Implementation of Finite Difference Frequency Domain
|
|
- Lizbeth Stone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Instructor Dr. Ramon Rumpf (915) EE 5337 Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) Lecture #14 Implementation of Finite Difference Frequenc Domain Lecture 14 These notes ma contain coprighte material obtaine uner fair use rules. Distribution of these materials is strictl prohibite Slie 1 Outline Basic flow of FDFD 2 gri technique Calculating gri parameters Constructing our evice on the gri Walkthrough of the FDFD algorithm Eamples for benchmarking Lecture 14 Slie 2 1
2 Basic Flow of FDFD Lecture 14 Slie 3 Block Diagram of FDFD Implementation Dashboar Source, evice, learn, an gri Calculate Gri N, N,,, a, a Buil Device on Gri Incorporate PML All har coe numbers. No work. No har coe numbers. All work. Calculate Wave Vector Components k, k, k m, k m, k m,inc,inc,ref,trn Buil Wave Matri A E jh A H j E Compute Source bqaaq f Solve A = b src FDFD Post Process RDE, TDE, REF, TRN, CON Lecture 14 Slie 4 2
3 Detaile FDFD Algorithm 1. Construct FDFD Problem a. Define our problem b. Calculate the gri parameters c. Assign materials to the gri to buil ER2 an UR2 arras 2. Hanle PML an Materials a. Compute s an s b. Incorporate into r an r c. Overla onto 1 gris 3. Compute Wave Vector Components a. Ientif materials in reflecte an transmitte regions: ref, trn, ref, trn, n ref, n trn b. Compute incient wave vector: k inc c. Compute transverse wave vector epansion: k,m. Compute k,ref an k,trn 4. Construct A a. Construct iagonal materials matrices b. Compute erivative matrices c. Compute A 5. Compute Source Vector, b a. compute source fiel f src b. compute Q c. compute source vector b 6. Solve Matri Problem: e = A 1 b; 7. Post Process Data a. Etract E ref an E trn b. Remove phase tilt c. FFT the fiels. Compute iffraction efficiencies e. Compute reflectance & transmittance f. Compute conservation of power Lecture 14 Slie 5 2 Gri Technique Lecture 14 Slie 6 3
4 What is the 2 Gri Technique? (1 of 2) This is the traitional approach for builing evices on a Yee gri. It is ver teious an cumbersome to etermine which fiel components resie in which material. Device on 1 Gri Device 1 Gri N N VERY DIFFICULT STEP!! Lecture 14 Slie 7 What is the 2 Gri Technique? (2 of 2) The 2 gri technique simplifies how evices are built into the permittivit an permeabilit arras. Device N2 = 2*N N2 = 2*N 2 = /2 2 = /2 2 Gri Device on 2 Gri eas 1 Gri N N eas eas Device on 1 Gri Lecture 14 Slie 8 4
5 Block Diagram of FDFD With 2 Gri 2 Gri Onl Use Here Dashboar Source, evice, learn, an gri Calculate Gri N, N,,, a, a Buil Device on 2 Gri ER2 UR2 Incorporate PML on 2 Gri Parse to 1 Gri All har coe numbers. No work. No har coe numbers. All work. FDFD Calculate Wave Vector Components k, k, k m, k m, k m,inc,inc,ref,trn Buil Derivate Matrices e e h h D, D, D an D Buil Wave Matri A h 1 e h 1 e A D μ D D μ D ε e 1 h e 1 h A D ε D D ε D μ E zz H zz Compute Source bqaaq f Solve A = b src Diagonalize Materials Post Process RDE, TDE, REF, TRN, CON Lecture 14 Slie 9 Recall the Yee Gri 1D Yee Gri E 2D Yee Gris E z 3D Yee Gri z H E Moe z H H Ez Moe H E z H E E H E Moe z E H z Hz Moe E E H z Lecture 14 Slie 1 5
6 4 4 Yee Gris E Moe H Moe Lecture 14 Slie 11 Simplifie Representation of E Fiel Components The fiel components are phsicall positione at the eges of the cell. The simplifie representation shows the fiels insie the cells to conve more clearl which cell the are in. Lecture 14 Slie 12 6
7 Simplifie Representation of E Fiel Components The fiel components are phsicall positione at the eges of the cell. The simplifie representation shows the fiels insie the cells to conve more clearl which cell the are in. Lecture 14 Slie 13 The 2 Gri The Conventional 1 Gri Due to the staggere nature of the Yee gri, we are effectivel getting twice the resolution. It now makes sense to talk about a gri that is at twice the resolution, the 2 gri. j j j i i i The 2 gri concept is useful because we can create evices (or PMLs) on the 2 gri without having to think about where the ifferent fiel components are locate. In a secon step, we can easil pull off the values from the 2 gri where the eist for a particular fiel component. Lecture 14 Slie 14 7
8 2 1 (1 of 4): Define Gris Suppose we wish to a a circle to our Yee gri. First, we efine the stanar 1 gri. Secon, we efine a corresponing 2 gri. Note: the 2 gri represents the same phsical space, but with twice the number of points. Lecture 14 Slie (2 of 4): Buil Device Thir, we construct a cliner on the 2 gri without having to consier anthing about the Yee gri. Fourth, if esire we coul perform ielectric averaging on the 2 gri at this point. Note: This is iscusse more in Lecture 14 FDFD Etras. Lecture 14 Slie 16 8
9 2 1 (3 of 4): Recall Fiel Staggering Recall the relation between the 2 an 1 gris as well as the location of the fiel components. Lecture 14 Slie (4 of 4): Parse to 1 Gri Lecture 14 Slie 18 9
10 Etract ER from ER2 ER = ER2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 19 Etract ER from ER2 ER = ER2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 2 1
11 Etract ERzz from ER2 ERzz = ER2(1:2:N2,1:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 21 Etract UR from UR2 UR = UR2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 22 11
