL 4-6um Phase I Phase II THz IR FEL 4-6um Photogun laser TW Laser ELI-NP-Milano Workshop - 14th-16th May, 2012 Mobile laser 51

52 How can we make 100 times better than the state of the Art? DEVELOP a SOUND and FEASIBLE PROPOSAL for the PROJECT Based mainly on state of the Art Technology. Relying on a short term R&D compatible with the schedule of construction Able to garantee the generation of a gamma radiation beam with unique features of interest to the experimental nuclear physics community. A system thought to further improvement of performances

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54 Technical solution: the dragon shape circulator 2 parabolic reflectors M1 & M2 M1 fixed M2: 5 degrees of freedom M0: 2 tilts for injection Mirror-pair system For interaction plane switch Rotation for synchronization Alignment issues 54

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58 R&D: C-Band structures

59 MOTIVATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES IN THE ELI-NP GBS ACCELERATOR PROJECT To increase the gamma flux we need to increase the number of collision per second 100 Hz repetition rate Multi bunch in the RF pulse -Damping of HOM in RF structures to avoid BBU instabilities -Compensation of beam loading effects -accurate thermal design To reduce the accelerator overall dimensions: compact system High gradient High frequency -C-band LINAC combined with an S-band Injector: the state of the art in last generation accelerators technology and RF power sources -accurate RF design and mechanical realization C-Band Booster S-Band injector

60 C-BAND HOM DAMPED ACCELERATING STRUCTURES TO SUPPRESS BBU The ELI-NP GBS LINAC operates in multi-bunch mode. The passage of electron bunches through accelerating structures excites electromagnetic wakefield. This field can have longitudinal and transverse components and, interacting with subsequent bunches, can affect the longitudinal and the transverse beam dynamics. Those related to the excitation of the fundamental accelerating mode are referred as beam loading effects and can give a modulation of the beam energy along the train while transverse wakefields, can drive an instability along the train called multibunch beam break up (BBU).. TRANSVERSE EFFECTS Cumulative beam break-up (BBU) LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS beam loading E acc =average accelerating field Injector S-band Ideal axis E inj =beam energy after injector Booster LINAC (C-band)

61 C-BAND STRUCTURES DESIGN: HOM DAMPING CHOICE Several possible schemes for dipole mode damping can be found in literature. The solution that we have adopted for the ELI-NP structures is based on a waveguide damping system (similar to the design adopted for the CLIC structures at CERN). Waveguide damping system Advantages Advantages Spring-8-like structures 1. Strong damping of all modes above waveguide cut-off 2. Possibility of tuning the cells 3. Good cooling (high rep. rate) Disadvantages 1. Machining: need a 3D milling machine 2. Multipole field components (octupole) but not critical for ELI-NP Linac 1. Easy machining of cells (turning) 2. 2D geometry: no multipole field components Disadvantages 1. Critical e.m. design: notch filter can reflect also other modes. 2. Not possible to tune the structure 3. Cooling at 100 Hz, long RF pulse length (?) 4. Impedance (the Spring-8 structures have not sufficient shunt impedance)

62 C-BAND STRUCTURES DESIGN: QUASI CONSTANT GRADIENT STRUCTURE Each structure is fed by a single klystron with a constant RF input pulse and the apertures of the irises have been shaped to have a quasi-constant accelerating field (from 37 to 27 MV/m). It has been decided to adopt such a design with respect to a constant impedance structure because, in this last case, to achieve an average accelerating field of 33 MV/m, the accelerating field in the first cell has to be increased to more than 43 MV/m, giving potential problems from the breakdown rate point of view. On the other hand a perfect constant gradient structure requires very small irises at the end of the structure with a consequent increase of the dipole mode effectiveness, reduction of the pumping speed and beam clearance. The final profile of the accelerating field on axis is given in the figure. [D. Alesini et al., THPRI042, Proceedings of IPAC2014, p ]

63 C-BAND STRUCTURES FINAL PARAMETERS Structure type Quasi-Constant gradient Working frequency (f RF ) [GHz] Number of cells 102 Structure length 1.8 m Working mode TM 01 -like Iris half aperture radius 6.8 mm-5.78 mm Cell phase advance 2 /3 RF input power 40 MW Average accelerating field 33 MV/m Acc. field struct. in/out MV/m Average quality factor 8850 Shunt impedance MΩ/m Phase velocity c group velocity (v g /c) Filling time 310 ns Output power 0.3*Pin Pulse duration for beam <512 ns acceleration ( BEAM ) Rep. Rate (f rep ) 100 Hz Pulsed heating <6 o C Average dissipated power 2.3 kw Working temperature 30 C

