Using a meter ruler Parallax error can be present when using a metre ruler.

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Examples Usig a meter ruler Parallax error ca be preset whe usig a metre ruler.

The left-had ed of the metal block is aliged with the 5.0 cm mark of the ruler. However, it is difficult to see if the right-had ed is aliged with the ruler s zero mark.

A perso takig a readig places their eyes so that the reflectio of the poiter is hidde by the poiter itself. Whe this happes, the perso s eyes are directly over the poiter ad a readig ca the be take.

1 Examples Usig a meter ruler Parallax error ca be preset whe usig a metre ruler. Chapter Chapter : Close : Experimetatio Readig of Ufamiliar ad data Text collectio Oral 3 Parallax error i readig a ruler The ruler is positioed so that its scale is ot ear the legth beig measured. The left-had ed of the metal block is aliged with the 5.0 cm mark of the ruler. However, it is difficult to see if the right-had ed is aliged with the ruler s zero mark. Usig a aalogue curret meter The aalogue curret meter show uses a mirror ext to the measurig scale. A perso takig a readig places their eyes so that the reflectio of the poiter is hidde by the poiter itself. Whe this happes, the perso s eyes are directly over the poiter ad a readig ca the be take. The meter is zeroed correctly (i.e. it has o zero error). This particular meter measures alteratig curret (show by the ~ symbol beeath the A), so it does ot matter which way roud the leads are coected to the meter. The rage of possible measuremets for this meter is from 0. to 1.0 A. The scale is o-liear from zero to 0. A ad is kept blak. Reducig parallax error A better method of positioig the scale is ext to the legth beig measured. This reduces parallax error cosiderably. Chapter Activity B: Takig measuremets 1. Determie the readigs idicated o the followig scales: a. b cm 8 cm EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

Chapter Chapter : Close 3: Graphig Readig of ad Ufamiliar drawig coclusios Text Oral 9 Example The slope of the graph i the precedig example ca be foud from the coordiates of poits A ad B.

2 Chapter Chapter : Close 3: Graphig Readig of ad Ufamiliar drawig coclusios Text Oral 9 Example The slope of the graph i the precedig example ca be foud from the coordiates of poits A ad B. Poits A ad B are chose as far apart as possible to reduce ucertaity i the slope of a graph caused by ucertaities i readig the values of A ad B from the graph. Poit A has coordiates (1.4 cm 3,1.0 g) ad poit B has coordiates (5.4 cm 3,46.0 g). Δy = = 34.0 g ad Δx = = 4.0 cm 3 The slope is: m = y x = = 8.5 g cm 3 (to sig figs) mass (g) Mass agaist volume for a particular type of metal A x volume (cm 3 ) B 6.0 y Chapter 3 The measuremets betwee mass ad volume ca be expressed mathematically: mass = slope of graph volume. The slope of a graph ofte has uits; i this case, the uits g cm 3 are those of desity. Whe the relatioship betwee two variables is ot liear, a curved graph results. The slope of the graph i the precedig two examples is the desity of the metal: mass = desity volume It is difficult to see the relatioship betwee variables o a curved graph, especially if there is a amout of radom error preset. Usually the variables are chaged (by squarig or takig square roots, etc.) util a graph becomes liear. Whe a liear graph is obtaied, the relatioship is more clearly see, sice the chaged variables are the proportioal to oe aother. EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

Chapter : Close Readig of Ufamiliar Chapter Text 5: Waves Oral 49 The relatioship betwee the frequecy, f, of a wave ad its period, T, is: T = 1 f or f = 1 T The wave velocity, frequecy ad wavelegth