12 Etract UR from UR2 UR = UR2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 23 Etract URzz from UR2 URzz = UR2(2:2:N2,2:2:N2) Lecture 14 Slie 24 12
13 MATLAB Coe for Parsing Onto 1 Gri ER = ER2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2,1:2:Nz2); ER = ER2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2,1:2:Nz2); ERzz = ER2(1:2:N2,1:2:N2,2:2:Nz2); UR = UR2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2,2:2:Nz2); UR = UR2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2,2:2:Nz2); URzz = UR2(2:2:N2,2:2:N2,1:2:Nz2); E z Moe ERzz = ER2(1:2:N2,1:2:N2); UR = UR2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2); UR = UR2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2); H z Moe ER = ER2(2:2:N2,1:2:N2); ER = ER2(1:2:N2,2:2:N2); URzz = UR2(2:2:N2,2:2:N2); Lecture 14 Slie 25 Calculating the Gri Parameters Lecture 14 Slie 26 13
14 Moel Construction Dirichlet bounar PML 2 cells perioic bounar perioic bounar PML Dirichlet bounar 2 cells Lecture 14 Slie 27 Consieration #1: Wavelength The gri resolution must be sufficient to resolve the shortest wavelength. 1 point First, ou must etermine the smallest wavelength: min min ma n, N min N 1 N Comments 1 to 2 Low contrast ielectrics 2 to 3 High contrast ielectrics 4 to 6 Most metallic structures 1 to 2 Plasmonic evices min[ ] is the shortest wavelength of interest in our simulation. ma[n(,)] is the largest refractive ine foun anwhere in the gri. Secon, ou resolve the wave with at least 1 cells. Lecture 6 Slie 28 14
15 Consieration #2: Mechanical Features The gri resolution must be sufficient to resolve the smallest mechanical features of the evice. First, ou must etermine the smallest feature: min min Secon, ou must ivie this b 1 to 4. N min N 1 Unit cell of a iamon lattice N 1 N 1 N 1 N 4 Lecture 6 Slie 29 Calculating the Initial Gri Resolution 1. We must resolve the minimum wavelength. min ma n, N 1 N Note: If ou are performing a parameter sweep over frequenc or wavelength, min( ) is the shortest wavelength in the sweep. 2. We must resolve the minimum structural imension. min N 1 N We procee with the smallest of the above quantities to be our initial gri resolution min, Lecture 14 Slie 3 15
16 Resolving Critical Dimensions (1 of 3) We have not et consiere the actual imensions of the evice we wish to simulate. This means we likel cannot resolve the eact imensions of a evice. Suppose we wish to place a evice of length onto a gri. Not an eact fit. We cannot fill a fraction of a cell. Lecture 14 Slie 31 Resolving Critical Dimensions (2 of 3) To fi this, we first calculate how man cells N are neee to resolve the most important imension. In this case, let this be. N N 1.5 cells Secon, we etermine how man cells we wish to eactl resolve. We o this b rouning N up to the nearest integer. N ceil N 11 cells Lecture 14 Slie 32 16
17 Resolving Critical Dimensions (3 of 3) Thir, we ajust the value of to represent the imension eactl. N N 11 cells We call this step snapping the gri to a critical imension. Unfortunatel, using a uniform gri, we can onl o this for one imension per ais. Lecture 14 Slie 33 Snap Gri to Critical Dimensions Decie what imensions along each ais are critical. Tpicall this is a lattice constant or grating perio along Tpicall this is a film thickness or grating epth along Compute how man gri cells comprise an an roun UP. M M an ceil ceil Ajust gri resolution to fit these critical imensions in gri EXACTLY. M We will rop the prime smbol from an. M initial gri ajuste gri critical imension critical imension Lecture 14 Slie 34 17
18 Compute Total Gri Size Don t forget to a cells for PML! Must often a space between PML an evice. Note: This is particularl important when moeling evices with large evanescent fiels. PML Spacer Region Easiest to make N o. N Reason iscusse later. N 2NPML 2NSPACE N ma SPACE ceil nbuff Problem Space Spacer Region PML N N Lecture 14 Slie 35 Compute 2 Gri Parameters 1 Gri 2 Gri N2 = 2*N; N2 = 2*N; 2 = /2; 2 = /2; Lecture 14 Slie 36 18
19 Constructing a Device on the Gri Lecture 14 Slie 37 Reucing 3D Problems to 2D z Representation on a Cartesian gri Lecture 14 Slie 38 19
20 Averaging At the Eges Direct Smoothe Lecture 14 Slie 39 Builing Rectangular Structures For rectangular structures, consiering calculating start an stop inices. Be ver careful with how man n1 points on the gri ou fill in! r1 r r 2 n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n2 n3 n4 n6 n2 = n1 + roun(/2) 1; Without subtracting 1 here, filling in n1 to n2 woul inclue an etra cell. This can introuce error into our results. % BUILD DEVICE ER2 = er1*ones(n2,n2); %fill everwhere with er1 ER2(n1:n2,n1:n2) = er; %a tooth 1 ER2(n5:n6,n1:n2) = er; %a tooth 2 ER2(:,n3:n4) = er; %a substrate ER2(:,n4+1:N2) = er2; %fill transmission region Lecture 14 Slie 4 2
21 Oh Yeah, Metals! Perfect Electric Conuctors 1 r or E1 f1 1 Em EM fm Em Inclue Tangential Fiels at Bounar (TM moes!) Ba placement of metals Goo placement of metals E Hz Moe Hz E Lecture 14 Slie 41 Walkthrough of the FDFD Algorithm Lecture 14 Slie 42 21
