Flow Measurement. D. W. Spitzer, Editor. Practical Guides for Measurement and Control

Transcription

1 Flow Measurement D. W. Spitzer, Editor Practical Guides for Measurement and Control

2 Table of Contents Preface About the Volume Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Why Measure Flow? By David W. Spitzer When to Measure Flow Flowmeters Why Measure Flow Chapter 2 Historical Perspective By Dr. Mason P. Wilson, Jr. Contributions of the Ancients Renaissance to Modern Times Chapter 3 Physical Properties of Fluids By William S. Buzzard Units of Measurement Fluid Temperature Fluid Pressure Fluid Density Fluid Viscosity Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Liquids Electrical Conductivity Sonic Conductivity Specific heat and Ratio of Specific Heats Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Flow Measurements By John G. Kopp Matter Matter in Motion Measurement The Quality of the Measurement: Accuracy Summary Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 1

3 Chapter 5 Linearization, Compensation, and Totalization of Flow Signals By William S. Buzzard Lineraization Compensation Flow Computers Totalization of Flow Dignals Chapter 6 Field By Thomas H. Burgess General Requirements General Methods of Flow Procedures Chapter 7 and By Theron A. Carman, Jr. and Dr. Richard A. Furness Piping Considerations Gaskets Electrical Considerations Location Considerations Sources of Effects Basic Rules for Good Chapter 8 Differential Pressure Flowmeters By Dr. Zaki D. Hasain Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters Orifice Flowmeters Sizing of Flowmeter Chapter 9 Critical Flowmeters By Walter Seidl Applications Types of Critical Flow Devices Construction Sizing Considerations Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 2

4 Discharge Coefficients from Paper Standards Chapter 10 Laminar Flow Elements By David A. Todd, Jr. Where Larimar Flow Elements are used Methods of Data Analysis Significant Laminar Flowmeter Concepts Laminar Flow Element Designs Methods and Operation Considerations Gas Viscosity Example Applications Chapter 11 Magnetic Flowmeters By Raymond C. Mills, Jr. and Blake Doney The System Rangeability Range Limits Low-Flow Cutoff Empty Pipe Construction The Magnetic Field Electrode Coating Speed of Response and Recovery Process-Generated Noise Conductivity The Transmitter Chapter 12 Mass Flowmeters By Lee Smith and James. R. Ruesch Construction Flowmeter Design Performance/Limitations Sizing Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 3

5 Safety Applications Applications of Coriolis Mass Flowmeters. Chapter 13 Open Channel Flow Measurement By Doublas M. Grant and Brian D. Dawson Weirs Flumes Chapter 14 Oscillatory Flowmeters By William Gotthardt The Vortex Shedding Flowmeter Multivariable Vortex Shedding Flowmeters Swirlmeter Fluidic Flowmeters Chapter 15 Positive Displacement Flowmeters for Liquid Measurement By R. Gary Barnes and Dave Foran Elements of Construction Design Considerations System Parameters Flowmeter Parameters Applications and Markets Conclusions Chapter 16 Target Flowmeters By Wade Mattar Accuracy/Turndown Design Considerations Construction Difficult Fluids Sizing Considerations Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 4

6 Chapter 17 Thermal Mass Flowmeters and Controllers By William C. Baker and Brad Lesko Design Features Constant Temperature Difference Flowmeters Constant Power Flowmeters Controllers Sizing Safety Chapter 18 Tracer Dilution Measurement of Flow By Frederick A. Kilpatrick Theory Tracer and Instrumentation Requirements Performance of Slug-Injection Type of Flow Measurement Performance of Constant-Type of Flow Measurement Chapter 19 Turbine Flowmeters By Paul D. Olivier Flowmeter Design and Materials of Construction Performance/Limitations Application Sizing Specifications Chapter 20 Ultrasonic Flowmeters By Alvin E. Brown and Larry Lynnworth Open Channel Flow or Flow in Partly-Full Conduits Off-Diameter Paths Quadrature and Other Multipath Solutions Temperature and/or Density from Sound Speed: Mass Flow Rate from V and cз 556 Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 5

7 Conclusions Chapter 21 Variable Area Flowmeters By Charles E. Fees Application Basic Equation Flowmeter Design Materials for Construction Performance Data Sizing Calculations Safety Specific Guidelines Special Applications Chapter 22 Insertion (Sampling) Flow Measurement By Mr. Thomas Kegel Accuracy of the Method and How to Improve It Improving Accuracy by Flow Conditioning Meter Design and Construction Applications Cost Savings Glossary Chapter 23 Custody Transfer Measurement By E.L. Upp Measurement Contract Requirements Metering System Design Concerns Custody Transfer Auditing Summary Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 6

8 Chapter 24 Sanitary Flowmeters By Michael A. Lucas and Robert A. Elliott Typical Sanitary Applications Flowmeter Design Chapter 25 Flowmeter Selection By John G. Kopp Initial Approaches The Large Number of Selection Factors Categorizing Flowmeters by Process-Dominated Factors Signal Accuracy Summary Chapter 26 Uncertainty in Flow Measurement By Dnis Boam and Jane Sattary The Calculation of Uncertainty An Alternative Approach Closing Remarks Chapter 27 Laboratory Primary Standards By John D. Wright Primary Standards Liquid Flow Standards Gas Flow Standards Primary Flowmeters Chapter 28 Flow Measurement Proficiency Testing By Dr. George E. Mattingly Flow Standards Conclusions Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 7

9 Chapter 29 Standards in Flow Measurement By Ryan L. Crane and Meade Bradner How Does One Interface with Standards? Standards Related to Flow Measurement Test Procedures Certification of Design Measurement Units SI Metric vs. U.S. 786 Standards for Special Industry Needs Custody Transfer Why Write Standards Ten Commandments for Standards Committee Meetings Teaching Technology How to Respond to Proposed ISO or IEC Draft Standards Government Procurement U.S. Participation in Developing International Standards Performance and Classification Legal Aspects of Standards Writing Acronyms for Standards Organizations Involved in Flowmeter Standards Procedures, Policies, and Guides Terminology Standards U.S. Flowmeter Standards and Active Developments Related Standards International Standards and Drafts ISO Draft Proposals Flowmeter Testing Standards and Procedures Chapter 30 Flowmeter Specifications Index Flow Measurement Table of Contents Page 8