3 Chapter : Close Readig of Ufamiliar Chapter Text 5: Waves Oral 49 The relatioship betwee the frequecy, f, of a wave ad its period, T, is: T = 1 f or f = 1 T The wave velocity, frequecy ad wavelegth are related by the wave equatio: v = f λ where v is measured i m s 1, f i Hz ad λ i m. Example A fisherma stadig o some rocks couts 4 waves i 30 secods. The frequecy of the waves is 4 = 0.13 Hz. 30 The time take for oe wave to pass him is 30 = 7.5 s. 4 Example 1. Water waves are produced i a tak at a frequecy of 0 Hz ad with a wavelegth of cm. The speed of the wavefrot is: v = f λ = 0 [substitutig] = 40 cm s 1. oud travels at 330 m s 1 i air. A ote with frequecy 110 Hz will have a wavelegth of: v = f λ λ = 330 [substitutig ad rearragig] 110 = 3.0 m Wavefrots Cosider waves geerated at a poit source,, as show i the diagram alogside. This could be doe by dippig a figer regularly i ad out of the water of a calm pod or water tak. The waves travel outwards ad form cocetric circles called wavefrots. Wavefrots are at right agles to the directio i which the waves are travellig. A lie i the directio of a wave s motio is called a ray. wavefrots source ray ray Chapter 5 As time goes o, each wave travels further out while ew wavefrots are geerated ad move out from the poit source. At poits far away from, the wavefrots become early straight. ice wavefrots become early straight away from a light source, the light from the u reaches the Earth i plae flat wavefrots. EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

4 Motio Chapter 8 Chapter : Close Readig of Ufamiliar Chapter Text 8: Motio Oral 91 CEA Level Physics material covered i this chapter helps to meet the requiremets for Achievemet tadard (Physics.4) Demostrate uderstadig of mechaics. The chapter covers the followig topics. Distace, displacemet, velocity ad acceleratio. Costat acceleratio i a straight lie. Kiematic equatios. Itroductio The motio of a object (e.g. car, satellite, teis ball) ca be described usig various quatities such as distace, speed ad acceleratio. Motio also ivolves the directio i which a object moves. Whe directio is importat, the quatities of distace ad speed are replaced by the quatities of displacemet ad velocity. Distace ad displacemet The symbol used for both distace ad displacemet is d. Distace ad displacemet both ivolve a chage i positio. Distace is a scalar quatity, because it oly ivolves the size ad ot the directio of movemet. Displacemet is a vector quatity, because it ivolves both size of movemet ad directio from a referece or startig poit. The distace a object travels ad its displacemet are ofte differet. Example A model trai travels aroud a track. The table shows the distace moved by the trai, ad its displacemet at various stages of the jourey aroud the track. Distace travelled Displacemet from start At B m m orth At C 4 m 8 m ortheast At D 6 m m east Back at start, A 8 m 0 m W E B tartig (referece) poit A m m 8 m m C D EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

5 Force, motio ad equilibrium Chapter Chapter Chapter : Close 10: Readig Force, of motio Ufamiliar ad equilibrium Text Oral CEA Level Physics material covered i this chapter helps to meet the requiremets for Achievemet tadard (Physics.4) Demostrate uderstadig of mechaics. The chapter covers the followig topics. Force compoets. Vector additio of forces. Ubalaced force ad acceleratio. Equilibrium (balaced forces ad torques). Itroductio Forces are a fudametal cocept i all areas of physics. Force is a vector, ad so it has size (magitude) ad directio. A resultat (or et) force is produced whe two or more forces are added or subtracted (vectorially). Whe a resultat force acts o a object, the object will accelerate i the directio of the resultat force. The relatioship betwee the resultat force, F res, the object s mass, m, ad its acceleratio, a, is: F res = ma This relatioship is the secod of ewto s Laws of Motio. Gravitatioal attractio betwee a object ad Earth causes the object to have a weight force. The relatioship betwee the weight force, F w, the mass of the object, m, ad the acceleratio due to gravity, g, is: F w = mg g is usually rouded to a value of 10 m s to make calculatios easier. ewto s laws of motio Isaac ewto discovered several relatioships betwee forces ad their effects o differet objects. ewto s first law of motio If the resultat force o a object is zero, the acceleratio of the object will be zero. A object with a acceleratio of zero will either have a speed of zero (i.e. it will be statioary) or it will have a costat velocity (costat speed i a straight lie). ir Isaac ewto ( ): Eglish physicist ad mathematicia EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