22 Input to the FDFD Algorithm The FDFD algorithm requires the following information: The materials on the 2 gri: ER2(n,n) an UR2(n,n) The gri resolution: an The size of the PML on the 1 gri: NYLO an NYHI The source wavelength, Angle of incience, Moe/polarization: E or H Lecture 14 Slie 43 (1) Determine the Material Properties in the Reflecte an Transmitte Regions If these parameters are not provie in the ashboar, or a ashboar oes not eist, the can be pulle irectl off of the gri. ref r ref r ER2(n,n) UR2(n,n) trn r trn r Lecture 14 Slie 44 22
23 (2) Compute the PML Parameters on 2 Gri 2 cells on Yee gri. 4 cells on 2 gri. s, s, 2 cells on Yee gri. 4 cells on 2 gri. Lecture 14 Slie 45 (3) Incorporate the PML We can incorporate the PML parameters into [μ] an [ε] as follows E k r H H k E r ss z s ss z r s ss zz sz ss z s ss z r s ss zz s z For 2D simulations, s z = 1 an we have s r s s r s s s zz r s s s s s s r r zz r Note: the PML is incorporate into the 2 gri. % INCORPORATE PML UR = UR2./s.*s; UR = UR2.*s./s; URzz = UR2.*s.*s; ER = ER2./s.*s; ER = ER2.*s./s; ERzz = ER2.*s.*s; Lecture 14 Slie 46 23
24 (4) Overla Materials Onto 1 Gris Fiel an materials assignments I E z zz III H, E, II H, E, IV H z zz I 1 Gris II E z 2X Gri H Ez Moe H E Hz Moe Hz E III IV % OVERLAY MATERIALS ONTO 1X GRID UR = UR(1:2:N2,2:2:N2); UR = UR(2:2:N2,1:2:N2); URzz = URzz(2:2:N2,2:2:N2); ER = ER(2:2:N2,1:2:N2); ER = ER(1:2:N2,2:2:N2); ERzz = ERzz(1:2:N2,1:2:N2); Lecture 14 Slie 47 (5) Compute the Wave Vector Terms k 2 sin kinc knref cos 2 kmk,inc m 2 2 k m k n k m,ref ref 2 2 k m k n k m,trn trn This is a vector quantit m, 2, 1,,1,2, N points total. For proper smmetr, N shoul be o. m = [-floor(n/2):floor(n/2)]'; These equations come from the ispersion equation for the reflecte an transmitte regions. Recall that there use to be a negative sign here. We are able to rop it as long as we also rop the negative sign when calculating iffraction efficienc. Lecture 14 Slie 48 24
25 (6) Construct Diagonal Materials Matrices ε ε ε zz zz 1 zz 2 zz N N N μ μ μ zz 1 2 N 1 2 N zz 1 zz 2 zz N ER = iag(sparse(er(:))); Lecture 14 Slie 49 (7) Construct the Derivative Matrices D, D, D, an D e e h h Frequenc (or wavelength) information is incorporate into FDFD here [DEX,DEY,DHX,DHY] = eeer(ngrid,k*res,bc,kinc/k); Don t forget that we have normalize our parameters so ou shoul use eeer() as follows: [DEX,DEY,DHX,DHY] = eeer(ngrid,k*res,bc,kinc/k); Be sure this function uses sparse matrices from the ver beginning. A = sparse(m,m) creates a sparse MM matri of zeros. A = spiags(b,,a) As arra b to iagonal in matri A. Lecture 14 Slie 5 25
26 (8) Compute the Wave Matri A Moe A D μ D D μ D ε h 1 e h 1 e E zz Moe A D ε D D ε D μ e 1 h e 1 h H zz Lecture 14 Slie 51 (9) Compute the Source Fiel The source has an amplitue of 1. f jk r src, ep inc ep j k,inc k,inc k inc Don t forget to make f src a column vector. 1 gri Lecture 14 Slie 52 26
27 (1) Compute the Scattere Fiel Masking Matri, Q total fiel scattere fiel Reshape gri to 1D arra an then iagonalize. 1 Q 1 Q = iag(sparse(q(:))); It is goo practice to make the scattere fiel region at least one cell larger than the low PML. Lecture 14 Slie 53 (11) Compute the source vector, b src Af = b b QA AQ f Lecture 14 Slie 54 27
28 (12) Compute the Fiel f 1 f=a b Asie In MATLAB, f = A\b emplos a irect LU ecomposition to calculate f. This is ver stable an robust, but a half full matri is create so memor can eploe for large problems. Iterative solutions can be faster an require much less memor, but the are less stable an ma never converge to a solution. Correcting these problems requires significant moification to the FDFD algorithm taught here. Don t forget to reshape() f from a column vector to a 2D gri after the calculation. Lecture 14 Slie 55 (13) Etract Transmitte an Reflecte Fiels SF E ref The reflecte fiel is etracte from insie the scattere fiel, but outsie the PML. TF E trn The transmitte fiel is etracte from the gri after the evice, but outsie the PML. Lecture 14 Slie 56 28
29 (14) Remove the Phase Tilt Recall Bloch s theorem, jk r E r A r e inc kinc This implies the transmitte an reflecte fiels have the following form E A A ref trn ref trn jk i ref jk,i A e E A e trn jk i Eref e jk,i E e trn,nc nc We remove the phase tilt to calculate the amplitue terms.,nc nc Lecture 14 Slie 57 (15) Calculate the Comple Amplitues of the Spatial Harmonics Recall that the plane wave spectrum is the Fourier transform of the fiel. We calculate the FFT of the fiel amplitue arras. ref trn FFT S m A ref FFT S m A trn Some FFT algorithms (like MATLAB) require that ou ivie b the number of points an shift after calculation. Sref = flipu(fftshift(fft(aref)))/n; Strn = flipu(fftshift(fft(atrn)))/n; Lecture 14 Slie 58 29
30 (16) Calculate Diffraction Efficiencies The source wave was given unit amplitue so 2 Sinc 1 The iffraction efficiencies of the reflecte moes are then ref 2 Re k m r,inc Rm Sref m E Moe Re k R m U m ref inc r,inc ref 2 Re k m r,inc Re k inc r,inc H Moe The iffraction efficiencies of the transmitte moes are then trn 2 Re k r,trn Tm Strn m inc Re k r,inc E Moe trn 2 Re k r,trn Tm Utrn m inc Re k r,inc H Moe Recall that there use to be a negative sign here. We roppe it because we also roppe the sign when calculating k m. Note: these equations assume that Sinc 1. Lecture 14 Slie 59,ref S m amplitues of E moe spatial harmonics Um amplitues of H moe spatial harmonics (17) Calculate Reflectance, Transmittance, an Conservation of Power The overall reflectance is REF R m m The overall transmittance is TRN T m m Conservation of power is compute as REFTRNABS 1 If no loss or gain is incorporate, then ABS = an we will have REFTRN 1 REF + TRN < 1 loss REF + TRN = 1 no loss or gain REF + TRN > 1 gain Lecture 14 Slie 6 3