64 C-BAND STRUCTURES: MECHANICAL DESIGN Each cell of the structure has four waveguides that allows the excited HOMs to propagate and dissipate into silicon-carbide (SiC) RF loads. The cells have four tuners and eight cooling pipes to sustain the 100 Hz operation. The SiC tiles have been optimized to avoid reflections and are integrated into the structure. A thorough optimization analysis of the mechanical and electromagnetic design has been carried out to simplify the mechanical drawings and the fabrication procedure thus reducing the overall cost of production maintaining, at the same time, the structure performances. In particular the geometry of the SiC absorbers has been strongly simplified as shown in the figure. In each stack of 12 cells there are four SiC long absorbers, each stack is brazed and all stacks are finally assembled and brazed with the input and output couplers. SiC absorber

65 C-BAND STRUCTURES: PROTOTYPES REALIZATION An intense activity of prototyping has been started to setup and optimize the realization process of the structures. First prototypes have been fabricated to verify both feasibility of copper cells machining and effectiveness of brazing process. We are now focalizing in the realization of two prototypes previous the realization of the first complete structure. The first prototype ( mechanical prototype ) is a full scale device, under construction, without precise internal dimensions conceived to test the full brazing process, verifying structure deformations and vacuum leaks. This prototype does include SiC absorbers to test also the vacuum performances of the structure. The second prototype ( RF prototype ) is a device with a reduced number of cells that we would like to fabricate to test the RF properties of the structure at low and high power. Also this second device includes the SiC absorbers and has precise internal dimensions with tuners. SiC Absorber 12 cells module It has been necessary a strong R&D program in close collaboration with Italian Companies (COMEB, CERINCO, ANDALOGIANNI, TSC)

66 C-BAND STRUCTURES: RF MEASUREMENTS ON PROTOTYPES RF test at low power have been performed in the single 12 cell module with and without the SiC absorbers. The results are given in the figures where the transmission coefficient between two antennas coupled with the structure modes are reported. The measurements show the effectiveness of the SiC absorbers since the HOM disappear after the insertion of the absorber themselves. The remaining modes are TE-like modes that have a negligible transverse and longitudinal impedance. Fundamental mode HOM Fundamental mode

67 R&D: RF GUN

68 S-BAND GUN: DESIGN The RF GUN of the ELI NP GBS will be a 1.6 cell gun of the BNL/SLAC/UCLA type but will implement several new features recently integrated in the new gun developed for the SPARC photo-injector:

69 S BAND GUN: THERMAL DESIGN A detailed thermal analysis has been performed to investigate the impact of the 100 Hz operation. The average dissipated power in the gun, is 1.5 kw The deformation due to the final temperature distribution gives a -400 khz variation of the resonance and it s, therefore, necessary to lower water temperature by -10 C to keep the gun on resonance during RF feeding. Cooled cathode

70 S BAND GUN: PROTOTYPES It has been necessary a strong R&D program in close collaboration with Italian Companies

71 S Band GUN: STATUS Test of the gun successfully done at UCLA reaching 92 MV/m peak cathode electric field f res Parameters Value GHz Q E surf_peak_iris /E cathode 0.85 Coupling 3 P cathode =120 MV/m 13 MW Filling time F 560 ns Frequency sep. 0 and -mode 38 MHz Pulsed 120 MV/m (2 ms RF pulse) <60 C Reflected power 25% Average dissipated power 1 kw

72 Summary of Applications Compact GeV electron accelerating systems Compact Proton and Neutron Sources Table-top, fs X-ray FELs Radiotherapy with tunable, high-energy electrons, including IORT DeRosiers, MeV electron beams in radiation therapy, Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 1781 (2000) Glinec, Radiotherapy with quasi-monoenergetic laser-plasma accelerators, Med. Phys. 33, 155 (2006) Nakajima, Toward a table-top free-electron laser, Nature Phys. 4, 846 (2008) γ-ray radiography for bio-medical and materials science Glinec, High-resolution γ-ray radiography produced by a laser-plasma electron source, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, (2005); Efficient on-site production of radio-isotopes; Reed, Efficient initiation of photonuclear reactions using quasi-monoenergetic electron beams from laser wakefield acceleration, J. Appl. Phys.102, (2007); Giulietti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, (2008) All-optical, tunable, monochromatic (Thomson-scattering) X-ray source for medical applications;.

73 CONCLUSIONS Italy is an active member of the ELI Consortium ELI reserach infrastructure will be based on high power Lasers (10 PW) with a significative research program on particle accelerators and innovative sources. The italian scientific community (INFN, CNR, ST) is playing a relevant role in the phase of implementation of the three pillars. In particular INFN is leading the European Consortium EuroGammaS which will construct the Gamma Source ELI-NP-GBS in Romania. New techniques and new technologies are being developped in the realization of accelerating system and particle/radiation sources. ELI is an extraordinary opportunity for training a new generation of scientists about the the most advanced techniques of particle acceleration and radiation/particle sources. A wide interdisciplinary field of applications is foreseen from material science to medical applications