6 180 Level Physics tudy Guide 35 9 U eutro 35 9 U uraium atom 35 9 U 35 9 U A uclear chai reactio trasformer power lies graphite moderator reactor boilig water steam boro cotrol rods uraium fuel rods core heat exchager (boiler) turbie codeser geerator cocrete shield coolat (water) water pumps Productio of heat Productio of electricity Parts of a typical reactor Chapter 16 The fuel rods are made of uraium-38 eriched with about 3% uraium-35. The fissio of uraium-35 produces eergy ad releases eutros that cotiue the chai reactio. The moderator slows dow the eutros to the correct speed for fissio to occur. If the eutros move too fast they bouce off atoms istead of causig fissio. The moderator is usually graphite or water. The uclear reactio is cotrolled by cotrol rods made of cadmium or boro. These ca be lowered ito the core betwee the fuel rods to absorb eutros to slow or stop the chai reactio. EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

7 Formula referece E 1 d 64 Appedix A Chapter : Close Readig Chapter of Ufamiliar A: Formula Text referece Oral 47 v f = v i + ad 95 θ 1 = θ 65 d = v f t 1 at 95 f = r 68 v ~ A rel B = v ~A v ~B f = 1 D + i D 1o m = H i Ho = D i Do i o = f 73 m = H i = Ho = λ 1 1 λ f o = v 1 v = i 73 f = si θ1 siθ 79 1 si θ 1 = si θ 80 F res = ma 113, 114 F w = mg 113 τ = Fd 118 ΣF = 0 ad Στ = p = mv 15 Δp = p p ~ ~ f ~ i 16 T = 1 f or f = 1 T 49, 144 F t = p 18 v = f λ 49 = fial amout iitial amout 10 v = d t a = d t 9 93 v f = v i + at 95, 96 vi + v f d = t 95, 96 d = v i t + 1 at 95, 97 m 1 u 1 + m u = m 1 v 1 + m v 13 v = πr T a = v r F = mv r a = 4 π r T F = m 4π r T W = Fd 151 EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

8 64 Aswers d. cout i 10 secods e. The paper has thickeed. Because more beta particles have bee absorbed. f. i. 30 s approximately. ii. 90 m approximately. 16. Gamma rays from source A, alpha particles ad gamma rays from source B, beta particles from source C. Activity 16A: uclear eergy (page 181) 1. a. Total mass of uraium-35 = = 630 kg b. Total amout of heat eergy produced = J = J c. P = E t, t = E P = = s = 1 year. E = mc = ( ) = J a. 94 Pu r Ba b. Mass differece is kg E = mc = ( ) = J 4. The deuterium atoms would ot be movig fast eough for them to have eough eergy to start the fusio reactio. Aswers Activity 17A: Electric fields (page 19) 1. a. field b. charge c. directio d. positive e. directio f. field g. vectors h. scalars i. field j. temperature k. charge l. volts m. metre. ewto. Electric field stregth has both magitude ad directio. 3. V m 1 is equivalet to J m 1 C 1 sice 1 V = 1 J C 1 ad 1 J = 1 m, therefore: J m 1 C 1 = m m 1 C 1 = C 1 4. a. Part C. b. Part A. c. Part E. 5. a b c a b..0 c a V m 1 b c. Towards the positive plate. 8. a V m 1 b c. To the left. 9. a V m 1 b J 10. a. Dowwards. b. 500 V m 1 c d. Parabolic. 11. a V m 1 b. Field stregth is the same, sice the field is uiform. c J Activity 18A: Itroductory electricity (page 0) 1. a. Ampere. b. Volt. c. Watt or joule per secod. J. a. C is equivalet to a volt. s C is equivalet to a A 1. V A 1 = Ω J b. C is equivalet to a volt. V A 1 = Ω 3. P ad R or R ad. EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