31 Remember the Thir Dimension! We grabbe a unit cell of a 3D evice. We represente it on a 2D gri. We simulate it on a 2D gri. The fiel is interprete as infinitel etrue along the thir imension. Lecture 14 Slie 61 Eamples for Benchmarking Lecture 14 Slie 62 31
32 Air Simulation 1. r 1. r -3 L = 1. h = 1. m E Moe R T 1 R H Moe T 1 E an H Moe Lecture 14 Slie 63 Dielectric Slab Grating 1. r 9. r E Moe R T 49.5% 5.6% 28.5% 71.7% 25.1% % 73.8% 37.2% 62.9% 77.7% 21.8% R % 25.1% % 8.3% H Moe T 95.4% 78.4% 75.1% 76.3% 86.4% 91.9% Note: ou can come up with our own benchmarking eamples using the transfer matri metho! = 45 Lecture 14 Slie 64 32
33 Binar Diffraction Grating r1 r1 w =.5L -3 h = r 9. r m E Moe R T 4.6% 5.3% 2.6% 6.9% 22.1% 12.7% 7.8% 17.7% 16.4% 3.9% R 14.1%.9% H Moe T 2.4% 7.5% 3.1% 38.8% 5.4% 17.7% 7.6% 2.4% L = 1.25 Lecture 14 Slie 65 Sawtooth Diffraction Grating r1 r1 L = h = r 3. r m E Moe R T 5.6% 39.2%.8% 44.2% 1.1% R H Moe T.4% 53.1% 3.4% 29.5% 13.6% H Moe Lecture 14 Slie 66 33
EE 5337 Computational Electromagnetics
Instructor Dr. Ramon Rumpf (915) 747 6958 rcrumpf@utep.eu EE 5337 Computational Electromagnetics Lecture #23 RCWA Extras Lecture 23 These notes ma contain coprighte material obtaine uner fair use rules.
More informationPeriodic Structures in FDTD
EE 5303 Electromagnetic Analsis Using Finite Difference Time Domain Lecture #19 Periodic Structures in FDTD Lecture 19 These notes ma contain coprighted material obtained under fair use rules. Distribution
More informationLect. 4 Waveguides (1)
Lect. 4 Waveguies (1) - Waveguie: Confines an guies EM waves Metallic, Dielectric, Plasmonic - We are intereste in ielectric waveguie Total internal reflection b refractive inex ifferences n A B C D n
More informationComputed Tomography Notes, Part 1. The equation that governs the image intensity in projection imaging is:
Noll 3 CT Notes : Page Compute Tomograph Notes Part Challenges with Projection X-ra Sstems The equation that governs the image intensit in projection imaging is: z I I ep µ z Projection -ra sstems are
More informationEquations of lines in
Roberto s Notes on Linear Algebra Chapter 6: Lines, planes an other straight objects Section 1 Equations of lines in What ou nee to know alrea: The ot prouct. The corresponence between equations an graphs.
More informationComputed Tomography Notes, Part 1. The equation that governs the image intensity in projection imaging is:
Noll 6 CT Notes : Page Compute Tomograph Notes Part Challenges with Projection X-ra Sstems The equation that governs the image intensit in projection imaging is: z I I ep μ z Projection -ra sstems are
More informationTable of Common Derivatives By David Abraham
Prouct an Quotient Rules: Table of Common Derivatives By Davi Abraham [ f ( g( ] = [ f ( ] g( + f ( [ g( ] f ( = g( [ f ( ] g( g( f ( [ g( ] Trigonometric Functions: sin( = cos( cos( = sin( tan( = sec
More informationLinear First-Order Equations
5 Linear First-Orer Equations Linear first-orer ifferential equations make up another important class of ifferential equations that commonly arise in applications an are relatively easy to solve (in theory)
More informationIn the usual geometric derivation of Bragg s Law one assumes that crystalline
Diffraction Principles In the usual geometric erivation of ragg s Law one assumes that crystalline arrays of atoms iffract X-rays just as the regularly etche lines of a grating iffract light. While this
More information05 The Continuum Limit and the Wave Equation
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Founations of Wave Phenomena Physics, Department of 1-1-2004 05 The Continuum Limit an the Wave Equation Charles G. Torre Department of Physics, Utah State University,
More information5-4 Electrostatic Boundary Value Problems
11/8/4 Section 54 Electrostatic Bounary Value Problems blank 1/ 5-4 Electrostatic Bounary Value Problems Reaing Assignment: pp. 149-157 Q: A: We must solve ifferential equations, an apply bounary conitions
More informationTransfer Matrix Method Using Scattering Matrices
Instructor Dr. Ramond Rumpf (915) 747 6958 rcrumpf@utep.edu EE 5337 Computational Electromagnetics Lecture #5 Transfer Matri Method Using cattering Matrices Lecture 5b These notes ma contain coprighted
More informationComplex Wave Parameters Visualization of EM Waves Complex Wave Parameters for Special Cases
Course Instructor Dr. Ramond C. Rumpf Office: A 337 Phone: (915) 747 6958 E Mail: rcrumpf@utep.edu EE 4347 Applied Electromagnetics Topic 3d Waves in Loss Dielectrics Loss Dielectrics These notes ma contain
More informationLecture 1b. Differential operators and orthogonal coordinates. Partial derivatives. Divergence and divergence theorem. Gradient. A y. + A y y dy. 1b.
b. Partial erivatives Lecture b Differential operators an orthogonal coorinates Recall from our calculus courses that the erivative of a function can be efine as f ()=lim 0 or using the central ifference
More informationWhere A is the plate area and d is the plate separation.
