The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Mean Value Theorem 2

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1 1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and Mean Value Theorem We ve learned two different branches of calculus so far: differentiation and integration. Finding slopes of tangent lines and finding areas under curves seem unrelated, but in fact, they are very closely related. It was Isaac Newton s teacher at Cambridge University, a man name Isaac Barrow ( ), who discovered that these two processes are actually inverse operations of each other in much the same way division and multiplication are. It was Newton and Leibniz who eploited this idea and developed the calculus into its current form. The Theorem Barrow discovered that states this inverse relation between differentiation and integration is called The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. FToC1 bridges the antiderivative concept with the area problem. This result, while taught early in elementary calculus courses, is actually a very deep result connecting the purely algebraic indefinite integral and the purely analytic (or geometric) definite integral. To evaluate an integral, take the antiderivatives and subtract. It can be proved and the proof can be found elsewhere (WEB) It is a shortcut rule for integration: an easier way (from Riemann sums and other methods) to calculate definite integrals.

2 FToC 1 b f() d = F(b) F(a) a

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4 4 FToC (part 1) F() = f(t) dt a upper boundary is where f is a continuous function on [a, b], and varies between a and b. Notice that this integral equation is a function of, which appears as the upper limit of integration. If f(t) happens to be positive, and we let ε (a, b], then we can define F() as the area under the curve from a to.

5 5 F() = (t + t + 1) = ( t3 3 + t + t) 3 3 = d d ( ) = FToC (part 1) F() = f(t) dt a a b Additionally it is an indefinite integral of f() [F () = f() ], that is FToC (part ) F () = d f(t)dt = f() d a 1. Derivative of an integral. Derivative matches upper limit of integration 3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.

6 6 FToC, most general form g() d d [ h() f(t)dt = f[g()] g () f[h()] h () ] Eample 10: Evaluate the following using the FTOC, then if feeling bored verify by doing in the Loooooooong way.

7 For a positive function f(), there eists at least one number a c b such that the rectangle with base [a, b] and height f(c) has the same area as the region under the graph of f() from a to b. 7

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10 Sometimes we might have to solve an integral equation! Being able to simplify definite integrals with variables in the interval of integration is important. Here are a couple of eamples showing an important application that is important. 10

11 11 In the previous eample, the first method relied heavily upon our ability to find the antiderivative of the integrand. This is not always easy, possible, or prudent! Being able to epress a particular value of a particular solution to a derivative as a definite integral is of paramount importance, especially when we don t know how to find a general antiderivative. (calculator can do easily definite integrals see problem 0) Hard Facts To Refute: A. Where you are at any given time is a function of 1) where you started and ) where you ve gone from your starting point (displacement). B. What you have at any given moment is a function of 1) what you started with plus ) what you ve accumulated since then. When you accumulate at a variable rate, you can to use the definite integral to find your net accumulation. Important Idea of Accumulation********************************(* means VERY IMPORTANT) What one has now = What one started with + What one has accumulated since one started This can be epressed mathematically as

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13 13 SOLUTIONS Avg value = 1 0 [ sin (πt 1 )] dt = [50t 14 cos (πt π 1 )] = π f(c) = 1 [1 + ]d ( 1) 1 + = c = ± 1 for = ± 1 = 1 3 [ ] = 1 3 [ ( 1) ( 1 3 )] = 1 For positive function f() = 1 +, there eist two numbers c = ±1 such that the rectangle with base [ 1, 1] and height f(±1) has the same area as the region under the graph of f() from -1 to.

14 14 The average rate of change of a car s position over an interval is represented graphically as the slope of the secant line to the graph position/time over the interval. v avg = (t ) (t 1 ) t t 1 Average value of velocity over the same interval is: t v avg = 1 v(t) dt t t 1 t 1 proof: t 1 v(t) dt t t 1 t 1 = t 1 (t) dt = 1 [(t t t 1 t t ) (t 1 )] by FToC 1 1 t 1 f avg = f() 7 Area area = 1160 average=1160/ trapezoidal approimation is more accurate that LRAM (basically arithmetic mean)

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16 16 (a) f() = ( )d = C f(0) = 5 f() = f() = 19 3 (b) f() = f(0) + f ()d f() = 5 + ( )d = this one was easy to solve analytically If it was not formula (d) should be used with different every time calculator can easily calculate numerically definite integrals. Look at problem 0. (d) f() = f() + 4sin () d = + 4sin () d (a) g() = π g() = g() + g () d = π + e sin d π 0 (b) g(π) = π + e sin d (c) g(π) = π + e sin d t W(t) = W(0) + W (t) dt W(14) = W(t) W(14) = sin 7π during Christmas time? who cooked?