9 66 Aswers 3. R 1 (W) R (W) R total (W) V (V) I 1 (A) I (A) I 3 (A) P 1 (W) P (W) a b c d Aswers 4. a. 0.5 J b..5 C c. 8 Ω d. Voltmeters are placed i parallel ad have a high resistace so they draw o curret. 5. a. 10 Ω b. 6 Ω c. A d. 6 V e. 70 J 6. a. 1. Ω b. 6 Ω c. 4.8 Ω d. i. 30 V ii. 36 V 7. a Ω b. By addig a resistor i parallel, the overall resistace of the circuit is reduced. This will icrease the total curret i the circuit, leadig to a icrease i the voltage across resistor X ad therefore a decrease i the voltage across resistor Y. 8. a Ω b. Parallel brach has total resistace of Ω. This is the added i series to the Ω resistor for a combied resistace of 10 3 Ω. c. Across R ad the 0 kω resistor. d. Through the battery ad the 10 kω resistor. e W f W g. i. 140 J ii. Coverted to heat. Activity 19A: Magets (page 6) 1. a. b. c. d.. EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

10 IDEX acceleratio 3 3, 91, 93 4, 96 9, , 119, 17 8 acceleratio ad force acceleratio due to gravity accuracy 16, 1, 33 air pressure 5 air resistace 4, , 135, 137, 139, 157 alpha particles 163 4, 166 7, 169, 171, 177 alteratig curret (AC) 3, 17 ammeter 17, 197, 00 1, 04 6 amperes, 195, 07 amplitude 48, 51, 57 agle of icidece 53, 65, 78, 80 1 agle of reflectio 65 atiodal lies 58 9 area, cross-sectioal 0 atomic umbers 165 6, atoms 163 5, 179 average velocity 9 3, 95 backgroud radiatio 167 bar maget 1 4, 9, 37 8 battery, 5, 186, 189, , 04 10, 16, 41 beta particles (b-particles) 166 7, 169, 17 biocular visio 67 caesium calibratio error 17 carbo datig 39 40, carbo cathode rays 163, 34 cetre of curvature 67 cetre of mass 10 cetrifugal force 146 cetripetal acceleratio cetripetal force chage i mometum 16 7 charged objects charged particles charged sphere 187 chemical eergy 15 circuit diagram 15, 197, 10 circuit resistace 05, 10 collisios 15, 131, colour 60, 63, 65, 83 4 compass 101, 1 3 compressios 56 cocave leses 85 6 cocave mirrors 67 70, 7 coductors 190, 01, 03 coservatio of mechaical eergy 151 coservatio of mometum costat proportio 11 costructive iterferece 58 9 costructive superpositio 57 cotiuous variables 7 cotrolled variables 33 covetioal curret 196 7, 3, 7, 34 covergig leses 5, 85 covex leses 85 6 covex mirrors 67 8, 71 cosmic rays 167 crest 48, 5 3, 58 9 critical agle 81, 84 curret balace 6 7 deceleratio 93 4 desity 6 7 depedet variable 15 16, 7, 3 Descartes formula 71, 86 destructive iterferece 58 9 destructive superpositio 58 diffractio 5, 55, 60 digital multimeter 1 digital timer 157 diodes 198, 00, 04, 38 direct curret (DC) discrete variables 7 disitegratios EA Publicatios (Z) Ltd, Customer freephoe:

SPEC/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX PHYSICS PAPER 1 SPECIMEN PAPER. 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

SPEC/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX PHYSICS STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 1 SPECIMEN PAPER 45 miutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do ot ope this examiatio paper util istructed to do so. Aswer all the questios. For each questio,