DIELECTRICS Dielectrics an the parallel plate capacitor When a ielectric is place between the plates of a capacitor is larger for the same value of voltage. From the relation C = /V it can be seen that
More information3.6. Implicit Differentiation. Implicitly Defined Functions
3.6 Implicit Differentiation 205 3.6 Implicit Differentiation 5 2 25 2 25 2 0 5 (3, ) Slope 3 FIGURE 3.36 The circle combines the graphs of two functions. The graph of 2 is the lower semicircle an passes
More informationHomework 7 Due 18 November at 6:00 pm
Homework 7 Due 18 November at 6:00 pm 1. Maxwell s Equations Quasi-statics o a An air core, N turn, cylinrical solenoi of length an raius a, carries a current I Io cos t. a. Using Ampere s Law, etermine
More informationSIMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARBITRARILY SHAPED TOTAL-FIELD/SCATTERED-FIELD REGIONS IN FINITE- DIFFERENCE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 36, 221 248, 2012 SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARBITRARILY SHAPED TOTAL-FIELD/SCATTERED-FIELD REGIONS IN FINITE- DIFFERENCE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN R. C. Rumpf * EM Lab,
More informationUnit #6 - Families of Functions, Taylor Polynomials, l Hopital s Rule
Unit # - Families of Functions, Taylor Polynomials, l Hopital s Rule Some problems an solutions selecte or aapte from Hughes-Hallett Calculus. Critical Points. Consier the function f) = 54 +. b) a) Fin
More informationJUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER DIFFERENTIATION 2 (Rates of change) A.J.Hobson
JUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER 10.2 DIFFERENTIATION 2 (Rates of change) by A.J.Hobson 10.2.1 Introuction 10.2.2 Average rates of change 10.2.3 Instantaneous rates of change 10.2.4 Derivatives 10.2.5 Exercises
More informationThermal conductivity of graded composites: Numerical simulations and an effective medium approximation
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 34 (999)5497 5503 Thermal conuctivity of grae composites: Numerical simulations an an effective meium approximation P. M. HUI Department of Physics, The Chinese University
More informationQuantum Search on the Spatial Grid
Quantum Search on the Spatial Gri Matthew D. Falk MIT 2012, 550 Memorial Drive, Cambrige, MA 02139 (Date: December 11, 2012) This paper explores Quantum Search on the two imensional spatial gri. Recent
More informationChapter 4. Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media
Chapter 4. Electrostatics of Macroscopic Meia 4.1 Multipole Expansion Approximate potentials at large istances 3 x' x' (x') x x' x x Fig 4.1 We consier the potential in the far-fiel region (see Fig. 4.1
More informationQuantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions
Physics 342 Lecture 20 Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions Lecture 20 Physics 342 Quantum Mechanics I Monay, March 24th, 2008 We begin our spherical solutions with the simplest possible case zero potential.
More informationd dx But have you ever seen a derivation of these results? We ll prove the first result below. cos h 1
Lecture 5 Some ifferentiation rules Trigonometric functions (Relevant section from Stewart, Seventh Eition: Section 3.3) You all know that sin = cos cos = sin. () But have you ever seen a erivation of
More informationPHY 114 Summer 2009 Final Exam Solutions
PHY 4 Summer 009 Final Exam Solutions Conceptual Question : A spherical rubber balloon has a charge uniformly istribute over its surface As the balloon is inflate, how oes the electric fiel E vary (a)
More informationOptical wire-grid polarizers at oblique angles of incidence
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 93, NUMBER 8 15 APRIL 003 Optical wire-gri polarizers at oblique angles of incience X. J. Yu an H. S. Kwok a) Center for Display Research, Department of Electrical an
More informationCollective optical effect in complement left-handed material
Collective optical effect in complement left-hane material S.-C. Wu, C.-F. Chen, W. C. Chao, W.-J. Huang an H. L. Chen, National Nano Device Laboratories, 1001-1 Ta-Hsueh Roa, Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C A.-C.
More information3.7 Implicit Differentiation -- A Brief Introduction -- Student Notes
Fin these erivatives of these functions: y.7 Implicit Differentiation -- A Brief Introuction -- Stuent Notes tan y sin tan = sin y e = e = Write the inverses of these functions: y tan y sin How woul we
More informationVectors in two dimensions
Vectors in two imensions Until now, we have been working in one imension only The main reason for this is to become familiar with the main physical ieas like Newton s secon law, without the aitional complication
More informationSummary: Differentiation
Techniques of Differentiation. Inverse Trigonometric functions The basic formulas (available in MF5 are: Summary: Differentiation ( sin ( cos The basic formula can be generalize as follows: Note: ( sin
More informationSYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
CHAPTER SYNCHRONOUS SEUENTIAL CIRCUITS Registers an counters, two very common synchronous sequential circuits, are introuce in this chapter. Register is a igital circuit for storing information. Contents
More informationCAPACITANCE: CHAPTER 24. ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY and CAPACITANCE. Capacitance and capacitors Storage of electrical energy. + Example: A charged spherical
CAPACITANCE: CHAPTER 24 ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY an CAPACITANCE Capacitance an capacitors Storage of electrical energy Energy ensity of an electric fiel Combinations of capacitors In parallel In series Dielectrics
More informationOutline. Calculus for the Life Sciences II. Introduction. Tides Introduction. Lecture Notes Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Calculus for the Life Sciences II c Functions Joseph M. Mahaffy, mahaffy@math.ssu.eu Department of Mathematics an Statistics Dynamical Systems Group Computational Sciences Research Center San Diego State
More informationCalculus of Variations
Calculus of Variations Lagrangian formalism is the main tool of theoretical classical mechanics. Calculus of Variations is a part of Mathematics which Lagrangian formalism is base on. In this section,
