LESSONS LEARNT FROM AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF INDONESIAN URBAN KAMPUNG Surjono

Transcription

1 LESSONS LEARNT FROM AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF INDONESIAN URBAN KAMPUNG Surjono DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH A search of a sustainable model of urban development for developing countries: Sustainable development and urban form based on local context A model wich is tangible (computable) and comparable Formulation of composite and aggregate indicators from a variety of discrete indicators of sustainable development Promoting kampung as a suitable model as well as an attempt to continuously improve the quality of Indonesian kampung.

3 WHY KAMPUNG? FAVELAS IN BRAZIL GHETTO IN EUROPE

4 WHY KAMPUNG? Kampung become an object for: IMPROVEMENT UPGRADING RENEWAL DEMOLITION (Darrundono & Tirtamadja, 2000; Wang, 2016) KAMPUNG IN INDONESIA

5 KAMPUNG IS NOT THAT BAD (KAMPUNG SLUM) Kampung is a result of village transformation that become an integral part of urban area but still maintain its local values (Silas. 2012, Setyaningsih et al. 2014). kampungs are successfull in managing aspects of sustainable settlement, i.e. vitality and livability. (Rahmi, Wibisono, & Setriawan, 2001; Evers & Korff, 2003) Indonesian kampungs possess unique characters that cannot be described into other terms such as slum, squatter, marginal or low income settlement (Rahmi et.al., 2001)

6 UNIQUE CHARACTERS OF INDONESIAN KAMPUNG best describe Jane Jacobs humanistic social environment that she called as zoning for diversity (Jacob, 1961) OTHER characters that MAY BE possessed by Indonesian kampungs: Compact Good diversity Good accessibility Good sosial dan physical environment

7 A quest of single and simple development indicator Macro economic development = GDP Micro economic development = income per capita Human development = HDI Poverty = MPI Outcome of compre. development = Happiness index (GNHI) Sustainable urban settlement =???

8 FORMULATING SINGLE AGGREGATE: Fuzzy Logic approach Fuzzy logic describes systems in terms of a combiation of numerics and linguistics Fuzzy logic generates crisp indicators, aggregate indicator can be obtained in numerics and linguistics

9 Tenement kampungs: Arab Kampung = RW 10 Pechinan Kampung = RW 7 Kebalen Kampung (Bumiputera) = RW 2

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11 Assessment the sustainability of urban kampungs Compactness α index Entropy Density Poverty Affiliation network Fuzzy rules Fuzzy rules ENV SOCECON Fuzzy rules SUST agregate sustainability index

12 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSED INDICATORS PHYSICAL ASPECTS COMPACTNESS INDEX C = Di Di Di = 2 Ai л FORMULA Di = Diameter of the circle that has an area equal to the area i Di = The longest straight line connecting two points on the boundary region of the i-th Ai = area ACCESS (ALPHA INDEX) Alpha = e;v:p 2v;5 N MIXED LANDUSE (ENTROPY INDEX) EI = K i e = the number of roads v = the number of intersections p = area i<l. log( 1 Kl )/log(n) EI = Entropy Index K = area of land use N = the number of uses DENSITY The number of buildings / area

13 ECONOMIC INDICATORS SOCIAL INDICATOR ASSESSED INDICATORS POVERTY RATE: Head count Poverty gap index Poverty severity index P a = 1 N q i<1 z yi z Rate of Participation (ROP) a FORMULA P = Poverty rate N = total number of population q = total number of population living below poverty line Z = poverty line yi = individual income RoP = sum of diagonal value of adjacency matrix number of institution Adjacency matrix (A) = I x I = I(n.m)xI (m.n).

14 ARAB KAMPUNG COMPACTNESS 0.73 (GOOD) ACCESS (α INDEX) 0.63 (MEDIUM) MIXED USE (ENTROPY) 0.73 (GOOD) DENSITY 0.63 (MEDIUM)

15 PECHINAN KAMPUNG COMPACTNESS 0.63 (MEDIUM) ACCESS (α INDEX) 0.34 (MEDIUM) MIXED USE (ENTROPY) 0.17 (BAD) DENSITY 0.58 (MEDIUM)

16 KEBALEN KAMPUNG COMPACTNESS 0.58 (MEDIUM) ACCESS (α INDEX) 0.36 (MEDIUM) MIXED USE (ENTROPY) 0.26 (BAD) DENSITY 0.1 (BAD)

17 Sample Household Expenditure(Rp/Mo ^0 ^1 ^2 nth) Total P0 P1 P2 Arab Kampung % (Good) (Good) (Good) Sample Household Expenditure(Rp/Mo ^0 ^1 ^2 nth) Total P0 P1 P2 Pechinan Kampung % (Good) (Good) (Good) HI, PGI, PSI Sample Household Expenditure(Rp/Mo ^0 ^1 ^2 nth) Total P0 P1 P2 Kebalen Kampung % (Bad) (Bad) 0.26 (Bad)

18 RATE OF PARTICIPATION (RoP) Arab Kampung RoP Value = 207 = Rate of Participation is 5,59 of 6 (total of local institution) 38;1 Normalized into 0-1 assessment scale = Pechinan Kampung = 0.93 of 0-1 scale RoP Value = 101 = Rate of Participation is 2,88 of 5 (total of local institution) 36;1 Normalized into 0-1 assessment scale = 2.88 = 0.57 of 0-1 scale 5 Good Moderate Kebalen Kampung RoP Value = 50 34;1 = Rate of Participation is 1,51 of 5 (total of local institution) Normalized into 0-1 assessment scale = = 0.3 of 0-1 scale Bad

19 Formulation for composite indicators using fuzzy logic No IF compactness is... AND α- index is... AND Entropy index is... AND density index is... 1 good good good good good 2 good good good moderate good 3 good good moderate good good etc good bad bad bad bad 81 Bad bad bad bad bad THEN the Physical composite indicator is... (obtained from Delphy analysis)

20 Fuzzy rules for social & economic indicators S IF poverty is... AND affiliation network is... THEN the social economy composite indicator is...(obtained from Delphy analysis) 1 good good good 2 good moderate good 3 moderate good good 4 moderate moderate moderate 5 bad good moderate 6 good bad moderate 7 bad moderate bad 8 moderate bad bad 9 bad bad bad

21 Defuzzyfication of Composite indicators for physical aspect (urban form) and social economic aspects) No Kampung Physical aspect (urban form) Social economic aspects 1 Arab Kampung Pecinan Kampung Kebalen Kampung

22 Fuzzy Rules of urban kampung sustainability IF physical sustainability is... AND social economic sustainability... THEN the agregate sustainability indicator is... good good High good moderate Medium high moderate good Medium high moderate moderate Medium good bad Medium bad good Medium bad moderate Medium low moderate bad Medium low bad bad Low

23 Aggregate sustainability indicators of the three kampungs Kampung Score Sustainability level Arab Medium - High Pechinan Medium Kebalen Medium

24 conclusion The evaluation of discrete indicators shows that kampungs are good examples of sustainable settlements in the form of their compactness, desity, and access. The composite indicators of their environment were scored in the range of 0.44 to 0.52, while the composite indicators of social-economic aspects were in the range to Finally, the aggregate of all indicators were in the range from medium to medium high. For further research, this mechanism of assessment can be improved to involve more comprehensive indicators. The good characters of Indonesian urban kampung must be explored further more to provide models for the new local post-modernism planning in the era of new urbanism.

25 Thank you and see you again in the next ICPEU 4