More informationensembles When working with density operators, we can use this connection to define a generalized Bloch vector: v x Tr x, v y Tr y
Ph195a lecture notes, 1/3/01 Density operators for spin- 1 ensembles So far in our iscussion of spin- 1 systems, we have restricte our attention to the case of pure states an Hamiltonian evolution. Toay
More informationCALCULATION OF 2D-THERMOMAGNETIC CURRENT AND ITS FLUCTUATIONS USING THE METHOD OF EFFECTIVE HAMILTONIAN. R. G. Aghayeva
CALCULATION OF D-THERMOMAGNETIC CURRENT AND ITS FLUCTUATIONS USING THE METHOD OF EFFECTIVE HAMILTONIAN H. M. Abullaev Institute of Phsics, National Acaem of Sciences of Azerbaijan, H. Javi ave. 33, Baku,
More informationMathcad Lecture #5 In-class Worksheet Plotting and Calculus
Mathca Lecture #5 In-class Worksheet Plotting an Calculus At the en of this lecture, you shoul be able to: graph expressions, functions, an matrices of ata format graphs with titles, legens, log scales,
More informationLecture 12. Energy, Force, and Work in Electro- and Magneto-Quasistatics
Lecture 1 Energy, Force, an ork in Electro an MagnetoQuasistatics n this lecture you will learn: Relationship between energy, force, an work in electroquasistatic an magnetoquasistatic systems ECE 303
More informationOptimized Schwarz Methods with the Yin-Yang Grid for Shallow Water Equations
Optimize Schwarz Methos with the Yin-Yang Gri for Shallow Water Equations Abessama Qaouri Recherche en prévision numérique, Atmospheric Science an Technology Directorate, Environment Canaa, Dorval, Québec,
More informationBasic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change. The Constant Rule
460_00.q //04 4:04 PM Page 07 SECTION. Basic Differentiation Rules an Rates of Change 07 Section. The slope of a horizontal line is 0. Basic Differentiation Rules an Rates of Change Fin the erivative of
More information'HVLJQ &RQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ 0DWHULDO 6HOHFWLRQ 'HVLJQ 6HQVLWLYLW\,1752'8&7,21
Large amping in a structural material may be either esirable or unesirable, epening on the engineering application at han. For example, amping is a esirable property to the esigner concerne with limiting
More informationLecture XII. where Φ is called the potential function. Let us introduce spherical coordinates defined through the relations
Lecture XII Abstract We introuce the Laplace equation in spherical coorinates an apply the metho of separation of variables to solve it. This will generate three linear orinary secon orer ifferential equations:
More informationDesigning Information Devices and Systems I Spring 2018 Lecture Notes Note 16
EECS 16A Designing Information Devices an Systems I Spring 218 Lecture Notes Note 16 16.1 Touchscreen Revisite We ve seen how a resistive touchscreen works by using the concept of voltage iviers. Essentially,
More informationCalculus 4 Final Exam Review / Winter 2009
Calculus 4 Final Eam Review / Winter 9 (.) Set-up an iterate triple integral for the volume of the soli enclose between the surfaces: 4 an 4. DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL! [Hint: The graphs of both surfaces
More informationBased on transitions between bands electrons delocalized rather than bound to particular atom
EE31 Lasers I 1/01/04 #6 slie 1 Review: Semiconuctor Lasers Base on transitions between bans electrons elocalize rather than boun to particular atom transitions between bans Direct electrical pumping high
More informationPARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITATOR
Physics Department Electric an Magnetism Laboratory PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITATOR 1. Goal. The goal of this practice is the stuy of the electric fiel an electric potential insie a parallelplate capacitor.
More informationTutorial 1 Differentiation
Tutorial 1 Differentiation What is Calculus? Calculus 微積分 Differential calculus Differentiation 微分 y lim 0 f f The relation of very small changes of ifferent quantities f f y y Integral calculus Integration
More informationCalculus in the AP Physics C Course The Derivative
Limits an Derivatives Calculus in the AP Physics C Course The Derivative In physics, the ieas of the rate change of a quantity (along with the slope of a tangent line) an the area uner a curve are essential.
More informationMath 1271 Solutions for Fall 2005 Final Exam
Math 7 Solutions for Fall 5 Final Eam ) Since the equation + y = e y cannot be rearrange algebraically in orer to write y as an eplicit function of, we must instea ifferentiate this relation implicitly
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics an Astrophysics PHY-302 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 2 - Introuction Notation Nuclies A Nuclie is a particular an is esignate by the following notation: A CN = Atomic Number (no. of Protons) A
More informationLectures - Week 10 Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations (ODES) First Order Linear ODEs
Lectures - Week 10 Introuction to Orinary Differential Equations (ODES) First Orer Linear ODEs When stuying ODEs we are consiering functions of one inepenent variable, e.g., f(x), where x is the inepenent
More informationImplicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation Thus far, the functions we have been concerne with have been efine explicitly. A function is efine explicitly if the output is given irectly in terms of the input. For instance,
More informationCode_Aster. Detection of the singularities and calculation of a map of size of elements
Titre : Détection es singularités et calcul une carte [...] Date : 0/0/0 Page : /6 Responsable : DLMAS Josselin Clé : R4.0.04 Révision : Detection of the singularities an calculation of a map of size of
More informationPure Further Mathematics 1. Revision Notes
Pure Further Mathematics Revision Notes June 20 2 FP JUNE 20 SDB Further Pure Complex Numbers... 3 Definitions an arithmetical operations... 3 Complex conjugate... 3 Properties... 3 Complex number plane,
More informationCharacterization of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramic using high frequency ultrasonic spectroscopy
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 85, NUMBER 1 15 JUNE 1999 Characterization of lea zirconate titanate piezoceramic using high frequency ultrasonic spectroscopy Haifeng Wang, Wenhua Jiang, a) an Wenwu
More informationElectricity & Optics
Physics 24100 Electricity & Optics Lecture 9 Chapter 24 sec. 3-5 Fall 2017 Semester Professor Koltick Parallel Plate Capacitor Area, A C = ε 0A Two Parallel Plate Capacitors Area, A 1 C 1 = ε 0A 1 Area,
More informationExtinction, σ/area. Energy (ev) D = 20 nm. t = 1.5 t 0. t = t 0
Extinction, σ/area 1.5 1.0 t = t 0 t = 0.7 t 0 t = t 0 t = 1.3 t 0 t = 1.5 t 0 0.7 0.9 1.1 Energy (ev) = 20 nm t 1.3 Supplementary Figure 1: Plasmon epenence on isk thickness. We show classical calculations
More informationHarmonic Modelling of Thyristor Bridges using a Simplified Time Domain Method
1 Harmonic Moelling of Thyristor Briges using a Simplifie Time Domain Metho P. W. Lehn, Senior Member IEEE, an G. Ebner Abstract The paper presents time omain methos for harmonic analysis of a 6-pulse
More informationThe Exact Form and General Integrating Factors
7 The Exact Form an General Integrating Factors In the previous chapters, we ve seen how separable an linear ifferential equations can be solve using methos for converting them to forms that can be easily
More information5.4 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Calculus. Do you remember the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra? Just thought I'd ask
5.4 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS Do you remember the Funamental Theorem of Algebra? Just thought I' ask The Funamental Theorem of Calculus has two parts. These two parts tie together the concept of
More informationDerivatives and the Product Rule
Derivatives an the Prouct Rule James K. Peterson Department of Biological Sciences an Department of Mathematical Sciences Clemson University January 28, 2014 Outline Differentiability Simple Derivatives
More informationSolving the Schrödinger Equation for the 1 Electron Atom (Hydrogen-Like)
Stockton Univeristy Chemistry Program, School of Natural Sciences an Mathematics 101 Vera King Farris Dr, Galloway, NJ CHEM 340: Physical Chemistry II Solving the Schröinger Equation for the 1 Electron
More informationSpace-time Linear Dispersion Using Coordinate Interleaving
Space-time Linear Dispersion Using Coorinate Interleaving Jinsong Wu an Steven D Blostein Department of Electrical an Computer Engineering Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canaa, K7L3N6 Email: wujs@ieeeorg
More informationPRACTICE 4. CHARGING AND DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR
PRACTICE 4. CHARGING AND DISCHARGING A CAPACITOR. THE PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR. The Parallel plate capacitor is a evice mae up by two conuctor parallel plates with total influence between them (the surface
More informationA Quantitative Analysis of Coupling for a WPT System Including Dielectric/Magnetic Materials
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 72, 127 134, 2018 A Quantitative Analysis of Coupling for a WPT System Incluing Dielectric/Magnetic Materials Yangjun Zhang *, Tatsuya Yoshiawa, an Taahiro
More informationCOMPACT BANDPASS FILTERS UTILIZING DIELECTRIC FILLED WAVEGUIDES
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 7, 105 115, 008 COMPACT BADPASS FILTERS UTILIZIG DIELECTRIC FILLED WAVEGUIDES H. Ghorbanineja an M. Khalaj-Amirhosseini College of Electrical Engineering Iran
More informationA Course in Machine Learning
A Course in Machine Learning Hal Daumé III 12 EFFICIENT LEARNING So far, our focus has been on moels of learning an basic algorithms for those moels. We have not place much emphasis on how to learn quickly.
More informationLower bounds on Locality Sensitive Hashing
Lower bouns on Locality Sensitive Hashing Rajeev Motwani Assaf Naor Rina Panigrahy Abstract Given a metric space (X, X ), c 1, r > 0, an p, q [0, 1], a istribution over mappings H : X N is calle a (r,
More information2Algebraic ONLINE PAGE PROOFS. foundations
Algebraic founations. Kick off with CAS. Algebraic skills.3 Pascal s triangle an binomial expansions.4 The binomial theorem.5 Sets of real numbers.6 Surs.7 Review . Kick off with CAS Playing lotto Using
More informationResearch Article Numerical Analysis of Inhomogeneous Dielectric Waveguide Using Periodic Fourier Transform
Microwave Science an Technology Volume 2007, Article ID 85181, 5 pages oi:10.1155/2007/85181 Research Article Numerical Analysis of Inhomogeneous Dielectric Waveguie Using Perioic Fourier Transform M.
More informationECE 422 Power System Operations & Planning 7 Transient Stability
ECE 4 Power System Operations & Planning 7 Transient Stability Spring 5 Instructor: Kai Sun References Saaat s Chapter.5 ~. EPRI Tutorial s Chapter 7 Kunur s Chapter 3 Transient Stability The ability of
More informationELECTRON DIFFRACTION
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION Electrons : wave or quanta? Measurement of wavelength an momentum of electrons. Introuction Electrons isplay both wave an particle properties. What is the relationship between the
More informationBoth the ASME B and the draft VDI/VDE 2617 have strengths and
Choosing Test Positions for Laser Tracker Evaluation an Future Stanars Development ala Muralikrishnan 1, Daniel Sawyer 1, Christopher lackburn 1, Steven Phillips 1, Craig Shakarji 1, E Morse 2, an Robert
More informationSolution to the exam in TFY4230 STATISTICAL PHYSICS Wednesday december 1, 2010
NTNU Page of 6 Institutt for fysikk Fakultet for fysikk, informatikk og matematikk This solution consists of 6 pages. Solution to the exam in TFY423 STATISTICAL PHYSICS Wenesay ecember, 2 Problem. Particles
More informationUsing Quasi-Newton Methods to Find Optimal Solutions to Problematic Kriging Systems
Usin Quasi-Newton Methos to Fin Optimal Solutions to Problematic Kriin Systems Steven Lyster Centre for Computational Geostatistics Department of Civil & Environmental Enineerin University of Alberta Solvin
More informationPolynomial Inclusion Functions
Polynomial Inclusion Functions E. e Weert, E. van Kampen, Q. P. Chu, an J. A. Muler Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Control an Simulation Division E.eWeert@TUDelft.nl
More informationHyperbolic Systems of Equations Posed on Erroneous Curved Domains
Hyperbolic Systems of Equations Pose on Erroneous Curve Domains Jan Norström a, Samira Nikkar b a Department of Mathematics, Computational Mathematics, Linköping University, SE-58 83 Linköping, Sween (
More informationx f(x) x f(x) approaching 1 approaching 0.5 approaching 1 approaching 0.
Engineering Mathematics 2 26 February 2014 Limits of functions Consier the function 1 f() = 1. The omain of this function is R + \ {1}. The function is not efine at 1. What happens when is close to 1?
More informationTMA 4195 Matematisk modellering Exam Tuesday December 16, :00 13:00 Problems and solution with additional comments
Problem F U L W D g m 3 2 s 2 0 0 0 0 2 kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table : Dimension matrix TMA 495 Matematisk moellering Exam Tuesay December 6, 2008 09:00 3:00 Problems an solution with aitional comments The necessary
More informationIterated Point-Line Configurations Grow Doubly-Exponentially
Iterate Point-Line Configurations Grow Doubly-Exponentially Joshua Cooper an Mark Walters July 9, 008 Abstract Begin with a set of four points in the real plane in general position. A to this collection
More informationCode_Aster. Detection of the singularities and computation of a card of size of elements
Titre : Détection es singularités et calcul une carte [...] Date : 0/0/0 Page : /6 Responsable : Josselin DLMAS Clé : R4.0.04 Révision : 9755 Detection of the singularities an computation of a car of size
More informationWith the Chain Rule. y x 2 1. and. with respect to second axle. dy du du dx. Rate of change of first axle. with respect to third axle
0 CHAPTER Differentiation Section The Chain Rule Fin the erivative of a composite function using the Chain Rule Fin the erivative of a function using the General Power Rule Simplif the erivative of a function
More informationOptimization of Geometries by Energy Minimization
Optimization of Geometries by Energy Minimization by Tracy P. Hamilton Department of Chemistry University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 3594-140 hamilton@uab.eu Copyright Tracy P. Hamilton, 1997.
More informationImage Based Monitoring for Combustion Systems
Image Base onitoring for Combustion Systems J. Chen, ember, IAENG an.-y. Hsu Abstract A novel metho of on-line flame etection in vieo is propose. It aims to early etect the current state of the combustion
More informationThe Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem. The Tangent Line Problem
96 CHAPTER Differentiation Section ISAAC NEWTON (6 77) In aition to his work in calculus, Newton mae revolutionar contributions to phsics, incluing the Law of Universal Gravitation an his three laws of
More informationMethods for Advanced Mathematics (C3) Coursework Numerical Methods
Woodhouse College 0 Page Introduction... 3 Terminolog... 3 Activit... 4 Wh use numerical methods?... Change of sign... Activit... 6 Interval Bisection... 7 Decimal Search... 8 Coursework Requirements on
More information6. Friction and viscosity in gasses
IR2 6. Friction an viscosity in gasses 6.1 Introuction Similar to fluis, also for laminar flowing gases Newtons s friction law hols true (see experiment IR1). Using Newton s law the viscosity of air uner
More informationUNDERSTANDING INTEGRATION
UNDERSTANDING INTEGRATION Dear Reaer The concept of Integration, mathematically speaking, is the "Inverse" of the concept of result, the integration of, woul give us back the function f(). This, in a way,
More informationLecture 2 Lagrangian formulation of classical mechanics Mechanics
Lecture Lagrangian formulation of classical mechanics 70.00 Mechanics Principle of stationary action MATH-GA To specify a motion uniquely in classical mechanics, it suffices to give, at some time t 0,
More informationMA 2232 Lecture 08 - Review of Log and Exponential Functions and Exponential Growth
MA 2232 Lecture 08 - Review of Log an Exponential Functions an Exponential Growth Friay, February 2, 2018. Objectives: Review log an exponential functions, their erivative an integration formulas. Exponential
More informationSection 2.1 The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
Chapter 2 Differentiation Course Number Section 2.1 The Derivative an the Tangent Line Problem Objective: In this lesson you learne how to fin the erivative of a function using the limit efinition an unerstan
More informationMATH2231-Differentiation (2)
-Differentiation () The Beginnings of Calculus The prime occasion from which arose my iscovery of the metho of the Characteristic Triangle, an other things of the same sort, happene at a time when I ha
More informationP. A. Martin b) Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
Time-harmonic torsional waves in a composite cyliner with an imperfect interface J. R. Berger a) Division of Engineering, Colorao School of Mines, Golen, Colorao 80401 P. A. Martin b) Department of Mathematics,
More informationEvaporating droplets tracking by holographic high speed video in turbulent flow
Evaporating roplets tracking by holographic high spee vieo in turbulent flow Loïc Méès 1*, Thibaut Tronchin 1, Nathalie Grosjean 1, Jean-Louis Marié 1 an Corinne Fournier 1: Laboratoire e Mécanique es
More informationWave Propagation in Grounded Dielectric Slabs with Double Negative Metamaterials
6 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 6, Cambrige, US, March 6-9 Wave Propagation in Groune Dielectric Slabs with Double Negative Metamaterials W. Shu an J. M. Song Iowa State University, US
More informationMagnetic field generated by current filaments
Journal of Phsics: Conference Series OPEN ACCESS Magnetic fiel generate b current filaments To cite this article: Y Kimura 2014 J. Phs.: Conf. Ser. 544 012004 View the article online for upates an enhancements.
More informationWhat is the characteristic timescale for decay of a nonequilibrium charge distribution in a conductor?
Charge ecay in a conuctor What is the characteristic timescale for ecay of a nonequilibrium charge istribution in a conuctor? Continuity: Gauss law: J = σe = ε E = ρ t ρ Combining, σ ρ = ρ ε t σ τ ε c
More informationPREPARATION OF THE NATIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD STANDARD IN CROATIA
n IMEKO TC 11 International Symposium METROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE June 15-17, 11, Cavtat, Dubrovni Riviera, Croatia PREPARATION OF THE NATIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD STANDARD IN CROATIA A. Pavić 1, L.Ferović,
More informationQubit channels that achieve capacity with two states
Qubit channels that achieve capacity with two states Dominic W. Berry Department of Physics, The University of Queenslan, Brisbane, Queenslan 4072, Australia Receive 22 December 2004; publishe 22 March
More information